中国组织工程研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (25): 4076-4083.doi: 10.12307/2022.417

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

外泌体及间充质干细胞源性外泌体在帕金森病诊治中的未来

卫宇帆1,樊飞燕1,李双利1,张运克1,2   

  1. 1河南中医药大学,河南省郑州市  450046;2河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南省郑州市  450000
  • 收稿日期:2021-06-04 接受日期:2021-07-09 出版日期:2022-09-08 发布日期:2022-01-26
  • 通讯作者: 张运克,博士,教授,主任医师,博士生导师,博士后合作导师,河南中医药大学,河南省郑州市 450000;河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南省郑州市 450000
  • 作者简介:卫宇帆,女,1992年生,河南省济源市人,河南中医药大学在读硕士,主要从事中医药防治神经系统疾病的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(81974564),项目负责人:张运克;河南省科技创新杰出人才项目(2018JR0006),项目负责人:张运克

Future of exosomes and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease

Wei Yufan1, Fan Feiyan1, Li Shuangli1, Zhang Yunke1, 2   

  1. 1Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China; 2First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
  • Received:2021-06-04 Accepted:2021-07-09 Online:2022-09-08 Published:2022-01-26
  • Contact: Zhang Yunke, MD, Professor, Chief physician, Doctoral supervisor, Post-doctoral cooperative supervisor, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China; First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
  • About author:Wei Yufan, Master candidate, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81974564 (to ZYK); Henan Science and Technology Innovation Outstanding Talents Project, No. 2018JR0006 (to ZYK)

摘要:

文题释义:
外泌体:是一种具有双层膜结构的纳米级细胞外囊泡,可自由透过血脑屏障,并广泛分布于多种体液中,是细胞间通讯的重要介质,并且外泌体中的α-突触核蛋白可作为神经毒性及其在大脑中传播的潜在关键参与者,促进了帕金森病病情进展,在帕金森病的发病机制、诊断及作为药物递送载体有广泛应用。
间充质干细胞源性外泌体:间充质干细胞作为分泌外泌体能力最强的细胞,具有多谱系分化能力、自我更新能力,加之有取材方便、扩增迅速、无免疫原性等优点,在多种疾病领域的研究与治疗中发挥着重要作用,但其不能穿过血脑屏障,还存在栓塞、肿瘤形成等风险。而间充质干细胞源性外泌体具有与间充质干细胞相同的生物学功能,但可有效避免上述风险,如今被广泛认为是间充质干细胞发挥生理功能的重要方式,在帕金森病的相关研究中具有抑制多巴胺能神经元凋亡、发挥神经保护的作用。

背景:外泌体是一种纳米级微型囊泡,可自由透过血脑屏障,在维持内环境稳定、进行细胞间通讯、调节免疫应答等方面有重要价值。间充质干细胞作为分泌外泌体能力最强的细胞,具有便于采集、免疫排斥小、伦理反应弱等优点,并且间充质干细胞源性外泌体有助于改善受损的神经系统功能,抑制多巴胺能神经元凋亡,被认为是治疗帕金森病的一种很有前途的治疗工具。
目的:综述外泌体在帕金森病发病机制中的作用、作为诊断的生物标志物、药物递送载体以及间充质干细胞源性外泌体在帕金森病作用机制中的研究进展。
方法:以“exosomes,mesenchymal stem cells,Parkinson disease”为英文检索词,以“外泌体,间充质干细胞,帕金森病”为中文检索词。检索自建库至2021年5月收录在中国知网与PubMed数据库的相关文献,检索语种为中文和英文,依据纳入和排除标准,最终纳入相关文献117篇。
结果与结论:①概述了外泌体的定义、来源、组成及功能;间充质干细胞的发现、定义、作用机制及应用。②总结了α-突触核蛋白的聚集可引起病理学扩散,而从外泌体中发现了α-突触核蛋白,这可能是α-突触核蛋白在细胞间传播的可能分子机制;α-突触核蛋白可以激活帕金森病中的小胶质细胞,引起炎症级联反应,诱导神经炎和多巴胺神经元变性;外泌体miRNA可以诱导靶细胞遗传程序发生变化,上述发病机制促进了帕金森病进程。③总结了外泌体作为诊断的生物标志物、药物递送载体的应用,并且总结了间充质干细胞源性外泌体在帕金森病中的作用主要表现在抑制炎症反应、调节基因表达、抑制多巴胺神经元凋亡,从而发挥神经保护作用,增加了多巴胺的释放。④总结发现间充质干细胞源性外泌体在帕金森病的诊治中有广阔前景,值得进一步深入研究。

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1500-1535(张运克) 

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程

关键词: 外泌体, 间充质干细胞, 帕金森病, α-突触核蛋白, miRNA, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Exosomes are nano-scale microvesicles that can freely penetrate the blood-brain barrier and are of great values in maintaining the stability of the internal environment, communicating between cells, and regulating immune responses. Mesenchymal stem cells, as the cells with the strongest ability to secrete exosomes, have the advantages of easy collection, low immune rejection, and weak ethical response, and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes can help improve damaged nervous system functions. Inhibiting the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons is considered to be a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
OBJECTIVE: To review the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, as diagnostic biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and the research progress of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the mechanism of Parkinson’s disease. 
METHODS: “Exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells, Parkinson disease” were used as the Chinese and English search terms. Relevant articles were searched in CNKI and PubMed from inception to May 2021. The search languages were Chinese and English. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 117 relevant articles were finally included.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The definition, source, composition, and function of exosomes, the discovery, definition, mechanism and application of mesenchymal stem cells were summarized. (2) It is concluded that the aggregation of α-synuclein can cause pathological spread, and α-synuclein is found in exosomes, which may be a possible molecular mechanism of the spread of α-synuclein between cells. α-Synuclein can activate microglia in Parkinson’s disease, cause an inflammatory cascade, induce neuritis and dopamine neuron degeneration. Exosomal miRNA can induce changes in the genetic program of target cells. The above-mentioned pathogenesis promotes the progression of Parkinson’s disease. (3) The application of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles is summarized. The role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in Parkinson’s disease was summarized, mainly in inhibiting inflammation, regulating gene expression, inhibiting dopamine neuron apoptosis, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect and increasing the release of dopamine. (4) It is found that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have broad prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease, and are worthy of further in-depth study.

Key words: exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells, Parkinson’s disease, α-synuclein, miRNA, review

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