中国组织工程研究 ›› 2020, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (20): 3209-3216.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2604

• 组织构建与生物力学 tissue construction and biomechanics • 上一篇    下一篇

幼儿不同跑步着地方式的生物力学特征

赵盼超,文蕊香,李嘉慧,纪仲秋,姜桂萍   

  1. 北京师范大学体育与运动学院,北京市  100875
  • 收稿日期:2019-08-21 修回日期:2019-08-22 接受日期:2019-10-09 出版日期:2020-07-18 发布日期:2020-04-13
  • 通讯作者: 纪仲秋,博士,教授,北京师范大学体育与运动学院,北京市 100875
  • 作者简介:赵盼超,女,1994年生,河北省沧州市人,汉族,北京师范大学体育与运动学院在读博士研究生,主要从事运动生物力学与人因工程学研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金教育学一般课题(BLA150063)

Biomechanical characteristics of children’s different strike patterns during running

Zhao Panchao, Wen Ruixiang, Li Jiahui, Ji Zhongqiu, Jiang Guiping   

  1. College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
  • Received:2019-08-21 Revised:2019-08-22 Accepted:2019-10-09 Online:2020-07-18 Published:2020-04-13
  • Contact: Ji Zhongqiu, PhD, Professor, College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
  • About author:Zhao Panchao, Doctoral candidate, College of Physical Education and Sport, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
  • Supported by:
    the National Social Science Foundation for Education General Subject, No. BLA150063

摘要:

文题释义:

跑:跑是双脚交替接触地面的周期性运动,但跑有一个双脚都离开地面的腾空期。幼儿在 1 岁多开始学习跑步,最初是走跑结合的移动方式,由于身体发育不完善,下肢力量弱,平衡能力差,容易摔倒;到 2.5岁,幼儿跑步的腾空阶段明显;到 6岁,早期跑步的特点基本消失。

着地方式:指的是人体在跑步着地阶段足部接触地面的方式,一般分为3种方式:分别为足跟着地(fore foot strike),跟骨先接触地面;全足着地(mid foot strike),全脚掌着地,即足跟与前足同时接触地面;前足着地(rear foot strike):前足部首先接触地面。

背景:成年人跑步着地方式一直是国内外学者研究的重点,而幼儿跑步的着地方式也是不容忽视的内容。

目的:运用生物力学方法探究幼儿在跑步过程中,不同着地方式下的运动学和动力学指标的差异,为幼儿正确的跑步着地方式提供科学依据。

方法:在北京市海淀区某公立幼儿园中随机抽取幼儿74名,按年龄分为3岁组、4岁组、5岁组,采用BTS红外动作捕捉系统、Kistler三维测力台和VIXTA录像解析系统同步采集幼儿跑步过程中不同着地方式下的运动学、动力学数据;运用Anybody 5.2仿真建模软件计算下肢肌肉力量指标。试验前向受试者父母详细解释并签署知情同意书,试验方案符合北京师范大学的相关伦理要求。

结果与结论:①3岁组全足着地的比例最高,足跟着地的比例最低,5岁组全足着地的比例最低,足跟着地的比例最高;前足着地者的蹬伸时间大于足跟着地(P < 0.01)和全足着地(P < 0.05);②着地时刻,踝屈曲角度足跟着地者大于前足着地(P < 0.01)和全足着地者(P < 0.05),全足着地者大于前足着地(P < 0.05);前足着地者髋内收-外展角度、最大髋内收-外展角、髋内-收外展的关节变化量及最大膝内收-外展角速度大于足跟着地(P < 0.01)和全足着地者(P < 0.05);前足着地者的踝屈伸最小值大于足跟着地者(P < 0.05),而最大髋内收-外展角速度小于足跟着地者(P < 0.05);③足跟着地和全足着地者的腓骨短肌、腓骨长肌、第三腓骨肌的肌力大于前足着地者(P < 0.05),前足着地者的股中间肌、股外侧肌下束、股外侧肌上束、股内侧肌下束、股内侧肌上束、股内侧肌中束肌力均大于足跟着地(P < 0.01)和全足着地者(P < 0.05);④结果提示:在3-6岁阶段,幼儿多采用足跟或全足着地模式进行奔跑,以满足自己在跑步过程的稳定性,随着年龄的增长,逐渐出现前足着地方式的跑步模式;前足着地能够动用更多髋关节和膝关节额状面的运动来维持人体运动中的稳定,足跟着地和全足着地能够动用更多的小腿前侧和后侧的肌力,而前足着地动用更多的大腿前侧肌力。

ORCID: 0000-0002-8337-3931(赵盼超)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松组织工程

关键词: 幼儿, 跑, 着地方式, 下肢, 肌肉力量, 生物力学特征

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Foot strike patterns in adults during running have always been the focus of worldwide research, and the strike patterns of children are also something that cannot be ignored.

OBJECTIVE: Using biomechanical methods to explore the differences in kinematics and kinetics of children in different strike patterns during the running process, and to provide a scientific basis for children’s correct way of running.

METHODS: Seventy-four children were randomly selected from a public kindergarten in Haidian District, Beijing, and were divided into 3-year-old group, 4-year-old group and 5-year-old group. The kinematics and kinetics data of enrolled children in different strike patterns during running were acquired simultaneously using the BTS infrared motion capture system, the Kistler three-dimensional force table and the VIXTA video analysis system. The muscle strength index of the lower limbs was calculated using the Anybody 5.2 simulation modeling software. Before participation in the trial, children’s parents were fully informed of study protocol and signed the informed consent form. The trial protocol met the relevant ethical requirements of Beijing Normal University.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In the 3-year-old group, the proportion of mid foot strike (MFS) was the highest, and the proportion of fore foot strike (FFS) was the lowest. In the 5-year-old group, the proportion of MFS was the lowest, and the proportion of FFS was the highest. The rear foot strike (RFS) extension time was longer than that of FFS (P < 0.01) and MFS (P < 0.05). (2) At the moment of landing, the flexion angle of FFS was greater than that of RFS (P < 0.01) and MFS (P < 0.05), and the flexion angle of MFS was greater than that of RFS (P < 0.05). The hip adduction-abduction angle of RFS was greater than that of FFS (P < 0.01) and MFS (P < 0.05). The maximum hip abduction angle of RFS was greater than that of FFS (P < 0.01) and MFS (P < 0.01). The amount of joint changes in the RFS hip adduction and abduction was greater than that of FFS (P < 0.01) and MFS (P < 0.05). The minimum flexion and extension of RFS was greater than that of FFS (P < 0.05). The maximal hip adduction-abduction angular velocity of RFS was greater than that of FFS (P < 0.05), and the maximal knee adduction-abduction angular velocity of RFS was greater than that of FFS (P < 0.01) and MFS (P < 0.05). (3) The muscle strength of the short bones of the tibia, the long tibia and the third metatarsal muscle of FFS and MFS was greater than that of RFS (P < 0.05). The bundle muscle strength of the medial femoral muscle, the lateral femoral muscle bundle, the lateral femoral muscle bundle, the medial femoral muscle bundle, the medial femoral muscle bundle, and the medial femoral muscle of RFS were greater than that of FFS (P < 0.01) and MFS (P < 0.05). (4) In the 3-6 years old, children often run in the heel or full-foot landing mode to meet their stability during the running process. As the age increases, the running pattern with the forefoot landing gradually appears. To keep the movement steady, RFS can trigger more hip and knee frontal motions, FFS and MFS can offer more muscle strength on the anterior and posterior sides of the calf, while RFS can offer more muscle strength on the anterior side of the thigh.

Key words: children, running, strike pattern, lower limbs, muscle strength, biomechanical characteristics

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