中国组织工程研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (9): 1436-1442.doi: 10.12307/2024.002

• 骨与关节综述 bone and joint review • 上一篇    下一篇

椎间盘结构异常类型及相关机械载荷与生物力学因素

翁  汭1,2,林东鑫3,郭海威1,2,张文胜1,2,宋雨珂1,2,林宏衡1,2,李文超1,2,叶林强4   

  1. 1广州中医药大学第三附属医院骨科,广东省广州市   510000;2 广东省中医骨伤研究院,广东省广州市   510000;3南方医科大学基础医学院,广东省广州市   510000;4广州中医药大学东莞医院骨科,广东省东莞市   523000
  • 收稿日期:2023-01-16 接受日期:2023-02-24 出版日期:2024-03-28 发布日期:2023-07-26
  • 通讯作者: 叶林强,博士,主治中医师,广州中医药大学东莞医院骨科,广东省东莞市 523000
  • 作者简介:翁汭,男,广东省汕头市人,汉族,硕士,医师,主要从事脊柱脊髓疾病的诊疗及其生物力学研究。
  • 基金资助:
    广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A1515110717),项目负责人:叶林强;东莞市社会科技发展项目(202050715002180),项目负责人:叶林强

Abnormal types of intervertebral disc structure and related mechanical loading with biomechanical factors

Weng Rui1, 2, Lin Dongxin3, Guo Haiwei1, 2, Zhang Wensheng1, 2, Song Yuke1, 2, Lin Hongheng1, 2, Li Wenchao1, 2, Ye Linqiang4   

  1. 1Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China; 2Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China; 3School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; 4Department of Orthopedics, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523000, China
  • Received:2023-01-16 Accepted:2023-02-24 Online:2024-03-28 Published:2023-07-26
  • Contact: Ye Linqiang, MD, Attending TCM physician, Department of Orthopedics, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523000, Guangdong Province, China
  • About author:Weng Rui, Master, Physician, Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, No. 2019A1515110717 (to YLQ); Dongguan Science and Technology of Social Development Program, No. 202050715002180 (to YLQ)

摘要:


文题释义:

椎间盘:位于两个相邻椎体之间,其主要由3部分组成,包括髓核、纤维环及与上下椎体相连的软骨终板。椎间盘不仅能使脊柱具有一定的灵活性,而且在传递及分散载荷方面起着重要的作用,当椎间盘的完整性被破坏会导致椎间盘功能的改变,可能出现临床症状和体征。
椎间盘结构异常:由于损伤或退变引起正常椎间盘出现渐进式的结构破坏,引起一系列细胞介导的反应,导致进一步破坏。常见的椎间盘结构异常包括椎间盘高度下降、椎间盘膨出、纤维环撕裂、椎间盘突出或脱出、终板损伤和椎间盘钙化等。


背景:椎间盘损伤退变的问题已经在很多方面得到研究,许多研究表明椎间盘损伤退变是由机械载荷因素驱动引起,然而,关于椎间盘损伤退变常见表型与机械载荷因素潜在的联系却少有被归纳。

目的:归纳已发表文献中椎间盘损伤退变表现出的常见结构异常类型,总结在体外实验研究中导致这些结构异常的机械载荷类型的潜在联系。
方法:在PubMed、中国知网和万方数据库中以“Intervertebral disc failure,Intervertebral disc injury,Mechanical load,Mechanical factor,Load factor,Biomechanics”为英文检索词,以“椎间盘结构异常,椎间盘损伤,机械载荷,载荷因素,机械因素,生物力学”为中文检索词,检索椎间盘损伤退变与机械载荷因素相关的文章,按照入选标准和排除标准进行文献筛选,最终纳入88篇文献进行综述。

结果与结论:①椎间盘常见结构异常类型包括椎间盘高度下降或椎间盘膨出及骨质增生、纤维环撕裂、椎间盘突出或脱出、终板损伤及许莫氏结节及椎间盘钙化等,其容易受压缩、屈曲、轴向旋转以及复合载荷等机械载荷类型的影响。②压缩载荷主要引起蛋白聚糖含量减少和椎间盘结合水的能力降低,导致椎间盘高度下降或膨出以及椎间盘进一步的损伤退变,另外,过度的压缩载荷对终板的损伤较大。③屈曲载荷和轴向旋转载荷对纤维环的损伤比终板更大,持续长时间或重复的屈曲载荷会导致纤维环撕裂和椎间盘的突出或脱出,而单纯的轴向旋转载荷对椎间盘的损伤较小,只会引起纤维环撕裂。④然而,当不同的载荷类型结合作用时更容易导致椎间盘出现高应力,椎间盘损伤的风险更大。⑤椎间盘的损伤退变呈渐进式的结构破坏,在临床实践中前期的预防和保护尤为重要,未来的组织工程研究可从早期修复椎间盘入手。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4431 (翁汭);https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9013-2247 (叶林强)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

关键词: 椎间盘结构异常, 椎间盘损伤退变, 机械载荷, 生物力学, 预防, 诊疗, 体外, 载荷类型

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The problem of intervertebral disc injury and degeneration has been studied in many ways. Many studies have shown that intervertebral disc injury and degeneration is driven by mechanical loading factors. However, the potential relationship between common phenotypes of intervertebral disc injury and degeneration and mechanical loading factors has been rarely summarized.  
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the types of common structural abnormalities exhibited by intervertebral disc injury and degeneration in the published literature, and sum up the potential links to the types of mechanical loading that lead to these structural abnormalities in in vitro and ex vivo experimental studies.
METHODS: Using the terms “intervertebral disc failure, intervertebral disc injury, mechanical load, mechanical factor, load factor, biomechanics” as Chinese and English key words in PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang databases, articles related to intervertebral disc injury degeneration and mechanical load factors were retrieved. Literature screening was performed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 88 articles were finally included.  
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Common structural abnormalities of intervertebral discs include decreased intervertebral disc height, disc bulge, osteophyte formation, annulus fibrosus tear, intervertebral disc herniation or disc prolapse, endplate damage, Schmorl nodes and intervertebral disc calcification. Intervertebral discs are susceptible to mechanical load types such as compression, bending, axial rotation, and compound loads. (2) The compressive load mainly causes the decrease of the proteoglycan content and the water-binding ability of the intervertebral disc, leading to the decrease or swelling of the intervertebral disc and further damage and degeneration of the intervertebral disc. In addition, the excessive compressive load causes greater damage to the endplate. (3) Bending load and axial rotation load damage the annulus fibrosus more than the endplate, and prolonged or repeated bending loads can cause tearing of the fibrous annulus and herniation or prolapse of the intervertebral disc, while pure axial rotation loads can induce less damage to the intervertebral disc and only cause the tear of the annulus fibrosus. (4) However, when different load types act in combination, it is more likely to result in high stress on the disc and a greater risk of disc injury. (5) Injury and degeneration of the intervertebral disc present progressive structural damage, and early prevention and protection are particularly important in clinical practice. Future tissue engineering research can start with early repair of the intervertebral disc.

Key words: abnormal intervertebral disc structure, intervertebral disc injury or degeneration, mechanical load, biomechanics, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, in vitro, load type

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