中国组织工程研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (24): 3814-3821.doi: 10.12307/2024.607

• 骨与关节生物力学 bone and joint biomechanics • 上一篇    下一篇

有限元法分析不同固定方式在胫骨远端粉碎性骨折骨愈合中的生物力学差异

颜华东1,张  中1,赵  刚2,3 ,李  杰1,宋  华1,孙建华1,刘  志1,王明明1,2   

  1. 1济宁医学院附属滕州市中心人民医院骨科,山东省滕州市   277599;2 山东大学,山东省济南市   250100;3 济南市中心医院骨科,山东省济南市   250013
  • 收稿日期:2023-05-13 接受日期:2023-07-08 出版日期:2024-08-28 发布日期:2023-11-20
  • 通讯作者: 王明明,山东大学在读博士,主治医师,济宁医学院附属滕州市中心人民医院骨科,山东省滕州市 277599;山东大学,山东省济南市 250100
  • 作者简介:颜华东,男,1985年生,山东省宁阳县人,2013年吉林大学白求恩医学院毕业,硕士,主治医师,主要从事创伤骨科及骨折生物力学研究。
  • 基金资助:
    枣庄市科技发展计划项目(2022NS34),项目负责人:王明明;枣庄市科技发展计划项目(2022NS33),项目负责人:宋华

Biomechanical difference of different fixation methods in bone healing of distal tibial comminuted fractures analyzed by finite element method

Yan Huadong1, Zhang Zhong1, Zhao Gang2, 3, Li Jie1, Song Hua1, Sun Jianhua1, Liu Zhi1, Wang Mingming1, 2   

  1. 1Department of Orthopedics, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jining Medical University, Tengzhou 277599, Shandong Province, China; 2Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, China; 3Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
  • Received:2023-05-13 Accepted:2023-07-08 Online:2024-08-28 Published:2023-11-20
  • Contact: Wang Mingming, Doctoral candidate, Attending physician, Department of Orthopedics, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jining Medical University, Tengzhou 277599, Shandong Province, China; Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, China
  • About author:Yan Huadong, Master, Attending physician, Department of Orthopedics, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jining Medical University, Tengzhou 277599, Shandong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Zaozhuang, No. 2022NS34 (to WMM); Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Zaozhuang, No. 2022NS33 (to SH)

摘要:


文题释义:

骨痂:骨痂生长包括3个阶段,即血肿机化期、骨痂形成期以及骨痂塑形期。血肿机化期在骨折后2周完成,骨痂形成期在4-8周完成,骨痂塑形期中原始骨痂被坚硬的板层骨替代需要8-12周,重建过程需要数月到数年。骨痂的弹性模量在不同时期不同,随着骨痂成熟而增大。
应力遮挡率:当2种或2种以上的材料形成一个机械系统时,弹性模量较大的材料会承受更多的载荷。使用具有高刚度和高弹性模量的接骨板、髓内钉等固定骨折,会导致大部分载荷由固定装置传递,而骨组织承担的载荷很少,断端的负荷刺激明显降低,骨折愈合或骨的生长缺乏应力刺激,引起相应骨段的骨量减少,从而导致骨质疏松、延迟愈合、固定装置拆除后易发生二次骨折等并发症。


背景:胫骨远端粉碎性骨折伴软组织损伤的治疗具有挑战性,新型逆行胫骨髓内钉、外置接骨板是重要的治疗手段,但其在骨折愈合不同时期、不同负重情况时的骨折端应变、应力遮挡情况未见报道。 

目的:通过有限元分析法探讨骨折愈合不同时期逆行髓内钉及外置接骨板的生物力学差异,为临床应用及康复锻炼提供科学参考。
方法:利用1名40岁健康男性的胫骨CT数据,建立胫骨远端粉碎骨折的有限元模型,构建胫骨逆行髓内钉、外置接骨板固定模型及骨痂模型并根据骨折的固定原则进行装配。使用ANSYS软件进行有限元分析,比较骨折愈合不同时期时逆行髓内钉及外置接骨板2种固定方式的骨折端位移、胫骨应力遮挡、骨痂应力、胫骨及固定装置应力分布情况。

结果与结论:①胫骨骨折端相对位移随着骨折愈合的进行逐渐减小,在术后3个月后位移明显减少;术后0,1个月,外置接骨板组的垂直位移及总位移均大于逆行髓内钉组,2种固定方式的Z轴位移(水平内外侧位移)均较X、Y轴位移明显,且接骨板模型的Z轴位移差异最明显;2种固定方式的Z轴位移最大位置均位于胫骨外侧,位移最小位置均位于胫骨内侧;②骨折愈合的应力遮挡率随骨折时间延长而逐渐降低;逆行髓内钉的应力遮挡率在骨折愈合不同时期均高于外置接骨板;术后3个月后外置接骨板的应力遮挡率降低到4%左右,逆行髓内钉的应力遮挡率降低到40%左右;③2种固定方式骨痂应力集中部位的应力随着载荷的增大而增加,外置接骨板组骨痂的应力始终大于逆行髓内钉组;2种固定方式中,骨痂最大应力大致分布一致,均位于胫骨外侧部分;④随着骨折愈合2种固定方式的胫骨最大应力逐渐降低,外置接骨板组的应力始终大于逆行髓内钉组;1 500 N载荷下外置接骨板组胫骨最大应力区域平均应力为285 MPa,而逆行髓内钉组为26 MPa;⑤随着骨折愈合2种固定模型中固定装置的应力逐渐降低,外置接骨板组的应力均明显高于逆行髓内钉组;术后3个月以后,2种固定装置的应力下降幅度明显变缓;⑥提示在骨折愈合早期,胫骨逆行髓内钉组中骨折端应变小、胫骨最大应力适中,允许早期负重;外置接骨板组骨折端存在应变过大、胫骨最大应力过大,需在保护下部分负重、不能完全负重;在骨折愈合中后期,胫骨逆行髓内钉及外置接骨板组均可完全负重,接骨板的应力遮挡率明显低于胫骨逆行髓内钉。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2743-3629 (王明明) 

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

关键词: 胫骨远端骨折, 骨痂, 骨折愈合, 逆行髓内钉, 外置接骨板, 有限元分析, 生物力学, 应力遮挡

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment of distal tibial comminuted fractures with soft tissue injury has always been challenging. The new retrograde tibial nailing and supercutaneous locking plate are important treatment methods, but their strain and stress shielding at the fracture end during different periods of fracture healing and different load conditions have not been reported. 
OBJECTIVE: To explore the biomechanical stability of retrograde tibial nailing and supercutaneous locking plate in different periods of fracture healing by finite element analysis to offer a scientific foundation for clinical application and rehabilitation exercise.
METHODS: The finite element model of distal tibial comminuted fracture was established by utilizing the CT data of the tibia from a 40-year-old healthy male. Retrograde tibial nailing, supercutaneous locking plate, and callus models were assembled in accordance with the principle of fracture fixation. The finite element analysis was performed using ANSYS software to compare the displacement of the fracture end, the stress shielding of the tibia, the stress of the callus, and the stress distribution of the tibia and the fixation device during different periods of fracture healing.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The relative displacement of the tibial fracture decreased gradually with the healing of the fracture, and the displacement decreased significantly after 3 months. At 0 and 1 months after operation, the vertical displacement and total displacement of the supercutaneous locking plate group were higher than those in the retrograde intramedullary nail group. The Z-axis displacement (horizontal medial and lateral displacement) of the two fixation methods was more obvious than the X-axis and Y-axis, and the Z-axis displacement of supercutaneous locking plate group was the most obvious. The maximum Z-axis displacement of the two fixation methods was located on the outside of the tibia, and the minimum displacement was located on the inside of the tibia. (2) The stress shielding rate at different periods of fracture healing gradually decreased with time. The stress shielding rate of the retrograde intramedullary nail was higher than that of the supercutaneous locking plate at different stages of fracture healing. After 3 months, the stress shielding rate of the supercutaneous locking plate was reduced to about 4%, and the stress shielding rate of the retrograde intramedullary nail was reduced to about 40%. (3) The stress of the stress concentration site of the callus in the two fixation methods increased with the increase of the load, and the stress of the callus in the supercutaneous locking plate group was always greater than that in the retrograde intramedullary nail group. The maximum stress distribution of the callus was approximately equally distributed among the two modes of fixation, both in the lateral portion of the tibia. (4) As the fracture healed, the maximum stress of the tibia in the two groups decreased gradually, and the stress in the supercutaneous locking plate group was always greater than that in the retrograde intramedullary nail group. The average stress of the maximum stress area of the tibia in the supercutaneous locking plate group under 1 500 N load was 285 MPa, while that in the retrograde intramedullary nail group was 26 MPa. (5) As the fracture healed, the stress of the fixation device in the two groups decreased gradually, and the stress in the supercutaneous locking plate group was significantly higher than that in the retrograde intramedullary nail group. After 3 months, the stress of the two fixation devices decreased significantly. (6) It is indicated that in the early stage of fracture healing, the strain on the fracture end in the retrograde intramedullary nail group is small, and the maximum stress of the tibia is moderate, allowing early loaded. The fractured ends in the supercutaneous locking plate group had too large strain and too large maximum stress of the tibia, which needed to be partially loaded under protection and could not be fully loaded. In the middle and late stages of fracture healing, the tibial retrograde intramedullary nail and the supercutaneous locking plate could be completely loaded, and the stress shielding rate of the supercutaneous locking plate was significantly lower than the tibial retrograde intramedullary nail.

Key words: distal tibia fracture, callus, fracture healing, retrograde nailing, supercutaneous locking plate, finite element analysis, biomechanics, stress shielding

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