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29 October 2011, Volume 15 Issue 44 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Interrelations between acute rejection and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in liver tissue after liver transplantation in Rhesus monkey Ran Jiang-hua, Zhang Sheng-ning, Liu Jing, Li Zhu, Wu Shu-yuan, Li Lai-bang, Zhang Xi-bing, Zhang Hong-qing, Li Li 2011, 15 (44):  8171-8174.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.001 Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (1312KB) ( 262 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) level in transplanted tissue would increase when acute rejection occurs. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between ICAM-1 and acute rejection of liver transplantation in Rhesus Monkey. METHODS: Allogenic liver transplantation models were established in Rhesus monkey and then randomly divided into an experimental group (without anti-rejection management after liver transplantation) and a control group (with anti-rejection management during and after liver transplantation). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 24 and 72 hours after liver transplantation, serum alanine aminotransferase and serum total bilirubin levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05 or P  < 0.001). At 12 hours after liver transplantation, transplanted liver in the experimental group showed mild acute rejection, indicating that during acute rejection, liver function changes occur after pathological examination of liver tissue. At 24 and 72 hours after liver transplantation, moderate and severe acute rejection occurred. At 6 hours after liver transplantation, ICAM-1 expression in the vascular endothelial cells, liver cell membrane, and biliary epithelial cells was significantly increased in the experimental group than in the control group (P  < 0.05). In the experimental group, with ICAM-1 expression increasing, rejection was aggravated, indicating that at the early stage of acute rejection, slight changes in liver function and pathological manifestation were observed, and ICAM-1 level was greatly increased. These findings suggest that detection of ICAM-1 level in the cells of transplanted liver tissue would be of significance for early diagnosis of acute rejection after liver transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nitric oxide on cell apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation in rats Liu Qi-yu, Li Li, Li Xiao-yan, Chen Gang, Zhao Ying-peng, Bai Jian-hua, Zhu Xin-feng 2011, 15 (44):  8175-8178.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.002 Abstract ( 251 )   PDF (1245KB) ( 297 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide secreted by inducible nitric oxide synthase is one of important factors in the pathophysiological changes of the liver graft caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of nitric oxide on the cell apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation in rats and the gene expression of caspase-3. METHODS: Seventy-two recipient rats were randomly divided into transplantation, arginine and L-NAME groups, and they were developed into rat models of orthotopic liver transplantation. At 5 minutes before surgery, arginine, which can increase serum level of nitric oxide, and L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxides were injected into the arginine and L-NAME groups, respectively. After model establishment, the remaining 24 rats were included into sham-surgery group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The activity of serum transaminase in the transplantation group was significantly higher than in the arginine group, but it was significantly lower than in the L-NAME group (P < 0.01). Serum level of nitric oxide in the transplantation group was higher than in the L-NAME group, but it was lower than in the arginine group. Early cell apoptosis peaked at 3 hours after reperfusion. The percentage of living hepatocytes and the expression of caspase-3 in the transplantation group were higher than in the arginine group, but it was lower than in the L-NAME group. These findings suggest that nitric oxide exhibits protective effects on early apoptosis of hepatocytes-induced by ischemia/reperfusion after orthotopic liver transplantation, which may be mediated by downregulating caspase-3 gene expression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of FK506 concentration on hepatitis B virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after liver transplantation Lü Li-zhi, Yu Ru-sheng, Zhang Xiao-jin, Jiang Yi 2011, 15 (44):  8179-8182.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.003 Abstract ( 252 )   PDF (583KB) ( 309 )   Save BACKGROUND: The long term use of immunosuppressive agents in recipients of liver transplantation would result in decreased immune function and may affect the body's clearance of hepatitis B virus.  OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between FK506 concentration and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the patients who underwent liver transplantation for HBV-related end-stage liver disease. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with HBV-related end-stage liver disease who underwent liver transplantation from January 2009 to December 2009 were divided into FK506-high concentration (≥10 ng/mL) group (n=9) and FK506-low concentration group (< 10 ng/mL) group (n = 14) at 12 weeks after liver transplantation. At the same time, the copies of HBV DNA in PBMC and T-cell subsets (CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD8+CD28+, CD8+CD152+) were determined respectively using real time fluorescent quantitative PCR combined with fluorescein-labelled monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 weeks after liver transplantation, the percentage of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD8+CD28+ in the FK506-high concentration group was significantly lower, and the percentage of CD8+CD152+ was significantly higher, compared with the FK506-low concentration group (P < 0.05). HBV DNA in the PBMC was significantly higher in the FK506-high concentration group than in the FK506-low concentration group (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression of correlation of HBV DNA in PBMC and T-lymphocyte subsets after liver transplantation showed that HBV DNA was closely correlated with CD8+CD28+, CD8+CD152+. HBV DNA was significantly positively correlated with CD8+CD152+ and was negatively correlated with CD8+CD28+. Variance of FK506 concentration could suppress the expression of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD8+CD28+T-lymphocyte subsets and upregulate the expression of CD8+CD152+ T-lymphocyte subsets, which could inhibit cell immunity and affect HBV clearance in PBMC. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal pneumonia following liver transplantation Xu Jian-ji, Zeng Zhong, Duan Jian, Huang Han-fei, Lin Jie, Xu Wang-gang 2011, 15 (44):  8183-8185.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.004 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (458KB) ( 402 )   Save BACKGROUND: Liver transplant patients prone to lung infections of pathogenic microorganismsdue due to low immunity caused by taking routinei mmunosuppressive drugs. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the diagnosis and treatment of one patient with bacterial combined with fungal pulmonary infection after orthotopic liver transplantation, and summarize the clinical treatment experience. METHODS: The female patient with hepatic B cirrhosis decompensation was admitted for fever, chilly, cough and dyspnea at 8 months after allogenic orthotopic liver transplantation. CT showed exudation of lobus inferior pulmonis. Cefoperazone /sulbactam sodium was given to eliminate bacterial infection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After treatment, clinical symptoms were alleviated. One week later, chest CT showed that lobus inferior pulmonis exudation was absorbed compared with pretreatment, but the “ground glass” change of lungs was observed, which suggested fungous infection. Then fluconazole was used. At the end, the patient was cured and discharged. Related Articles | Metrics

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Conventional T2-weighted magnetic resonance cholangiography versus gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography in evaluation of biliary complications after liver transplantation Mu Xue-tao, Wang Hong, Wu Chun-nan, Zhong Xin, Dong Yue, Ma Yi, Dong Yu-ru 2011, 15 (44):  8186-8188.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.005 Abstract ( 246 )   PDF (500KB) ( 339 )   Save BACKGROUND: Biliary and vascular complications are the main reason of failed liver transplantation. Magnetic resonance cholangiography is often used to diagnose biliary complications. OBJECTIVE: To compare gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance cholangiography (CE-MRC) with conventional T2-weighted magnetic resonance cholangiography (T2WI-MRC) for evaluation of biliary complications after liver transplantation. METHODS: 80 patients who received liver transplantation were examined with two magnetic resoance cholangiographic methods. The diagnosis value for biliary complications was compared between these two methods. All diagnoses were clinically confirmed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among 80 patients, 71 patients acquired good image quality in T2WI-MRC and 59 acquired good image quality in CE-MRC, and there was significant difference (P < 0.05), indicating that T2WI-MRC is better than CE-MRC in biliary observation after liver transplantation. Among 34 patients presenting with biliary stricture, 23 patients were accurately diagnosed by T2WI-MRC and 30 patients were accurately diagnosed by CE-MRC, and there was significant difference (P < 0.05), indicating that CE-MRC is superior to T2WI-MRC in diagnosis of biliary stricture. Both T2WI-MRC and CE-MRC can evaluate biliary complications of liver transplantation. They have advantages and disadvantages separately and they produce better application effects after united application than single alone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Extro-pulmonary bacterial infection after liver transplantation: An analysis of 52 cases from one institute during 9-year follow-up period Song Ji yong, Du Guo-sheng, Zhu Zhi-dong, Zheng De-hua, Shi Bing-yi 2011, 15 (44):  8189-8192.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.006 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (593KB) ( 304 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bacterial infection after liver transplantation is one of the frequent complications. Although extro-pulmonary infection seldom threatens the lives of patients, extro-pulmonary infection after liver transplantation is significantly higher than that after other obdominal operations. Extro-pulmonary infection after liver transplantation aggravates patients’ suffering and prolongs the hospitalization period, so it remains an intractable clinical problem. OBJECTIVE: To explore the risk factors of extro-pulmonary bacterial infection after liver transplantation and summarize the prevention and treatment programs for these patients. METHODS: 52 extro-pulmonary bacterial infection patients who underwent liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. The risk factors, disease characteristics, common pathogenic bacterias and treatment prescription were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Postoperative extro-pulmonary bacterial infection was diagnosed in 52 of 356 patients who underwent liver transplantation. There were 36 patients with infection of incisional wound, 13 patients with infection of abdominal cavity, 6 patients with infection of biliary tract in this group. Three patients were found with infection at two positions. Pathogenic bacterias were dectected in these patients. 32 patients suffered from single bacterial infection and five patients had combined bacterial infection. No patients died because of postoperative extro-pulmonary bacterial infection. The pathogenic bacterias included pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis, and enterococcus faecium. The possible risk factors included over 10 000 mL bleeding, biliary complication, retransplantation, fulminating hepatic failure and severe ascites receptors. These findings show that postoperative extro-pulmonary bacterial infection is one of common complications after liver transplantation. Timely detection, reasonable prevention and treatment can relieve patients’ pain and shorten hospitalization time period. Related Articles | Metrics

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Early application of alprostadil after combined liver and kidney transplantation Shen Bei-li, Miao Shu-zhai, Chen Peng, Peng Yu-hua, Sun Xiao-fen, Cui Hua, Zheng Shan 2011, 15 (44):  8193-8196.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.007 Abstract ( 231 )   PDF (1230KB) ( 350 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recently the literature has been reported that alprostadil can promote the recovery of graft function and reduce delayed recovery of renal function, acute rejection rate, and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of the early application of alprostadil after combined liver and kidney transplantation on graft function recovery. METHODS: A total of 6 cases of combined liver and kidney transplantation patients were selected as experimental group who were given alprostadil 30 μg/d during transplantation and 3 weeks after transplantation. Four cases of combined liver and kidney transplantation patients were selected as control group who were not given alprostadil during transplantation and after transplantation. Urine output, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, renal vascular resistance index, and biliary drainage volume of patients between two groups after transplantation were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The urine output, creatinine clearance, biliary drainage volume of patients in experimental group after transplantation was higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin concentration, creatinine concentration, and renal vascular resistance index was lower than that of control group (P  < 0.05). The results have confirmed that alprostadil has a positive significance in the early recovery of transplanted liver and kidney function after combined liver and kidney transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between red cell nature-immune-adhesion function and T, B lymphocyte immune function in liver transplantation patients during the perioperative period Wang Xu, Chen Hong, Shen Zhong-yang, Wang Hai-yan, Song Li-jie 2011, 15 (44):  8197-8200.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.008 Abstract ( 248 )   PDF (1267KB) ( 250 )   Save BACKGROUND: Domestic multi-center study data have shown that erythrocyte nature-immune-adhesion function (RNIAF) had been correlated with the degree of liver damage and can be used as a sensitive indicator for evaluating the degree of diseases and the prognosis of liver transplantation, but RNIAF in the field of liver transplantation has been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between RNIAF and lymphocyte cell immune function in liver transplantation patients during the perioperative period. METHODS: Twenty-one patients were studied in terms of erythrocyte C3b receptor (CR1) activity and lymphocyte subsets, and a healthy population was used as controls. Yeast rosette formation test was applied to detect the immunocomplex receptor chaplet. The level of RNIAF and lymphocyte subsets was been analyzed and the correlation between them was also studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The RNIAF level in the control group was 25.89±6.12 /200 erythrocytes. The RNIAF level in the control group was 14.35 ± 5.89 /200 erythrocytes, 10.37 ± 3.48 /200 erythrocytes, 18.60 ± 8.36 /200 erythrocytes, 22.85 ± 8.90 / 200 erythrocytes and 29.14 ± 5.00 /200 erythrocytes, respectively before, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 1 month after liver transplantation. There was a positive correlation between erythrocyte nature-immune-adhesion function and the level of lymphocyte subsets (CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8, B, CD45). Significant difference could be observed in RNIAF level during the perioperative period of liver transplantation instead of lymphocyte subsets. RNIAF is a sensitive indicator for evaluating the degree of liver diseases and prognosis of liver transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transplantation of autologous olfactory ensheating cells combined with beta-aescinate sodium for repair of spinal cord transection in rats Wang Lu, Wang Hang-hui, Liu Bo-feng, Zhao Lin 2011, 15 (44):  8201-8204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.009 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (1483KB) ( 355 )   Save BACKGROUND: Transplantation of olfactory ensheating cells (OECs) can promote axon regeneration and reduce the proliferation of astrocytes in spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effects and mechanism of transplantation of autologous OECs combined with β-aescinate sodium in spinal cord injury rats. METHODS: Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, autologous OECs transplantation (OECs), transplantation of autologous OECs combined with β-aescinate sodium (OECs + β-aescinate sodium). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Vasogenic spinal cord edema and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression were increased, and rat motor function was lost. After transplantation of autologous OECs combined with β-aescinate sodium, spinal cord edema was obviously alleviated, MMP-9 expression was downregulated, rat motor function was recovered. These symptoms were obvious in the OECs + β-aescinate sodium group. Results showed that transplantation of autologous OECs combined with β-aescinate sodium can effectively repair spinal cord injury and show protective effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Primary culture of bovine chondrocyte-like nucleus pulposus cells and cell histocompatibilty in xenotransplantation Hou Xiao-fei, Li Hao-peng, Yang Bao-hui 2011, 15 (44):  8205-8208.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.010 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (1536KB) ( 337 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autologous or allogenic cell transplantation for regeneration of intervertebral discs has become a hot spot in clinical study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate primary culture method of bovine chondrocyte-like nucleus pulposus cells and observe cell histocompatibility after transplantation into rabbit intervertebral discs. METHODS: Fresh bovine caudal nuclesus pulposus was collected. Bovine chondrocyte-like nucleus pulposus cells were isolated, sequentially digested by pronase E and collagenase Ⅱ and cultured in DMEM/F12 medium and 10 %fetal bovine serum. The expanded cells were injected into rabbit intervertebral discs through the use of microinjector via the posterolateral approach. At 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after transplantation, rabbit intervertebral discs in which bovine caudal nuclesus pulposus cells were transplanted. CD5 or CD4 cell surface antigen expression and B or T lymphocyte infiltration were detected using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bovine chondrocyte-like cells were isolated successfully. Their number was expanded in vitro. At 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after transplantation, no anti-rabbit CD4 and CD5 immunoactive expression or C or T lymphocyte infiltration was observed in any treated intervertebral discs. At 8 weeks after transplantation, no immunological rejection was observed, as shown by immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that primary cultured bovine chondrocyte-like nuclesus pulposus shows good histocompatibility. Related Articles | Metrics

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CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/- regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of kidney transplantation patients Chen Yuan-lin, Zen Yu-qin 2011, 15 (44):  8209-8213.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.011 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (727KB) ( 312 )   Save BACKGROUND: More and more studies have been performed to analyze immune tolerance signs to better assist patients to undergo immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/- regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of renal transplant patients in the immune tolerance following renal transplantation. METHODS: Peripheral blood from 62 patients with primary glomerulonephritis who received renal transplantation (22 included in the acute rejection group and 40 in the transplantation stability group) and 20 healthy controls was harvested, anticoagulated and stained. The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/- regulatory T cells in the CD4+ T cells was analyzed through the use of flow cytometer. Serum concentration of interleukin 2 and 10 was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/- regulatory T cells in the CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in the transplantation stability group than that in the healthy control group and acute rejection group (P < 0.01). The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/- regulatory T cells in the CD4+ T cells was significantly negatively correlated with interleukin 2 (P < 0.05) but it was significantly positively correlated with interleukin 10 (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/- regulatory T cells exert some effects in the mechanism underlying immune tolerance after renal transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Living unrelated donor kidney transplantation between spouses Wang Kai, Qu Qing-shan, Miao Shu-zhai 2011, 15 (44):  8214-8216.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.012 Abstract ( 231 )   PDF (494KB) ( 334 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, with emergence of laws and regulations of organ transplantation one after another, rapid advance in organ transplantation has been made in China. In addition to cadaveric renal transplantation, the living donor kidney transplantation has been developed. Living unrelated donor kidney transplantation between spouses occupies an important position in the field of organ transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the curative effects of living unrelated donor kidney transplantation between spouses. METHODS: 11 cases who received living unrelated donor kidney transplantation between spouses between October 2008 and September 2010 at Department of Organ Transplantation in People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou and 83 cases who concurrently received cadaveric renal transplantation were included in this study. In each group, the recipients received end-to-side anastomosis between donor renal vein and external iliac vein, end-to-end anastomosis between donor renal artery and internal iliac artery, nipple-like anastomosis between ureter and bladder, and tunnel embedding. The immunosuppressive induction scheme included methyllprednisolone and the triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy consisting of calcineurin (tacrolimus or ciclosporin), mycophenolate mofetil, and adrenal cortical hormone was used as basic immunosuppressive scheme. Trough concentration of drug-containing blood was adjusted according to tacrolimus or ciclosporin application dose. Follow up was performed within 6 months after transplantation. Renal function recovery and complications during the early stage after renal transplantation were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Incidence of early complications including acute rejections and delayed function recovery of transplant was significantly lower in cases who received living unrelated donor kidney transplantation between spouses than in cases who received cadaveric renal transplantation (P < 0.05). These results indicate that living unrelated donor kidney transplantation between spouses is superior to cadaveric renal transplantation due to sufficient pre-operative preparation, short renal ischemia time, and corresponding immunological tolerance caused by long-term symbiosis between spouses. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of quadruple immunosuppressive therapies based on low-dosage Tacrolimus in kidney transplantation: 4-year follow-up results Huang Chi-bing, Xu Xiao-ting, Fan Ming-qi, Zhang Gen-fu, Wang Ping-xian, Feng Jia-yu, Xiao Ya 2011, 15 (44):  8217-8220.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.013 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (585KB) ( 415 )   Save BACKGROUND: There has been no consensus about selection and application dosage of immunosuppressive drugs after kidney transplantation due to great individual difference of drugs caused by gradual development and application. OBJECTIVE: To explore the immunosuppressive efficacy, the protective effects on renal function and the application safety of the quadruple immunosuppressive therapy based on low dosage of Tacrolimus (Tac) in kidney transplantation. METHODS: In the control group (schedule 1), Tac, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone were used. In the experimental group 1, reduced dose of Tac and MMF (schedule 2) and sirolimus (SRL) were used. In the experimental group 2, reduced dose of Tac and MMF (schedule 2) and mizoribine (MZR) were used. The recipient lymphocyte reaction in each group was detected at 2, 4 weeks, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Urine transforming growth factor -β1 was tested once every 6 months. Liver and renal function, blood and urine routine, and blood glucose were examined every 1-3 months after kidney transplantation. All patients were followed up for 4 years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in acute rejection and infection rate among the three groups. At 4 weeks after transplantation, the recipient lymphocyte reaction was significantly weaker in the experimental groups 1, 2 than in the control group (P < 0.05). At 1 year after transplantation, transforming growth factor β1 concentration was significantly lower in the experimental groups 1, 2 than in the control group (P < 0.05). At 2 years after transplantation, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance rate were significantly lower, and adverse events including liver damage and high glucose, were fewer in the experimental groups 1, 2 than in the control group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that compared with the triple immunosuppressive therapy based on conventional dose of Tac, the quadruple immunosuppressive therapy shares the same immunosuppressive efficacy with fewer side effects and less nephrotoxicity and liver function impairment as well as slower renal fibrosis process, which may benefit the long-term survival of renal grafts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of salvia miltiorrhiza injection on the treatment of acute and chronic vascular rejection after renal transplantation Chen Xia, Cai Xian-an, Zhou Li-juan, Cai Teng 2011, 15 (44):  8221-8224.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.014 Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (642KB) ( 332 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinical observation shows that simple use of methylprednisolone (MP) to treatment acute and chronic vascular rejection after renal transplantation cannot obviously improve urine protein and serum creatinine levels and that salvia miltiorrhiza injection combined with MP can promote the functional recovery of transplanted kidney. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of salvia miltiorrhiza injection on acute and chronic vascular rejection and renal function recovery after renal transplantation. METHODS: 180 cases with acute vascular rejection and 140 cases with chronic vascular rejection after renal transplantation were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group. The control group patients were simply treated with routine MP for 3 days. The treatment group patients received MP administration for 3 days followed by intravenous administration of salvia miltiorrhiza injection for 15 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with pretreatment, the indices of renal function were significantly improved in the control and treatment groups with acute and chronic vascular rejection (P < 0.05). The recovery of renal function was more obvious in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were significantly prolonged in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Renal function was obviously improved after salvia miltiorrhiza injection was added based on conventional treatment in patients with acute and chronic vascular rejection after renal transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of factors inducing panel reactive antibodies in patients waiting for first kidney transplantation Wu Jun-jie, Jia Bao-xiang, Tian Ye 2011, 15 (44):  8225-8228.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.015 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (538KB) ( 317 )   Save BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that panel reactive antibodies (PRA) levels are strongly correlated with acute rejection episodes. The positive PRA, either from pre- or post- transplant, is one of the important predictors of renal allograft function and survival. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the factors inducing PRA sensitivity among uremia patients waiting for first kidney transplantation. METHODS: PRA tests were performed in 1674 uremia patients waiting for their first kidney transplantation. They were divided into four groups, according to their history of transfusion and pregnancy. Group A: 509 patients with mere transfusion history; group B: 397 patients with mere pregnant history; group C: 235 patients with both transfusion and pregnant history; group D: 533 patients with neither transfusion nor pregnancy history. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: PRA positive rate was 17.29% (88/509), 8.31% (33/397), 27.23% (64/235) in group A, group B, and group C, respectively. No PRA positive rate was shown in group D. These findings suggest that the sensitizing effect of pregnancy alone on PRA level is comparatively low and is not increased along with the number of pregnancies. The transfusion factor comes in the second lowest effect. PRA positive rate is statistically significant higher in females in the transfusion group. Group C shows significantly higher PRA level, compared with either group A or group B. The patients with neither transfusion nor pregnancy history generally will not produce PRA. Related Articles | Metrics

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Perioperative anesthesia management in patients undergoing allogenic renal transplantation: A review of data from 40 cases Han Ping, Pan Xiao-jun, Cao Gui-mao 2011, 15 (44):  8229-8232.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.016 Abstract ( 276 )   PDF (668KB) ( 320 )   Save BACKGROUND: Results of blood and blood glucose in patients undergoing allogenic renal transplantation show that changes of Na+, Cl-, Hct, Hb may be related to the blood dilution. OBJECTIVE: To investigate an ideal anesthesia management in patients undergoing allogenic renal transplantation by monitoring the perioperative change of hemodynamics, electrolytes and biochemistry and anesthetic drug application. METHODS: Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP) and heart rate (HR), electrolytes and biochemistry were monitored and analyzed in 40 patients undergoing renal transplantation before anesthesia, before opening of renal artery, 10 minutes after opening renal artery and at the end of surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with before anesthesia, MAP, CVP, pH, HCO3- and BE decreased significantly  (P < 0.01), and K+ and glucose levels increased significantly (P < 0.01) at 10 minutes after opening of renal artery. Compared with before opening of renal artery, MAP, glucose, pH, HCO3- and BE decreased significantly while HR was significantly increased at 10 minutes after opening of renal artery (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that a key to successful general anesthesia of renal transplantation involves sufficient preoperative preparation, rational anesthetic drug selection and the maintenance of perioperative circulation, breathing, and water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cause of lymphatic leakage after renal transplantation Dong Yong-chao, Wang Yang-min, Zhang Bin, Li Wei-ping, Zhou Feng-hai, Chang De-hui, Qiao Gou-mei, Guo Ya 2011, 15 (44):  8233-8236.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.017 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (543KB) ( 605 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, the complications after renal transplantation have decreased obviously, but there have been many reports describing lymphatic leakage after transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cause of lymphatic leakage after renal transplantation. METHODS: The clinical data of 396 cases of renal transplantation was analyzed. These patients were assigned to two groups according to lymph node swelling around the iliac vessels in transplantation: lymphadenectasis (n=21), non-swelling group (n=375). The causes of postoperative lymphatic leakage were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Lymphatic leakage occurred in 27 cases in two groups, with an incidence rate of 6.82%. In the lymphadenectasis group, five cases presenting with lymphatic leakage, with an incidence rate of 23.81%. Lymphatic leakage occurred 3 days after transplantation, the average duration of lymphatic leakage was 23 days, and the lymph drainage was   191 mL every day. In the non-swelling group, 22 cases presented with lymphatic leakage, with an incidence rate of 5.87%. Lymphatic leakage occurred 8 days after transplantation, the average duration of lymphatic leakage was 11 days, and the lymph drainage was 96 mL every day. There were significant differences between these two groups (P < 0.01). In the lymphadenectasis group, one case suffered from lymph node tuberculosis and lymphatic leakage, nine cases suffered from reactive lymph nodes but one of them suffered from lymphatic leakage, 11 cases suffered from chronic lymphadenitis, but three cases of them suffered from lymphatic leakage. In the non-swelling group, one case presented with lost function of transplanted kidney and one case died. These findings suggest that lymphatic leakage after kidney transplantation is related to the nature of lymph nodes, operation, rejection and infection, which affect the survival of human kidney. Related Articles | Metrics

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Embryonic mouse pancreas transplantation for treatment of diabetes mellitus Shan Ai-jing, Yang Jun, Chen Xi, Ning Guang, Wang Zheng-ming 2011, 15 (44):  8237-8242.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.018 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (472KB) ( 306 )   Save BACKGROUND: Embryonic pancreatic tissue is characterized by its abundance, potent in proliferation & differentiation, and minimal immunological rejection. It is widely considered as potential pancreatic endocrinological stem cells resource for treating diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the embryonic mouse pancreatic tissue isolation technique and observe the recipients’ blood glucose regulatory effects of the grafted embryonic pancreas in an experimental diabetes mellitus mouse model. METHODS: Pancreatic tissue from C57BL/6 mouse embryos at embryonic days 11.5-16.5 was isolated under the stereomicroscope. C57BL/6 mouse models of streptozocin-induced diabetes mellitus were established and then randomly divided into two groups: transplantation group, in which, five pieces of pancreatic tissue of mice at embryonic 16.5 days were transplanted into mouse renal capsule, and sham-operated control group, in which, 0.05 mL RPMI1640 culture medium was injected into mouse renal capsule. When blood glucose level of the transplantation group mouse was ≤ 11.2 mmol/L, the endocrine function of embryonic pancreatic tissue transplanted was detected by IPGTT and IPITT methods and then the transplanted graft was removed for observing the blood glucose relapse. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nearly intact pancreatic tissue of mice at embryonic days 11.5-16.5 could be isolated through the use of stereomicroscope. Pancreatic tissue morphology and color of mice ≤ embryonic 12.5 days were difficultly distinguished from adjacent tissue and they could only be isolated carefully according to the relationship with adjacent organs. Pancreatic tissue of mice > embryonic 12.5 days exhibited initial endocrinological tissue morphology mimic white cauliflower. Histological and ELISA examinations showed that embryonic pancreatic tissue could express and secrete insulin and the insulin level was gradually increased with developmental time. Embryonic pancreatic tissue could grow beneath the recipient renal capsule. The insulin and glucagon expression in the post-transplantational pancreatic tissue graft was increased compared with prior to transplantation. These results suggest that pancreatic tissue is a potential stem cell resource for treating the diabetes mellitus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effects of non-wounded leg ischemic postconditioning on ischemic reperfusion injury of donor pancreas graft in rats Zhang Zhao-hui, Wang Wei-zhong, Li Xi, Niu Wan-cheng, Chen Dang-ying, Zhang Yun-min 2011, 15 (44):  8243-8246.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.019 Abstract ( 226 )   PDF (618KB) ( 341 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning and ischemic postconditioning are effective methods to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of non-wounded leg ischemic postconditioning on ischemic reperfusion injury of donor pancreas graft in rats and to analyze the possible mechanism. METHODS: The control group consisted of six normal SD rats suffering from sham operation and 12 streptomycin-induced diabetic SD rats were randomly and evenly assigned to two groups: In the ischemia/reperfusion group, rats received pancreas transplantation normally, without additional intervention. In the ischemic postconditioning group, rats underwent non-wounded leg ischemic postconditioning before transplantation. The blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in graft tissue were monitored, and apoptotic cells were stained by TUNEL technique at 2 hours after long-time reperfusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The blood glucose and MDA in the ischemia/reperfusion group were significantly higher compared with the ischemic postconditioning group after reperfusion (P < 0.01). SOD level in the ischemia/reperfusion group was significantly lower than that in the ischemic postconditioning group (P < 0.01). The apoptotic index in the ischemia/reperfusion group was significantly higher than that in the ischemic postconditioning group (P < 0.01). Results showed that non-wounded leg ischemic postconditioning can protect rat pancreas graft from ischemic reperfusion injury during pancreas transplantation. The possible mechanisms may be related to releasing oxygen radical and reducing cell apoptosis after reperfusion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ideal islet transplantation sites in diabetic mice Wang Yan-fei, Wang Hong-lin, Luo Shi-qiao 2011, 15 (44):  8247-8250.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.020 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (674KB) ( 393 )   Save BACKGROUND: Different islet transplantation sites in diabetic mice influence the success rate of islet transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To explore a more ideal transplantation site by comparing the transplantation effect of lesser omentum, kidney capsule and axillary fossa. METHODS: Lymphocytes separation medium was used to isolate and purify BACL/c mice islets, which were transplanted into C57BL/6 diabetic mice. Then the effect of different transplantation sites including lesser omentum, kidney capsule and axillary fossa was compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After isolation and purification, about (102 ± 4) islets per mouse were obtained and possessed excellent activity. After islets were transplanted into lesser omentum, kidney capsule and axillary fossa, the blood glucose of diabetic mice was significantly lower than normal extent (< 14.00 mmol/L). The blood glucose had no significant difference between lesser omental and kidney capsule groups (P > 0.05), but was significantly lower compared with axillary fossa group (P < 0.05). At 7 days after islet transplantation, the islet shape of lesser omentum group was basically complete, the islet shape of the kidney capsule group was irregular, that of the axillary fossa group was destroyed and many inflammatory cells were found in the axillary fossa group. The lesser omentum and kidney capsule groups regulated blood glucose level better than the axillary fossa group. The lesser omentum possessed larger capacity and better blood supply. The lesser omentum can be used as an ideal site of islet transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Xenotransplantation of microencapsulated rabbit parathyroid tissue into rats Wang Dong, Zhai Bo, Liu Ying-xin, Wu Lin-feng 2011, 15 (44):  8251-8254.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.021 Abstract ( 248 )   PDF (657KB) ( 268 )   Save BACKGROUND: Microencapsulation has been widely used in various experimental studies. Microencapsulated parathyroid transplantation has become a hot issue, but the better transplantation site and the mechanism underlying failed transplantation are urgently to be solved. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effects of xenotransplantation of microencapsulated parathyroid tissue on treatment of hypoparathyroidism in Wistar rats and to determine the optimal transplantation site and the mechanism underlying failed transplantation. METHODS: Wistar rat models of hypoparathyroidism were developed. At 4 weeks after model establishment, rat models were randomly allocated to four groups: renal adipose capsules, chest sternocleidomastoid muscle, and empty microcapsule control groups. Microcapsuled parathyroid tissues were transplanted into renal adipose capsules and chest sternocleidomastoid muscle in renal adipose capsules group and chest sternocleidomastoid muscle group respectively. Empty microcapsules without parathyroid were transplanted into renal adipose capsules in empty microcapsule group. Total serum calcium was measured every other week. In the 16th week, transplant beds were retrieved and subjected to electron microscopic examination.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in serum calcium level between renal adipose capsule group and chest sternocleidomastoid muscle group during 16 weeks (P > 0.05). The serum calcium level in the chest sternocleidomastoid muscle group decreased between 16-20 weeks. There were many fiber tissues surrounding the microencapsules in the chest sternocleidomastoid muscle group. Parathyroid tissues can be protected successfully from Aliginate-Ba capsules and then survive functionally for a long time. The renal adipose capsule is the better transplantation site than chest sternocleidomastoid muscle. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of nude mouse models of subcutaneously implanted hepatocellular carcinoma Bai Jian-hua, Li Li, Li Xiao-yan, Chen Gang, Zhu Xin-feng 2011, 15 (44):  8255-8258.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.022 Abstract ( 432 )   PDF (1079KB) ( 415 )   Save BACKGROUND: There have been more reports describing subcutaneous implantation of Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells into BALB/c nude mice to induce hepatocellular carcinoma, but little is known about the stability after tumor formation. OBJECTIVE: To establish nude mouse models of stable subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: 1.5×106 Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells were subcutaneously implanted into nude mice. After tumor formation, hepatocellular carcinoma stability and pathological characterization were performed in terms of body mass, gross anatomy, and tumor growth by reverse transplantation-polymerase chain reaction, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The latency of tumor formation was about 12 days, and success rate of tumor formation was 92.8%. In the tumor group, the body mass of nude mice was less compared with the control group, tumor developed rapidly, α-fetoprotein gene and protein expression was strongly positive, and hepatocellular carcinoma cells divided obviously. These findings suggest successful establishment of nude models of subcutaneously implanted hepatocellular carcinoma. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of allogeneic pancreaticoduodenal transplantation models in rats with duodenostomy Zhang Li, Zhao Xue-yun, Liu Sheng-chun 2011, 15 (44):  8259-8262.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.023 Abstract ( 228 )   PDF (1438KB) ( 340 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, rat models of pancreatic transplantation are the major animal models for studying pathophysiology and transplantation immunology, but rat models of pancreas are characterized by difficult operation and low success rate. Rat pancreatic transplantation models using intestinal stoma method can simplify operation procedure and enhance success rate in model establishment. OBJECTIVE: To improve the surgical techniques to establish a rat model of pancreaticoduodenal transplantation, which can be used for experimental research. METHODS: Pancreaticoduodenal transplantation was performed between SD rats as donors and Wistar rats as recipents. End-to-side anastomosis was performed for arterial reconstruction between donors’ abdominal aorta and recipients’ abdominal aorta segments, while the donors’ portal vein segment was anastomosed with the recipients’ left renal vein by cuff technique. The proximal part of duodenum of the graft was ligated and a stoma was made on the distal end. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pancreaticoduodenal transplantation was performed in 40 rats. Out of 40 rats, 34 rats survived more than 3 days with normal blood glucose level. The success rate of transplantation was 84.4%.The average survival time of recipients was (8.97±2.05) days. The peak of death appeared on day 7-10 after transplantation, and the pathological changes of typical acute rejection were observed on day 7. The modified model is easily performed successfully, which provides a useful tool for experiment research on transplantation immunology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Localization of GATA-4 in immune reaction product of mouse ovary Yang Jia-zhou, Miao Nai-zhou, Zhao Yu-feng, Wang Yan-mei, Jing Cai-xia, Ai Qing-yan 2011, 15 (44):  8263-8266.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.024 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF (1202KB) ( 403 )   Save BACKGROUND: GATA-4 transcription factor plays a critical role in mammalian reproduction. OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics and distribution of GATA-4 in immune reaction product of the ovaries of female mouse. METHODS: Six 6-week old female mice were selected for this study. Paraffin sections of the ovaries were made and GATA-4 expression was observed by immunohistochemical ABC method and diaminobenzidine visualization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Positive expression of GATA-4 was primarily found in granulosa cells and thecal cells of the mice, with less expression in theca cells, and no expression in corepus luteum. These findings suggest that GATA-4 exists in mouse ovaries. Related Articles | Metrics

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Matrine combined with cyclosporin A alleviates acute graft-versus-host-disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a murine model Zhang Yan, Wang Yi-ni, Feng Cui-cui, Tian Li-ping, Li Fang, Wang Zhao 2011, 15 (44):  8267-8271.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.025 Abstract ( 318 )   PDF (1493KB) ( 331 )   Save BACKGROUND: Matrine can decrease the concentration of interleukin (IL-2) and has been used as a chemotherapy auxiliary medicine in the clinic. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of matrine and cyclosporin A (CsA) on acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) after allogenetic bone marrow transplantation and the possible mechanism of matrine. METHODS: The donors were male C57BL/6 mice, and the recipients were male BABL/C mice. The model of aGVHD in murine was established by allo-BMT with donor derived T cells. The aGVHD models were randomly divided into seven groups: control, radiation, transplantation, fully quantity CsA, half quantity CsA, full quantity matrine, full quantity matrine and half quantity CsA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mouse survival time in the full quantity matrine and half quantity CsA group was longer than the other groups. Different degrees of pathological changes in aGVHD appeared in each group, and earlier aGVHD occurrence led to more severe pathological change. At 7 days after transplantation, compared with transplantation group, serum level of γ-interferon was decreased in other groups, but there was no significant difference in IL-4 level between transplantation and other groups. These findings suggest that matrine can prevent lethal aGNHD and prolong mouse survival time after allogenetic bone marrow transplantation. Matrine exhibits similar effects to CsA, and their combination show better effects than alone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Nuclear factor-kappa B activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and its clinical significance Wang Jing-fu, Zhang Kun, Hu Gui-cai, Xu Su-xin, Guo Feng-ling, Zhao Ya-juan, Duan Shu-zhong, Zhu Ju-ping, Xing En-hong 2011, 15 (44):  8272-8276.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.026 Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (1625KB) ( 445 )   Save BACKGROUND: The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) before renal transplantation has been found to be increased abnormally. OBJECTIVE: To investigate NF-κB activity in PBMCs from patients underlying MHD before renal transplantation and its correlation with high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and malnutrition. METHODS: The nutritional status, anthropometric indicators, blood biochemistry, the NF-κB p65 activity in PBMCs and serum hs-CRP level in 71 patients undergoing MHD before renal transplantation and healthy controls were detected. MHD patients were divided into non-inflammatory group (< 3 mg/L) and slight inflammation group (≥ 3 mg/L) according to the hs-CRP levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: NF-κB activity in PBMCs and serum hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in MHD patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.001). The number of malnutrition patients, the score of modified quantitative subjective global assessment of nutrition (MQSGA), and the NF-κB activity in PBMCs as well as serum hs-CRP level were significantly higher in the slightly inflammatory group than in the non-inflammatory group (P ≤ 0.001 or P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The hemoglobin, serum albumin, serum prealbumin, mid-arm muscle circumference, mid-arm circumference and grasp force were all significantly lower in the non-inflammatory group than in the non-inflammatory group (P ≤0.001) and the NF-κB activity in PBMCs were significantly higher in the non-inflammatory group than in the healthy control group (P ≤ 0.001), there was no significant difference in serum hs-CRP levels between non-inflammatory group and healthy control group (P > 0.05). Results showed that NF-κB was abnormally activated in PBMCs in patients underlying MHD before renal transplantation; with worsened inflammatory reaction, serum hs-CRP levels and the abnormal activation of NF-κB would be increased and the degree of malnutrition would be more serious. These finding demonstrates that the slight inflammatory status could be detected and malnutrition could be predicted earlier according to NF-κB activity in PBMCs than serum hs-CRP levels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Alleviative effects of green tea polyphenols on cyclosporine A-induced inhibition of vasorelaxation Gao Wen-bo, Yao Xu-ping, Jiang Ji-guang 2011, 15 (44):  8277-8280.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.027 Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (337KB) ( 317 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vasorelaxation plays an important role in the occurrence of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity. OBJECTIVE: To observe the alleviative effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on CsA-induced inhibition of vasorelaxation and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and evenly divided into four groups: CsA, control, CsA + GTP, and GTP. After 5 weeks of drug treatment, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre) levels were determined. Then the thoracic aorta rings were mounted on a bath system, and acetylcholine was used to induce vasorelaxation. The effects of L-NAME and indomethacin and the denuded vasorelaxation were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The BUN and Cre levels in the CsA group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The maximal response (Emax%) for acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation in the CsA group was significantly lower than that in the control and GTP groups. After pretreatment with L-NAME, vasorelaxation was significantly lower in the CsA, CsA+GTP and GTP groups than in the control group. After pretreatment with indomethacin, vasorelaxation was significantly higher in the control, CsA +GTP, and GTP groups than in the CsA group. The level of nitric oxide metabolites in the vascular tissue in the CsA group was significantly lower compared with other groups. The results demonstrated that CsA can decrease nitric oxide levels in vascular tissues and induce abnormal endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, which is mediated by nitric oxide pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

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Intravenous infusion of hydrogen peroxide upregulates CD4+Foxo3+ regulatory T cells in mouse spleen and peripheral blood Gu Dong-shu, Liu Wen, Gu Wei-wang 2011, 15 (44):  8281-8284.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.028 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (637KB) ( 324 )   Save BACKGROUND: The naturally formed regulator T cells have been confirmed exert important function and role in maintaining organism’s homeostasis, inhibiting inflammation, prevent against transplantation rejection, inhibiting anti-tumor immune response, and preventing and treating auto-immune diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of intravenous infusion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on CD4+CD25+Foxo3+ regulatory T cells in the BALB/c mice. METHODS: Twelve male BALB/c mice of specific pathogen free level, 6 weeks old, were randomly divided into two groups, H2O2 treatment group and PBS group. The mice in the H2O2 treatment group were injected 250 μL PBS with 50 mmol/L H2O2 via tail vein. The mice in the PBS group were injected 250 μL PBS via tail vein. At 2 weeks post injection, all mice were killed to collect peripheral blood, spleen and thymus. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 T cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells and CD4+Foxp3+/CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood and spleen of mice in the H2O2 treatment group was significantly higher than that in the PBS group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that intravenous injection of H2O2 can increase the proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the mouse peripheral blood and spleen. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of differentiation and proliferation efficiency from CD4+ cells to Th17 cells induced by three different methods Yin Tai-lang1, Zou Yu-jie1, Yang Jing1, He Fan, Li Sai-jiao, Wu Geng-xiang, Li Xing, Wang Ya-qin, Luo Jin, Li Wei, Xu Wang-ming 2011, 15 (44):  8285-8288.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.029 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (664KB) ( 783 )   Save BACKGROUND: Th17 cells participate in the occurrence of many inflammatory diseases, but their induced differentiation efficiency remains poorly clear. OBJECTIVE: To compare the differentiation and proliferation efficiency from CD4+ cells to Th17 cells induced by three different methods. METHODS: Three methods to induce Th17 cells in vitro are as follows: (1) stimulation with CD3 and CD28 antibodies followed by addition of interleukin (IL)-6 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the culture medium and finally culture for 3 days; (2) based on method (1), addition of extra IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and culture for 3 days; (3) based on method (2), washing out previous cytokines on the 3rd day, culture for 2 days, stimulation with CD3 and CD28 antibodies again, addition of IL-23 and finally culture for 3 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The proportion of Th17 cells in CD4+T cells was (8.5±2.8)%, (26.9±4.3)%, and (44.3±5.5)% after induced by three above-mentioned methods, respectively, with significant difference among these three methods (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that addition of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-23 into the culture medium facilitates the induced differentiation from CD4+ cells to Th17 cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between myocardial inflammatory response and the myocardial protective effect of on-pump beating-heart technique with mild hypothermia Zhou Tao, He Wei, Zheng Bao-shi, Feng Xu, Xie Xiao-yong 2011, 15 (44):  8289-8292.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.030 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (591KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: On-pump beating-heart technique has been promoted as better systemic protection compared with the technique of cardioplegic arrest, and the attenuated inflammatory response may play an important role in the protective effect of the on-pump beating-heart technique. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between local inflammatory response and the myocardial protective effect of on-pump beating-heart technique with mild hypothermia in patients with artificial mechanical heart valve replacements. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing elective mechanical mitral valve replacements with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were eligible for inclusion in the study. The patients were randomly divided into control group and beating group with 20 patients in each group. The conventional approach was used in control group, while the heart was kept empty and beating throughout the operation in beating group. In all patients, blood samples withdrawn from the right atrium or the coronary sinus before the CPB, 30 minutes after the start of CPB, or before the right atrium was closed, were assayed for plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and cardiac troponin I(cTnI) levels. Meanwhile, the right atrial myocardial tissue samples were taken to detect myocardial cell nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression when the right atrium was opened and closed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences between control and beating groups in terms of demographic, pre-operative or operative parameters. In both groups, compared with the baseline values, plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and cTnI were gradually increased during CPB. Compared with the control group, the increasing degrees of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and cTnI were significantly lower in the beating group (P < 0.05). The increased expression of NF-κB was lower in beating group than that in control group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the attenuated myocardial inflammatory response plays an important role in myocardial protection of on-pump beating-heart technique with mild hypothermia. Related Articles | Metrics

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Ischemic preconditioning prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury during isolation of hepatocytes Liang Shan, Shi Yong-zhong, Nie Sheng-dan, Xu Wei, Li Zhuo-ri 2011, 15 (44):  8293-8296.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.031 Abstract ( 271 )   PDF (628KB) ( 340 )   Save BACKGROUND: There have been few studies regarding whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can alleviate ischemia/reperfusion injury and improve the function of residual liver during the isolation of hepatocytes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preventive effects of ischemia preconditioning on hepatocyte isolation and ischemia/reperfusion injury of residual liver. METHODS: Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into partial hepatectomy group and IPC group. The obtained tissues were isolated by a modified four-step collagenase perfusion technique. At the same time, rat serum was collected before and 1 day after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUDION: Hepatocyte viability, hepatocyte proliferation, albumin (ALB) synthesis and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly greater, while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased, in the IPC group than in the partial hepatectomy group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in ALB, LDH, GPT, SOD and MDA levels between partial hepatectomy and IPC groups (P > 0.05). These results showed that IPC can reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury during hepatocyte isolation. The mechanism may be related to self-induced IPC and the ability of anti-oxidant and anti-oxygen free radicals. But IPC does not produce obvious effects on the function of residual liver of donor rats. Related Articles | Metrics

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Potential role of high mobility group box 1 protein in renal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury Wei Xing, Cai Ming, Shi Bing-yi, Li Zhou-li, Wang Shuang, Hong Xin, Ke Hua-jing 2011, 15 (44):  8297-8300.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.032 Abstract ( 229 )   PDF (535KB) ( 351 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ischemia/reperfusion injury is the inevitable pathophysiological process in clinical organ transplantation. Cold ischemia/reperfusion injury has more targeted in organ transplantation process. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential role and intervention of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein in rats with renal cold ischemia/reperfusion injury． METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated group (n=20), cold ischemia/reperfusion injury group (n=20), and treatment group (n=20). Rats in the cold ischemia/reperfusion injury group and treatment groups were respectively administered Ringer’s solution and EP via the penile vein before preparation of cold ischemia/reperfusion injury models. The sham-operated group rats were administered Ringer’s solution after opening the abdominal cavity, and 45 minutes later, the abdominal cavity was closed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with sham-operated group, creatinine, HMGB1 protein, tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB levels were significantly higher in the cold ischemia-reperfusion injury group and treatment group (P < 0.01). The above indices were significantly higher in the cold ischemia-reperfusion injury group than in the treatment group (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that the HMGBl plays an important role in the pathological processes of renal cold ischemia reperfusion injury, and EP can reduce renal cold ischemia-reperfusion injury. Related Articles | Metrics

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Human leukocyte antigen allele and haplotype in 56 cases of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Liu Chuan, Wan Hua, Zou Ye-qing, Li Jian, Li Guo-liang, Fu Ying-yuan 2011, 15 (44):  8301-8304.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.033 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (610KB) ( 313 )   Save BACKGROUND: It has great significance to understand individual human leucocyte antigen allele (HLA) haplotype and genotype. OBJECTIVE: To analyze HLA allele frequency, haplotype frequency and characteristics in 56 cases of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: HLA-A, B, DRB1 antigen was subjected to genotyping using PCR-SSP technique. The allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA-A, B, DRB1 were calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 8 HLA-A, 19 HLA-B and 13 HLA-DRB1 alleles were detected among 56 cases, showing a rich polymorphism. Among 224 haplotypes, A﹡02-B﹡46, A﹡11-B﹡40, B﹡46-DRB1﹡09 were informative with frequency higher than 0.10. A total of 10 HLA-A-B haplotypes and 4 HLA-B-DRB1 haplotypes were in strongest linkage disequilibrium. Results showed that HLA alleles have richer polymorphisms with obvious geographic genetic characteristics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic polymorphisms of three short tandem repeat loci in Liaoning Xibo population of China Liu Jian, Zhang Wei, Yin Jiao-yang, Gao Bing, Guo Li, Qi Rong, Tian Xiu-rong 2011, 15 (44):  8305-8307.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.034 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (489KB) ( 334 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studying the gene polymorphism of autosome short tandem repeat (STR) gene loci can provide basic data for forensic paternal power identification.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic polymorphism of three STR loci, D16S539, THO1, D13S317, in Liaoning Xibo population of China and establish the genetic basic data of Xibo population. METHODS: Buccal samples were obtained from 150 primary and middle school students of Xibo population living in Liaoning province and PCR amplification reactions of each STR loci were performed in fluorescence-based reaction using a 2720 Thermal cycler. The amplified products were detected in a Li-COR 4300 DNA Analyzer. Relative fragment size of amplified products was calculated through the use of E-seq Analysis software and genotyping was performed. Allele frequency of three STR genetic loci of Xibo population living in Liaoning province was investigated and genetic polymorphism analysis was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the three loci met the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Heterozygosis degree of these three loci was distributed between 0.769-0.810. Individual discriminative power was distributed between 0.824-0.929. Cumulative individual discriminative power was 0.999. Polymorphism information was distributed between 0.650-0.790. Non-parental eliminant rate was distributed between 0.565-0.790. Cumulative non-parental eliminant rate was 0.979. The three STR loci used in this study show high non-parental eliminant rate and individual discriminative power in Xibo population and can be applied to population study and forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of complete exon2/3 sequence to resolve ambiguous alleles of HLA-DRB1 locus Li Zhen, Yang Juan, Cheng Liang-hong, Zou Hong-yan 2011, 15 (44):  8308-8312.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.035 Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (533KB) ( 423 )   Save BACKGROUND: Some alleles could not be confirmed when different bases located outside the sequencing region or allele pairs have same heterozygous sequence during the human leukocyte antigen genes genotyped by sequencing method. OBJECTIVE: To resolve a high proportion of ambiguous genotyping results of HLA-DRB1 locus through complete exon2/3 sequence determination. METHODS: Using the routine sequence-based typing which only sequences the 124-360 nucleotide of exon2 for the first typing of 320 samples, the sequence reaction included codon 86. Then the ambiguous samples were determined by complete exon2/3. The method designed group-specific primers on exon2 (DRB1*04/07/09 as a group and other gene family as a group, conden86). Ambiguity and the confirm results were calculated by direct counting method, and calculation was performed twice for the homozygotes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 180 samples of the initial typing were ambiguous results, accounting for 56.25% of the total number of samples. “A” means the ambiguity result which is caused by the different sequences located outside the sequencing region in 114 cases, accounting for 63.33% of the total ambiguous results. “B” means the ambiguity result which is caused by the same heterozygous sequence in 17cases, accounting for 9.44% of the total ambiguous results. “C” means the two types simultaneously existing in 49 cases, accounting for 27.22% of the total ambiguous results. The number of ambiguous alleles was 119, 34 and 98 in three types, accounting for 33.06% (119/360), 9.44% (34/360), and 27.22% (98/360) of ambiguous samples, respectively. Complete exon2/3 sequencing made the ratio of the ambiguous results decrease from 56.25% to 14.37%, of which 103 cases of “A”, 8 cases of “B”, 23 cases of “C” were confirmed. A novel allele was discovered, and its sequences were identical to DRB1*110101 except for a single nucleotide substitution at nt381 where G>T, codon98 Lys (AAG)> Asn (AAT). The sequence was submitted to Genbank and the accession number was HM807583. The name HLA-DRB1*1197 had been officially assigned by the WHO Nomenclature Committee in August 2010(Accession Number HWS10010999). These showed that the complete exon2/3 of sequence analysis can significantly reduce the proportion of ambiguous typing results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on graft patency after off-pump and conventional coronary arterial bypass grafting by computed tomography angiography Liu Zhi-yong, Zhang Guang-ling, Wu Peng-yu, Li Zhan-qing, Yang Dong-sheng, Jiang Shou-fang, Zhang Wei-hong, Huo Xiao-ju, Gao Chang-qing 2011, 15 (44):  8313-8316.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.036 Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (600KB) ( 320 )   Save BACKGROUND: Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB) has been performed for many years and its use is increasing frequently, but it remains an open question whether OPCAB provides similar patency to conventional coronary artery bypass graft (CCABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. OBJECTIVE: To assess the graft patency in patients that had coronary arterial bypass grafting (CABG) performed on-pump and off-pump. METHODS: A total of 237 patients with CABG performed by a single surgeon were retrospectively studied, in which 100 patients underwent CCABG and 137 patients underwent OPCAB; the two groups were well matched according to relative factors and no significant differences were found in both groups. Postoperatively, systematic assessment on the graft patency of all patients was conducted with 64-slice multidetector spiral computed tomography angiography at 1 month, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years, respectively, to provide 641 grafts for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Patency of left internal mammary artery was higher than that of saphenous vein in both groups; no significant difference was observed in left internal mammary artery patency and saphenous vein patency in both groups. Results of 64-slice multidetector spiral computed tomography angiography indicate that OPCAB provides similar patency to CCABG surgery with CPB. Related Articles | Metrics

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Survey about social rehabilitation and quality of life in hemodialysis patients Wang Xiang-hua, Cui Li, Cui Yan, Liu Xue-mei, Xu Yan 2011, 15 (44):  8317-8320.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.037 Abstract ( 277 )   PDF (632KB) ( 437 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of modern technology in hemodialysis, the long-term survival rate of uremia patients has improved significantly, but the quality of life and social rehabilitation have not received much attention. OBJECTIVE: To investigate social rehabilitation and the quality of life in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: A total of 163 patients with maintenance hemodialysis for more than 3 months, including 90 males and 73 females, were surveyed about the status of social rehabilitation and their clinical data in the form of questionnaire. The quality of life of all patients was measured with the Short-Form 36 questionnaire. Then the scores of quality of life were compared between four groups classified by the social rehabilitation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The percentages of patients in the first, second, third and fourth degrees of social rehabilitation were 9.2%, 26.4%, 53.4%, and 11.0% respectively. With increasing levels of social rehabilitation, the patient’s overall health status scores increased progressively. There were significant differences between four groups (P < 0.01). In particular, the quality of life of the patients in the third degree of social rehabilitation was significantly affected by emotional and social factors. The social rehabilitation in hemodialysis patients was in poor condition. Strengthening psychological care and striving for social support are expected to enable most patients to improve quality of life and degree of social rehabilitation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Two different anticoagulant protocols for treatment of combined-type artificial kidney Xing Li, Wang Pei-yu, Cai Wen-li, Wang Ning, Li Hai-xia, Wang Yan-fang 2011, 15 (44):  8321-8324.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.038 Abstract ( 266 )   PDF (1425KB) ( 424 )   Save BACKGROUND: Combined-type artificial kidney can completely get rid of various toxins in uremia patients, prevent and treat long-term complications caused by dialysis. But dialyzer and perfusion instrument blood coagulation trouble physicians and patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anticoagulant effects and safety of two different anticoagulant protocols in treatment of chronic renal failure in combined-type artificial kidney. METHODS: Heparin sodium and low molecular heparin sodium was used for 4-week anticoagulation in chronic renal failure patients who received combined-type artificial kidney (hemoperfusion+hemodialysis) at the amount of 1.5-2.0 times of original anticoagulant protocols. Anticoagulant effects, hemorrhage, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, blood platelet and hemoglobin levels before treatment, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment were compared between two different anticoagulant drugs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When heparin sodium was used, grade 1 blood coagulation appeared in two cases and grade 2 blood coagulation in one case. When low molecular heparin sodium was used, grade 1 blood coagulation appeared in three cases and grade 2 blood coagulation in two cases. Grade 3 blood coagulation was not observed when heparin sodium or low molecular heparin sodium was used. When heparin sodium was used, grade 1 hemorrhage was observed in 12 cases and grade 3 hemorrhage in three cases. When low molecular heparin sodium was used, grade 1 hemorrhage was observed in two cases and grade 2 hemorrhage in one case. After heparin sodium application, blood platelets were reduced, partial thromboplastin time was prolonged, and there was no significant difference compared with before treatment. There was no significant difference in each index between before and after low molecular heparin sodium application (P > 0.05). These results showed that in combined-type artificial kidney treatment in chronic renal failure patients, low molecular heparin sodium and heparin sodium show similar anticoagulant effects, and low molecular heparin sodium exhibits fewer complications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transplantation of freeze-dried amnion after irradiation sterilization for corneal alkali burn Teng Dan, Luan Xin-yao, Xu Ni-na, Yu Li-ping, Li Wen-ji, Liu Yan-hong, He Wei 2011, 15 (44):  8325-8328.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.039 Abstract ( 265 )   PDF (1279KB) ( 378 )   Save BACKGROUND: The freeze-dried amnion after radiation sterilization is easy to keep and use. However, whether the amnion’s activity will be reduced and clinical effect will be affected after these treatments have been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the repair function of freeze-dried amnion after radiation sterilization on rabbit cornea. METHODS: Nine healthy adult rabbits were taken and their corneas were burned with 1 mol/L NaOH. The left corneas served as test group and the right corneas as control group. The freeze-dried amnion was planted into the test group but not planted into the control group. Within 30 days after surgery, corneal clearness, neovascularization and recovery of upper cornea were daily observed through the use of slit lamp.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 30 days after surgery, corneal clearness, neovascularization and recovery of upper cornea were significantly better in the test group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, upper cornea was better recovered, matrix fibers were more likely in order, infiltration of inflammatory cells was slighter, and there were fewer newly formed vessels in the test group. These findings suggest that freeze-dried, irradiated amnion can alleviate inflammatory response, promote recovery of upper cornea and reduce neo-vascularization after transplantation into alkali burned rabbit cornea.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Liver transplantation for treatment of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver in one case Deng Rong-hai, Wu Lin-wei, Wu Cheng-lin, Wang Dong-ping, Ju Wei-qiang, Hu An-bin, Tai Qiang, Zhu Xiao-feng, Han An-jia, He Xiao-shun 2011, 15 (44):  8329-8332.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.040 Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (1158KB) ( 329 )   Save BACKGROUND: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver (PSCCL) is rare. Various treatments exhibit poor curative effects and prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short-term curative effects of liver transplantation in treatment of primary squamous cell carcinoma in one case. METHODS: We analyzed the effect of liver transplantation in treating one case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and retrospectively analyzed the clinical manifestations, tissue origin, therapeutic method and prognosis of 65 cases of the primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver at home and abroad. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The patient recovered well after liver transplantation, liver function returned to normal, tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate199 and squamous cell carcinoma antigen decreased to normal levels. Domestic and foreign data show that primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver presents atypical clinical manifestations, variety of tissue sources, poor efficacy and prognosis of surgical excision, chemotherapy and other treatments. Results from the present case showed that liver transplantation for treatment of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver exhibits good curative effects, but further investigations are needed to estimate the long-term effect on such cases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Leiomyoma in renal allograft in one case Wang Zhi-wen, Chen Hua, Liu Yong-guang, Li Min, Zhao Ming 2011, 15 (44):  8333-8336.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.041 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (1299KB) ( 304 )   Save BACKGROUND: Leiomyoma in renal allograft would influence the renal allograft to different extents and even threaten the long-term survival of renal allograft. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the diagnosis and treatment experience of leiomyoma in renal allograft from one case. METHODS: To retrospectively analyze one 53-year-old male case. The case received renal allograft in other hospitals because of uremia 11 years ago. After surgery, renal function recovered to normal, and he orally took immunosuppressive agent for long term. The clinical data of this case were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The leiomyoma in renal allograft was diagnosed primarily according to pathological examination, and imaging examination had no obvious specificity. Simple surgical resection of tumor body is the primary means for treatment of leiomyoma in renal allograft. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of Rh (D) incompatibility in a liver transplantation patient Shang Li-ming, Peng Min-hao, Qin Xiao, Guo Ya, Xiao Kai-yin, Peng Tao 2011, 15 (44):  8337-8340.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.042 Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (487KB) ( 361 )   Save BACKGROUND: Blood type incompatibility organ transplantation can result in severe rejection, graft versus host disease and hemolytic reaction. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the liver transplantation method of RH(D)-negative patients with liver cancer using the RH (D)-positive donor and to investigate the feasibility of the method of transplantation based on related literatures. METHODS: One donor liver with Rh (D)-positive was transplanted to a patient of liver cancer with Rh (D)-negative. Then the donor liver with Rh (D)-positive was well lavaged, bleeding in operation should be minimized, and products of blood with Rh (D)-positive was infused. Follow-up and effects were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: One donor liver with Rh (D)-positive was successfully transplanted to a patient of liver cancer with Rh (D)-negative. The operation was smoothly performed. There were no acute and chronic rejection and blood transfusion-related complications after operation. The patient has survived for 1 year with normal liver function. These finding suggest that because there are no acute and chronic rejection and blood transfusion-related complications happened, so a donor liver with Rh (D)-positive can be transplanted into a patient with liver cancer with Rh (D)-negative blood after full irrigation and good clinical results have been acquired. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hyperkalemia induced by tacrolimus combined with Wuzhi-capsule following renal transplantation: One case report Chen Tong-qing, Lin Min-wa, Lu Jie-wen 2011, 15 (44):  8341-8343.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.043 Abstract ( 332 )   PDF (435KB) ( 429 )   Save BACKGROUND: Due to the hepatotoxicity induced by immunosuppressant, renal transplantation patients have high incidence of hepatic dysfunction. When they clinically have hepatic dysfunction, they are in need for hepatic protection treatment. However, the concentration of immunosuppressant must be monitored when hepatinica is added. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of the combination of tacrolimus and Wuzhi-capsule on tacrolimus concentration and blood biochemical changes in cases after renal transplantation. METHODS: Retrospective analysis on the tacrolimus concentration, renal function and blood biochemical changes when one case renal transplantation patient took or stopped taking Wuzhi-capsule who regarded tacrolimus as the immunosuppressant. The patient performed hemodialysis due to chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic renal insufficiency in June 1998, and received renal transplantation at August 2008. Tacrolimus + mycophenolate + prednisone were adopted after transplantation. Hepatic function became abnormal at 4 months after transplantation, and bifendate was added, which was substitute by Wuzhi-capsule at July 25, 2010. The medication was stopped on July 29, 2010.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: If the renal transplantation recipients took tacrolimus, their blood tacrolimus concentration uplifted from 5.3 ng/L to 24.7 ng/L and they were diagnosed with hyperkalemia; if not, their blood tacrolimus concentration reduced from 24.7 ng/L to 6.1 ng/L and their potassium dropped from 6.4 mmol/L to 4.6 mmol/L. Stable renal transplantation recipients must have their tacrolimus blood concentration, liver and kidney function, as well as electrolytes monitored after adding Wuzhi-capsule; moreover, they should adjust the tacrolimus dosage timely so as to protect renal graft function. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical and research status of islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes in China Liu Bao-lin, Liu Shi-qing, Chen Yang, Shang Bin, Chen Ai-shan, Dai Xian-wei 2011, 15 (44):  8346-8349.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.045 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (319KB) ( 335 )   Save BACKGROUND: Islet transplantation is an effective therapy for type I diabetic patients sensitive to insulin. OBJECTIVE: To investigate and evaluate the status and obstacles of islet transplantation in type I diabetes in China. METHODS: Published articles reported from January 1980 to December 2008 on Chinese Medical Current Contents database, the national funds from 2002 to 2008 in the database of National Natural Science Foundation of China on islet transplantation were searched to analyze the status of islet transplant research and clinical practice in China. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 340 articles were reported from 1980 to 2008 related to islet transplantation in China, including 165 (48.5%) basic research, 45 (13.2%) clinical research and 130 (38.2%) reviews. Most of researches were conducted in the developed regions in the east of China. The Edmonton protocol had a great impact on the islet transplant research in China, and many projects of islet transplant have been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation. However, there remains obstacles in this field, such as organ and capital shortage and incomplete organ donation system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between exercise, senescence and Th1/Th2 cytokine shift Yang De-hong, Wei Yong 2011, 15 (44):  8350-8354.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.046 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (678KB) ( 556 )   Save BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that Th1/Th2 cytokine shift exists during the process of aging and disease. OBJECTIVE: To review and analyze the research about aging and immune cytokines and Th1/Th2 differentiation, aging and Th1/Th2 type cytokines, the possible role of Th1/Th2 cytokines balance in anti-aging. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) and Wanfang database (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn) to search papers published between 1990-2011 using the key words “exercise, immune senescence” in Chinese and English. The papers with objective-independent and repetitive contents were excluded, and finally 42 papers were included for final analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Many studies have been done about the hot issue of’ exercise, immunity and aging” including Th1/Th2 balance, and the results also show that exercise can improve some aspects while inhibit anothers of immunity. However, the exact biological significance about the changes in the immune system after exercise is not clear. Wether exercise also has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of the elderly prone diseases, and the specific mechanism of this positive effect need to be further studied. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in perforin gene and protein function Zhao Yi-wen, Yang Li-yun, Cui Juan-hong 2011, 15 (44):  8355-8360.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.44.047 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (635KB) ( 540 )   Save BACKGROUND: Perforin-dependent granule mediated cytolysis is one of major pathways of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Recently, perforin gene mutation has been found to be related to lymphoproliferative disease. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress in perforin gene, elucidate the relationship between perforin gene mutation and protein expression, and further investigate the relationship between perforin gene mutation and lymphoproliferative disease. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed to search manuscripts describing the mechanism underlying drug-tolerance of bacterial biomembrane published between January 1998 and December 2008 in CNKI and PubMed databases with the key words “ perforin, gene, mutation, lymphoproliferative disease” in Chinese and English languages. Manuscripts with contents similar to perforin gene mutation and those published recently or in high-impact journals were selected. A total of 285 papers were initially retrieved, and 65 of which were included in the final analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mutations in perforin gene result in the decrease or absence of perforin protein and its activity, so that immunological surveillance to virus-infected and transformed tumor cells is compromised and lymphoproliferative disease even cancer may occur. A further understanding of perforin gene mutation and protein expression would help elucidate the relationship between perforin gene mutation and lyphoproliferative disease. Related Articles | Metrics