中国组织工程研究 ›› 2021, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (24): 3902-3907.doi: 10.12307/2021.100

• 骨与关节综述 bone and joint review • 上一篇    下一篇

胸腰椎爆裂骨折短节段固定:方法改良及减少失败的策略

王子奡,宋文慧,刘昌文   

  1. 山西医科大学第二医院骨科,山西省太原市   030000
  • 收稿日期:2020-10-12 修回日期:2020-10-14 接受日期:2020-11-26 出版日期:2021-08-28 发布日期:2021-03-17
  • 通讯作者: 宋文慧,博士,主任医师,山西医科大学第二医院骨科,山西省太原市 030000
  • 作者简介:王子奡,男,1996年生,安徽省合肥市人,山西医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脊柱外科方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    山西省应用基础研究项目(201801D121324),项目负责人:宋文慧

Short-segment fixation of thoracolumbar burst fractures: method modification and strategies to reduce failure

Wang Ziao, Song Wenhui, Liu Changwen    

  1. Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China
  • Received:2020-10-12 Revised:2020-10-14 Accepted:2020-11-26 Online:2021-08-28 Published:2021-03-17
  • Contact: Song Wenhui, MD, Chief physician, Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China
  • About author:Wang Ziao, Master candidate, Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    the Applied Basic Research Project of Shanxi Province, No. 201801D121324 (to SWH)

摘要:

文题释义:
短节段固定:通过对骨折椎体上下邻椎进行置钉固定达到短节段固定的目的,维持骨折部位稳定的同时最大限度地保留了骨折节段的活动,从而达到良好的临床效果,在胸腰椎骨折的临床治疗中拥有广泛的应用前景。
后凸畸形:胸腰段脊柱骨折后易发生局部后凸畸形(后凸角≥30°),固定后可再发后凸畸形(后凸角度改变≥10°),此问题越来越受到广大临床医师重视,其临床意义尚不完全明确,再发后凸畸形的机制仍需进一步研究。

背景:短节段固定在胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者的治疗中得到越来越广泛的应用,被证明具有良好的临床、功能和放射学结果。但是短节段固定后可能再发后凸畸形并逐渐被外科医师所重视。
目的:通过对胸腰椎骨折分型、短节段固定适应证、短节段固定失败及术式改良方法进行总结,为临床治疗提供帮助。
方法:通过检索CNKI、万方、PubMed、Web of Science等中英文数据库1983至2020年的相关文献,中文检索词为“胸腰段骨折,短节段固定,后凸畸形”,英文检索词为 “thoracolumbar fractures,short segment fixation,kyphosis”。通过纳入与排除标准,将最终纳入63篇文献进行归纳、总结。
结果与结论:①对于非强直性脊柱的几乎所有A型和B型骨折,后路短节段固定均可以取得良好的临床效果。短节段固定有再发后凸畸形的风险,主要原因是相邻椎间盘的塌陷,再发后凸的临床意义尚不明确。②后路短节段撑开复位可以有效复位骨折椎体并通过间接牵拉复位椎管内骨块,促进椎管内骨块吸收回纳达到椎管重塑的效果,但对于“翻转骨块”效果较差。③后外侧融合与短节段器械的结合使用值得怀疑,它与改善临床结局无关,也不能防止后凸畸形再发或内固定失败。④使用负荷分担分类来量化骨折椎体粉碎并预测后路固定失败的方法仍有争议。⑤应对短期内固定失败的策略主要集中在前方加强或增强后方结构的生物力学强度。增加后部结构生物力学强度的策略中经伤椎固定提高了短节器械的有效性,并显著降低了植入物的失败率,是目前治疗胸腰椎骨折的主流术式。⑥后路短节段固定联合经椎弓根途径植骨或椎体成形复位骨折椎体的手术疗效仍需更多的临床验证。⑦微创经皮短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定逐步应用于脊柱骨折治疗之中,术后早期即可使患者骨折到达良好复位及固定,有助于患者恢复,是短节段固定的发展方向。
https//orcid.org/0000-0003-3369-1816 (王子奡) 

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

关键词: 脊柱损伤, 胸腰段骨折, 短节段固定, 后凸畸形, 微创, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Short-segment fixation has been increasingly used in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures. The procedure has been proven to have good clinical, functional and radiologic results. However, Kyphosis may recur after short-segment fixation and has been paid more and more attention by surgeons.  
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the classification of thoracolumbar fractures, indication of short-segment fixation, failure of short-segment fixation and the improved method of operation, so as to provide help for clinical treatment. 
METHODS: By searching CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science and other Chinese and English databases for articles published from 1983 to 2020, the Chinese search terms were “thoracolumbar fractures, short segment fixation, kyphosis” and the English search terms were “thoracolumbar fractures, short segment fixation, kyphosis”. Through the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 63 articles were finally included for induction and summary. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) For almost all type A and type B fractures of the non-ankylosing ridge column, posterior short-segment fixation can achieve good clinical results. Short-segment fixation is associated with a risk of recurrent kyphosis due to collapse of adjacent discs, and the clinical significance of recurrent kyphosis is not clear. (2) The posterior short-segment distraction reduction can effectively reduce the fractured vertebral body and promote the absorption and recovery of the bone mass in the vertebral canal through indirect traction, but it is not effective for the “inverted bone mass”. (3) The use of posterolateral fusion in conjunction with short-segment instrumentation is questionable. It has nothing to do with improving the clinical outcome, nor does it prevent recurrence of kyphosis or failure of internal fixation. (4) The use of load-sharing classification to quantify vertebral comminution and predict posterior fixation failure remains controversial. (5) The strategies for short-term fixation failure mainly focus on strengthening or enhancing the biomechanical strength of the rear structure in front. Transpedicular fixation in the strategy of increasing biomechanical strength of the posterior structure improved the effectiveness of the short-segment instrumentation and significantly reduced the implant failure rate, which is the current mainstream surgery in treatment of thoracolumbar fractures. (6) The surgical results of posterior short-segment fixation combined with transpedicular bone grafting or vertebroplasty for the reduction of fractured vertebrae need more clinical validation. (7) Minimally invasive percutaneous short-segment pedicle screw internal fixation is gradually applied in the treatment of the fracture of the ridge column, which can make the fracture well reduced and fixed in the early postoperative period, and is helpful for the recovery of the patient, and is the direction of development of short-segment fixation.

Key words: spine injuries, thoracolumbar fractures, short-segment fixation, kyphosis, minimally invasive, review

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