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10 September 2011, Volume 15 Issue 37 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Alendronate sodium inhibits femoral fracture healing in osteoporosis rats 2011, 15 (37):  6841-6845.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.001 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (1501KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alendronate sodium has been preferred for clinical treatment of osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of alendronate sodium on femoral shaft fracture healing in rats with osteoporosis. METHODS: The rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham surgery, model and alendronate sodium. The right femoral diaphysis of rats in the model and alendronate sodium groups was fractured transversely at the midshaft and fixed with Kirschner wire at 4 weeks after ovariectomy. The alendronate sodium group rats were subcutaneously administered alendronate sodium after fracture establishment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 3 and 6 weeks after fracture establishment, the bone mineral density of the whole femur and distal-segment femur was significantly greater in the alendronate sodium group than in the model group (P < 0.01). Compared with model group, the callus volume was greater, the conversion process of cartilaginous callus towards osseous callus was decreased, femoral fracture healing was slowed, and the number of osteoclasts was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the alendronate sodium group. The results demonstrated that alendronate sodium inhibited fracture healing in rats with osteoporosis, and the underlying mechanism may be related to a fact that alendronate sodium inhibits the activity osteoclasts, which slows the callus calcification process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on cartilaginous tissue formation from epiphyseal plate chondrocytes cultured in centrifuge tube Li Wen-chao, Xu Rui-jiang, Huang Jing-xiang,Zhang Li, Nie Shao-bo 2011, 15 (37):  6846-6850.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.002 Abstract ( 281 )   PDF (1602KB) ( 257 )   Save BACKGROUND: There have been many reports regarding epiphyseal plate cells cultured in the centrifuge tube technique. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on cartilaginous tissue formation from epiphyseal plate chondrocytes cultured in centrifuge tube. METHODS: Chondrocytes were isolated from 3-week-old New Zealand rabbits using the method of tissue-yarn. A total of 5×106 chondrocytes obtained by centrifugation were cultured in a plastic centrifuge tube (15 mL) with the DMEM culture fluid including 10 μg/L bFGF for 4 weeks continuously. Cell morphology was investigated with light and inverted microscope, and the histological structure of new cartilaginous tissue was observed by histological staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Cartilaginous tissue regenerated from growth plate chondrocytes cultured in centrifuge tube with bFGF in the DMEM culture medium. The periphery of the cartilaginous tissue was resembled with the germinal layer of growth plate, consisting of several cellular layers. The chondrocytes in the centre of tissue grew well, and several were differentiating to the mast chondrocytes. The cartilaginous tissue appeared strongly positive for safranine "O" and toluidine blue staining, which showed that the chondrocytes could synthesize the proteoglycans. Type II collagen immunohistochemistry appeared strongly metachromatic. bFGF could promote the formation of cartilaginous tissue, rich in proteoglycans and type II collagen, from epiphyseal plate cells cultured in centrifuge tune. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha influences cbfa1/runx2 gene expression in mouse osteoblasts Zhu Jian-hua, Zhang Qin, Liu Ji-guang 2011, 15 (37):  6851-6854.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.003 Abstract ( 251 )   PDF (1094KB) ( 322 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) can decrease alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in periodontal ligament fibroblasts and inhibit the functional transformation between periodontal ligament fibroblasts and osteoblasts. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of TNF-α on the growth of mouse osteoblasts and cbfa1/runx2 gene expression. METHODS: Well growing mouse osteoblast line MC3T3/E1 were interfered with 20, 40, 60, 80 μg/L TNF-α. The normally cultured cells served as controls. cbfa1/runx2 mRNA expression in osteoblast line MC3T3/E1 was detected by RT-PCR. ALP activity was determined by PNPP method and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: cbfa1/runx2 mRNA expression was observed in the normally cultured osteoblast line MC3T3/E1. With increasing concentration of TNF-α concentration, cbfa1/runx2 mRNA expression, MC3T3/E1 cell viability and ALP activity were gradually decreased. Results suggested that TNF-α can inhibit osteoblast line MC3T3/E1 growth and cbfa1/runx2 may be involved in osteoblast differentiation. Related Articles | Metrics

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A bidirectional alveolar bone distraction device for osteogenesis of alveolar bone Huang Dai-ying, Nie Er-min, Sun Ming, Li Chi-bin 2011, 15 (37):  6855-6858.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.004 Abstract ( 259 )   PDF (1176KB) ( 245 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alveolar bone augmentation using a unidirectional distraction device may lead to axial displacement. A bidirectional distraction device can control the vertical and buccal-lingual directions. But studies regarding this have been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To develop a bidirectional alveolar bone distraction device and to investigate its effects on osteogenic effects through an animal experiment. METHODS: Four adult mongrel dogs were established into models of alveolar bone atrophy by extraction of unilateral mandible premolars. After 1 month, alveolar bone was cut open and a bilateral distraction device was placed. Seven days later, the distraction was started at a rate of 1 mm/day for 5 days. At last, buccal-lingual direction distraction (approximately 2.4 mm) was taken for once, followed by a consolidation period of 2 months. Subsequently, gross observation and histological examination of samples were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the four dogs, mucous membrane wound was well healed in two dogs, and wound dehiscence was observed in two dogs but healed after secondary debridement and suture. No loosening of distraction devices was observed. The segments were augmented (5.0±0.2) mm in alveolar direction and (2.4±0.3) mm in buccal direction. There were newly formed bones as shown by gross observation and histological examination. Results suggest that a bidirectional distraction device can well control the transport bone in alveolar and buccal-lingual directions and promote new bone formation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Porcine brain gray matter tissue extract promotes the proliferation of rat osteoblasts cultured in vitro Xia Xin-lei, Huang Gang-yong, Ma Xin, Gong Xiao-kang, Jin Wei-fang, Huang Huang-yuan, Jiang Jian-yuan 2011, 15 (37):  6859-6862.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.005 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (1276KB) ( 262 )   Save BACKGROUND: Evidence exists that rat brain tissue extract can promote the proliferation of rat osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal stem cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of porcine brain inherent component extract on proliferation of rat osteoblasts cultured in vitro. METHODS: Porcine and rat brain gray matter, white matter, pituitary gland, limb skeletal muscle were harvested to prepare into homogenate. A blank control group was set. Extract from each tissue was used to culture rat osteoblasts. Effects of each tissue extract on osteoblasts were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with blank control group, porcine and rat brain gray matter, white matter, and pituitary gland all significantly promoted the proliferation of osteoblasts (P < 0.05). Porcine and rat brain gray matter extract better promoted the proliferation of osteoblasts than white matter and pituitary gland extract (P < 0.05). Results showed that porcine brain tissue extract can promote the proliferation of rat osteoblasts, and porcine brain gray matter produced the most significant promoting effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Morphological and immunohistochemical detection of deep-frozen bone Xia Wu-xian, Gou Hua, Li Long-teng, Han Fen, Sun Yong-wu, Zhang Xiang-jun, Zhang Fan 2011, 15 (37):  6863-6865.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.006 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (1000KB) ( 323 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in fracture healing and repair process plays an important role in deep-freezing technology. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of deep-freezing technology on BMP-2 expression in the bone materials. METHODS: 18 rabbits were randomly and evenly divided into three groups: deep-frozen 3 months, deep frozen 6 months, fresh bone. The middle upper 1/3 right tibia from each group was taken and preserved at -80 ℃ for 3 or 6 months or was not preserved. Then all bone samples were performed hematoxylin-eosin staining and BMP-2 immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in morphology between deep frozen bone and fresh bone. BMP-2 was expressed in bone deep-frozen for 3 and 6 months, but the expression was lower than that in the fresh bone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Nestin expression in a rat model of chronic compressive spinal cord lesion   Yuan Feng-xiang, An Chun-hou 2011, 15 (37):  6866-6870.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.007 Abstract ( 236 )   PDF (1658KB) ( 294 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chronic progressive compressive spinal cord injury is difficult to reach in animal models, and the underlying mechanisms differ greatly from that in humans. OBJECTIVE: To construct a new rat model of chronic progressive compressive spinal cord injury and to investigate nestin expression rule and significance in spinal cord injury area after chronic progressive compressive spinal cord injury. METHODS: Forty rats were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 10). Rat 7, 8 vertebral plates were removed and were filled with water-swelling material to establish rat models of chronic progressive compressive spinal cord injury. At 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after implantation, spinal cord tissue at the compressive region was harvested for pathological examination and nestin immunohistochemical staining. Nestin mRNA expression was determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The vertebral canal diameter at the compressive segment and the thickness of expansive material were simultaneously determined.                  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the experimental group, with the prolonged time, vertebral canal occupied was gradually enlarged, necrotic spinal cord tissue was observed, rat BBB scores were decreased, nestin mRNA and protein expression in the compressive spinal cord tissue peaked 7 days after injury and then tended to decrease. These findings suggest that chronic compressive spinal cord injury was successfully induced in rats, and nestin mRNA and protein expression in such an animal model exhibit dynamic changes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1 in rabbit aqueous humor Wu Wei, Liao Guo-ping, Lu Xiao-he, Liang Li-fang, Yan Li-meng, Chen Han, Zhang Hai-feng, Xu Wei, Wei Er-xia 2011, 15 (37):  6871-6874.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.008 Abstract ( 199 )   PDF (1145KB) ( 266 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies has demonstrated that transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) eyedrops is not only involved in the tissue metabolism of normal eye as well as kinds of physiological function, but also plays an important role in the treatment effect on corneal wound healing, uveitis and nearsightedness . OBJECTIVE: To investigate the concentration of TGF-β1 in aqueous humor after ophthalmic administration and to establish the method for quantitatively analyzing the TGF-β1 levels in rabbit aqueous humor. METHODS: Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into blank control, TGF-β1 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/L groups, with six animals in each group. PBS and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0,4.0 mg/L TGF-β1 were dropped into the right eyeballs four times per day for 1 week.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No conjunctival secretion, bulbar conjunctiva hyperemia, corneal edema, keratic precipitates, inflammation in anterior chamber, or vitreous haze lens opacity was found prior to and following experiments in each group. ELISA results showed that compared with PBS, both 2.0 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L TGF-β1 eyedrops can significantly improve the TGF-β1 concentration effectively in rabbit aqueous humor (P < 0.05), which has a good penetrating ability in the cornea, and can effectively enhance treatment concentration in aqueous humor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of a rat model of focal cerebral infarction by relative body weights and Bederson’s scale scores Tan Jie, Li Cheng-yan, Li Tao, Zhang Qian, Yu Xiao-mei, Yuan Tian-qi 2011, 15 (37):  6875-6878.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.009 Abstract ( 487 )   PDF (1262KB) ( 566 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bederson’s scale scores cannot provide reliable evidence for subcortical infarction in establishing a rat model of cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). OBJECTIVE: To compare the body weights and Bederson scale scores at different time points in rats with two different types of cerebral ischemia. METHODS: Forty-eight male SD rats aged 7-9 weeks were included in this study. A nylon filament was inserted into the middle cerebral artery to induce a 100-minute occlusion referring to Zea Longa’s method. Then, MCAO rats were divided to three groups according to different MRI manifestations: subcortical infarction group (SIG, n=13), cortical infarction group (CIG, n=25), no infarction group (NIG, n=10). Body weights and Bederson’s scale scores were monitored in all rats within 7 weeks after MCAO. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in body weights between SIG and NIG at each time point   (P > 0.05). Body weights of rats in the CIG were significantly lower than those in the SIG within 2 weeks after MCAO (P < 0.05) and were significantly lower than those in the NIG at 3 weeks after MCAO (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in Bederson’s scale score between SIG and CIG (P > 0.05), but the Bederson’s scale score in these two groups was significantly higher than that in the NIG (P < 0.05) within 1 day after MCAO. Results suggest that different types of cerebral ischemia in rats can be distinguished by combining relative body weights and Bederson’s scale score within 1 day after MCAO. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor type Ⅱ antibody fusion protein on serum troponin Ⅰ and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in myocardial tissue in a rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury Chen Yan, Xia Hao, Bao Cui-yu, Chen Hong-guang, Wang Xin-liang, Xie Hua-qiang, Liu Lan 2011, 15 (37):  6879-6882.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.010 Abstract ( 270 )   PDF (657KB) ( 359 )   Save BACKGROUND: A lot of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) generating during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion can cause worsened myocardial systolic function. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor typeⅡantibody fusion protein on myocardial tissue in a rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced in adult male Wistar rats. In the drug intervention group, recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor typeⅡantibody fusion protein was injected before reperfusion. In the model group, normal saline was given before reperfusion. A sham-operated group with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury induction was set. Immediately after reperfusion, myocardial infarction area was measured, TNF-α and serum cardiac troponin Ⅰwere detected by ELⅠSA, and TNF-α mRNA expression was determined by real time-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with sham-operated group, TNF-α, TNF-α mRNA, and serum troponinⅠ evels were significantly increased in the model and drug intervention groups (P < 0.05). Compared with model group, TNF-α and serum troponinⅠlevels, myocardial infarction area and TNF-αmRNA expression were significantly decreased (P  < 0.05), in the drug intervention group. Results showed that recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor type Ⅱ antibody fusion protein can alleviate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and improve cardiac function in rats. Related Articles | Metrics

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Connexin expression in a rat model of acute liver failure Wang Kai-yang, Xiao Zhang-sheng, Jiang Xing-xing, Fu Hua-qun 2011, 15 (37):  6883-6886.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.011 Abstract ( 200 )   PDF (698KB) ( 299 )   Save BACKGROUND: Connexin is the primary structure to compose intracellular channel, is responsible for substance transport and information exchange and can help regulate cell growth and differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of connexin 32 expression and hepatocyte proliferation in a rat model of acute liver failure. METHODS: Rat models of acute liver failure were established by intragastric administration of lactulose and gentamicin and intraperitoneal administration of carbon tetrachloride and olive oil. From 7 days before acute liver failure induction, phenobarbital group rats were raised with water containing 0.08% phenobarbital till sample harvesting. Acute liver failure was not induced in the control group, and only intraperitoneal administration of mixture of olive oil and physiological saline was performed. At 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after modeling, samples were harvested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After liver failure, some rats died, the hepatocytes of surviving rats were degenerative and necrotic, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase was obviously increased, connexin 32 mRNA and protein expression was obviously decreased. Phenobarbital can decrease the mortality of rats with liver failure and it can also decrease glutamic-pyruvic transaminase level and connexin 32 mRNA and protein expression. These results showed that phenobarbital can downregulate connexin 32 expression in the hepatocytes, which can alleviate the liver damage of liver failure rats during the acute stage, promote the proliferation of remaining hepatocytes, improve liver function, and finally decrease the mortality of rats with acute liver failure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical effect of posterior cruciate ligament rupture on the collateral ligaments Yu Fang, Zhou Yi-zhao, Li Kang-hua, Li Yu-sheng, Gao Shu-guang, Zhang Can 2011, 15 (37):  6887-6890.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.012 Abstract ( 276 )   PDF (621KB) ( 264 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, most studies on posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) rupture focus on cartilage and posterolateral structures as well as knee joint laxity. OBJECTIVE: To observe the biomechanical effects of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) rupture on medial (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). METHODS: The strain in the MCL and LCL of 12 knees from young cadavers was measured at different angles (0°, 30°, 60°and 90°) under 200 N loading. The PCL of all knees was resected for the same measurements. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the angles of 30°-90°, the strains of PCL intact group and PCL injury group increased as the angle increased. Under 200 N loading after PCL rupture, at the angles of 0° and 30°, the strains of MCL midpoint were not significantly increased (P  > 0.05), while at the angles of 60° and 90° , the strains were significantly increased (P < 0.05). At the angels of 0° and 30°, the strains of LCL midpoint of PCL rupture knee were still compressive and not significantly increased (P > 0.05) compared with the normal knee. However, at the angels of 60° and 90°, the strains were significantly increased after PCL rupture (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the complete rupture of PCL does not produce effects on knee joint movement at the angle of 30°, but the effects on MCL and LCL were increased with increased angles. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isokinetic testing and analysis of flexor-extensor muscle of the knee joint of women field hockey athletes Cao Feng-rui, Zou Liang-chou, Peng Sen 2011, 15 (37):  6891-6894.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.013 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (474KB) ( 392 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, isokinetic test has been widely used by scientific research personnel to evaluate the strength character of athletes of different sport events. However, there are few reports describing the characteristics of the field hockey player by isokinetic test. OBJECTIVE: This study tested the flexor and extensor torque of the knee joint of women field hockey athletes from Guangdong province to provide some results for the training of sport teams and scientific research. METHODS: The flexor and extensor torque of knee joint of 14 women field hockey athletes from Guangdong province was performed isokinetic test using CON-TREX isokinetic testing machine. Detection indices include peak torque/body weight, peak torgue ratio of hamstring to quadriceps, average power, total work and fatigue index. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the testing velocity of 60° per second, the peak torque/body weight values of extensor were significantly greater than those of the flexor (P < 0.01). Under three different velocities, the hamstring/quadriceps ratio of the left knee joint was 66%-77%, and the ratio of the right knee joint was 82%-88%. The average power of the extensor of left knee joint was significantly greater than that of the flexor (P < 0.01). The total work of the extensor of the left and right flexor was significantly greater than that of the flexor (P < 0.01). The fatigue index of extensor and flexor of the knee joint was 0.24-0.48. The most strength of knee joint extensor was greater than that of the flexor. The peak torgue ratio of hamstring to quadriceps of the left knee joint was slightly low at 240°/s, while the peak torgue ratio of hamstring to quadriceps of the right knee joint was slightly high at low speed. The results showed that the speed strength of the left knee joint of the women field hockey athletes was slightly low, the maximum strength of the right knee joint extensor was relatively low, the speed strength of the extensor was greater than that of the flexor, and the work ability of the extensor was stronger than that of the flexor, and the strength endurance of the extensor and flexor was relatively low. Related Articles | Metrics

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Muscle protein expression and muscle tension change under normoxic and hypoxic training conditions Ren Ping-she, Ren Wen-jun 2011, 15 (37):  6895-6900.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.014 Abstract ( 378 )   PDF (904KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: Environment and sports can cause great changes in muscle fibers. OBJECTIVE: To observe rat gastrocnemius myosin and actin expression and muscle tension changes under normoxic and hypoxic training conditions. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into a normoxic control (20% oxygen, without any treatments), normoxic training 2, 4 and 6 weeks groups, hypoxic training 2, 4, and 6 weeks groups, and a hypoxic control group (12.7% oxygen, without training). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No matter under normoxic or hypoxic environment, rat gastrocnemius mass and gastrocnemius muscle fiber crossection area were significantly increased after exercise training (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). After 6 weeks of exercise training, the maximum tension of gastrocnemius muscle in isometric contraction was significantly increased (P < 0.01). After exercise training, total MHC and α-actin expression in rat gastrocnemius muscle was gradually increased with the prolongation of training time and the increase was greater in the hypoxic training groups than in the normoxic training groups. Results demonstrated that hypoxic training can effectively promote gastrocnemius myosin and actin expression and increase muscle tension, and strengthen type Ⅰmuscle fiber, and that the longer the training time, the better the efficacy, suggesting that hypoxic training is an effective method of exercise training. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of cigarette smoke extract on the expression of connective tissue growth factor in rat aortic smooth muscle cells Wang Peng-peng, Liu Gui-nan, Peng Xia 2011, 15 (37):  6901-6904.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.015 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (755KB) ( 269 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is the basis for changes of cardiovascular tissue. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of cigarette smoke extract on the expression of connective tissue growth factor in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. METHODS: Passage 3 rat aortic smooth muscle cells were interfered with 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% cigarette smoke extract. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that treatment with 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% cigarette smoke extract for 12 hours can increase mRNA expression of connective tissue growth factor in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, in particular 5% cigarette smoke extract, and that mRNA expression of connective tissue growth factor in rat aortic smooth muscle cells was dose-dependent within 24 hours. Results demonstrated that cigarette smoke extract can upregulate the mRNA expression of connective tissue growth factor in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, leading to the proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Lung tissue ultrastructure and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha expression in the rats exposed to high altitude hypoxia Liu Zhong, Li Wen-hua 2011, 15 (37):  6905-6908.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.016 Abstract ( 204 )   PDF (389KB) ( 245 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α may mediate mammalian cells to adapt hypoxia environment. OBJECTIVE: To observe high altitude hypoxia on the ultrastructure of the lung tissue of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent high altitude hypoxia intervention for 1, 2, 3 and 30 days. Control group was set. Four high altitude hypoxia groups consisted of Golmud, Qinghai at the altitude of 2 700 m from 5-m above sea level of Xi'an consuming 1 day, Tanggula region at 5 000 m above sea level consuming 2 days, and Tibet Nagqu at 4 500 m above sea level consuming 3 and 30 days, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Light and electron microscopy showed that acute high altitude hypoxia 2 day group presented apparent high altitude pulmonary edema, while the 30 day group of acute high altitude hypoxia of high altitude pulmonary edema was significantly reduced, but hypoxia-inducible factor 1α mRNA expression was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Results demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α mRNA expression increase in lung tissues after hypoxic acclimatization can help ameliorate high altitude pulmonary edema. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression identification and preliminary function analysis of S100a7 in retinal pigment epithelial cells cultured in vitro Xu Guang-jun, Zhang Xue-dong, Chen Xue-mei 2011, 15 (37):  6909-6912.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.017 Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (727KB) ( 256 )   Save BACKGROUND: S100a7 is a new protein that participates in cell proliferation, vascularization and other pathophysiological processes. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the expression of S100a7 in retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) and to investigate the effects of S100a7 on RPE proliferation. METHODS: Immunofluorescence and western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of S100a7 in ARPE-19, and MTT was performed to investigate the effects of S100a7 on RPE proliferation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: S100a7 was proven to be expressed in ARPE-19 by immunofluorescence and western blot techniques and it could significantly promote ARPE-19 cell proliferation. This study first confirmed the expression of S100a7 in ARPE-19 cells, which may play a specific role in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of adriamycin-resistant human osteosarcoma cell line and research on its biological characteristics Chen Yu, Wang Da-yong, Weng Zheng, Deng Zhong-liang 2011, 15 (37):  6913-6918.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.018 Abstract ( 313 )   PDF (741KB) ( 329 )   Save BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistance is a major factor leading to the failure of chemotherapy for human osteosarcoma. However, the precise mechanism remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To establish adriamycin-resistant human osteosarcoma cell line 143B/ADM and to analyze its biological characteristics. METHODS: Increasing concentrations of adriamycin (ADM) were applied for 45 days to establish 143B/ADM resistant strain. The half of inhibiting concentrations (IC50) and resistance indexs (RI) of different antitumor drugs were measured by CCK assay, and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The cellular efflux capacity was estimated by rhodamine test. After the cell lines were treated by ADM, intracellular ADM concentration was detected by fluorospectrophotometer, and the apoptosis was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope and flow cytometry. Meanwhile, the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR-1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP-1) and lung resistance protein (LRP) were detected by western blot analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After induction for 45 days, the RI of 143B/ADM cells to ADM was 15.7, and the 143B/ADM cells showed various resistances to cisplatin, methotrexate, isophosphamide, vincristine and taxinol. Compared with 143B/WT cell line, there were less cells in G2/M phase and more cells in G1 and S phases, markedly decreased intracellular rho123 and ADM in 143B/ADM cell line (P < 0.01). Flow cytometry and confocal laser microscopy analysis showed that at 72 hours after treatment with ADM (10 mg/L), cell apoptosis in 143B/ADM cells was less than that in 143B/WT cells. Furthermore, compared with 143B/WT, the MDR-1 expression of 143B/ADM was increased significantly with no difference of MRP-1 and LRP expression among both cell lines. Multidrug resistance of 143B/ADM cells is related to MDR-1, and has no relationship with MRP-1 and LRP.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in vascular endothelial cells-related indices in rats with intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation Yuan Chun-hua, Xu Jin-song, Guo Yang-qin, Song Ning-yan, Xia Guo-ji 2011, 15 (37):  6919-6922.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.019 Abstract ( 240 )   PDF (805KB) ( 298 )   Save BACKGROUND: Sleep apnea syndrome has been considered be a significant independent factor that caused outbreaks of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Vascular endothelial dysfunction may be one of the most important mechanisms for the manifestation of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation on invasive arterial blood pressure, plasma nitric oxide, endothelin and calcitonin gene related protein levels in rats. METHODS: Sixteen 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and evenly divided into two groups: the control group and the intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation group. Rats in the intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation group were placed in an environment of intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation for 10 hours (22:00-08:00) and in an environment of simple sleep deprivation for 12 hours (08:00-20:00). During the remaining time, the rats were raised in cages. The control group rats were raised without sleep deprivation and intermittent hypoxia. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 8 weeks of model establishment, compared with the control group, invasive arterial blood pressure was significantly higher (P < 0.01), plasma nitric oxide and calcitonin gene related protein levels were significantly decreased (P< 0.01), and plasma endothelin level was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation group. These results showed that intermittent hypoxia exposure and sleep deprivation can cause increased blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley rats. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different doses of selenium-rich water on the proliferation of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts Hu Qing-quan, Xiong Hui, Zou Li-jin, Zhang You-lai, Li Yu-cong, Zeng Yuan-lin 2011, 15 (37):  6923-6926.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.020 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (751KB) ( 297 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have shown that selenium-rich water can obviously inhibit hypertrophic scar. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of selenium-rich water on the proliferation of human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFBs). METHODS: Human HSFBs were cultured by the tissue explants method. Passages 3-5 human HSFBs were cultured with 10%, 20% and 30% selenium-rich water, running water and distilled water for 48 hours. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Human HSFBs cultured with selenium-rich water were reduced in number, cell processes were shortened to different extents or lacked, and cytoplasm and nucleus were reduced. Different doses of selenium-rich water, running water, and distilled water exhibited inhibitory effects on the proliferation of human HSBFs, in particular selenium-rich water and in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Results showed that selenium-rich water inhibits the proliferation of human HSFBs in a dose-dependent manner. Related Articles | Metrics

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Viability of corneal epithelial flap in laser subepithelial keratomileusis Chen Ying-xin, Gao Ming-hong, Yuan Yue 2011, 15 (37):  6927-6931.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.021 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF (1423KB) ( 273 )   Save BACKGROUND: The optimum ethanol exposure time to ensure the viability of corneal epithelial flap is the research hotspot for laser subepithelial keratomileusis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors influencing the viability of corneal epithelial flap in laser subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK).  METHODS: A standard LASEK was performed on 100 eyes of 50 myopic patients prospectively. The preoperative spherical equivalent ranged from -1.37 m-1 to -6.00 m-1, with the mean value of (-4.09 m-1±2.12 m-1). Eyes were divided to two groups, low myopic group A (<-3.00 m-1, 40 eyes) and moderate myopic group B (-3.00 m-1-6.00 m-1, 60 eyes). All of the eyes were exposed to 20% ethanol for 15 and 25 seconds, so group A was divided to group A1(15 seconds) and group A2 (25 seconds) (20 eyes for each group), and group B was divided to group B1 (15 seconds) and group B2 (25 seconds) (30 eyes for each group). Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and corneal fluorescein staining and corneal haze were noticed and compared at the 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The healing time of epithelium of group A1 was significantly longer than that of group A2, and the healing time of epithelium of group B1 was significantly longer than that of group B2 (P < 0.01). In terms of Haze grade 2, there was significant difference between group A1 and group A2 (P < 0.05) and between group B1 and group B2 (P < 0.01). Score of corneal fluorescein staining was positively correlated with Haze frequency. Under corresponding cutting depth of corneal matrix in LASEK, we obtained high quality and fine viability of corneal epithelial lap if we shortened the ethanol expose time, so we were satisfied with the healing time of cornea and vision and decreased frequency of Haze. These findings suggest that in the LASEK, under proper cutting depth of corneal matrix, shorter ethanol expose time leads to better quality of corneal epithelial flap prepared, better flap viability, and faster healing, which contribute to recovery of vision. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of RNA interference on interleukin-6 expression in endothelial cells and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells Wang Gang, Liu Chao-zhong, Song Yun-long, Zhang Xiao-hui, Zhang Li, Li Li, Cao Jun-han, Zhang Hong-chao 2011, 15 (37):  6932-6936.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.022 Abstract ( 238 )   PDF (1255KB) ( 308 )   Save BACKGROUND: Inflammatory reaction easily occurs in target vascular region after implantation of intravascular stent. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of siRNA technique on migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the endothelial cells. METHODS: The time gradient and concentration gradient of the IL-6 mRNA expression in the EA.HY926 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected by RT-PCR. Short hairpin RNA eukaryotic expression vector targeting IL-6 gene, named pGensil-1.1-IL-6, was constructed and transfected into EA.HY926 cells for intervention of IL-6 expression by lipofectamine 2000. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After pGensil-1.1-IL-6 was transfected into EA.HY926 cells, IL-6 mRNA and protein expression in the EA.HY926 cells stimulated by LPS was obviously decreased. In co-culture model, under the effect of EA.HY926 cells transfected by pGensil-1.1-IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase 9 mRNA and protein expression in the human cord venous smooth muscle cells was obviously decreased. The number of human cord venous smooth muscle cells was decreased. These findings suggest that siRNA technique can inhibit the expression of IL-6 in endothelial cells and attenuate the migration of smooth muscle cells by decreasing matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Matrix metalloproteinase 11 expression and cell apoptosis in human cervical disc degeneration Guo Tuan-Mao, Liu Miao, Zhang Yin-Gang, Zhang Xiao-Wei, Wu Shi-Xun 2011, 15 (37):  6937-6941.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.023 Abstract ( 255 )   PDF (1416KB) ( 270 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinase 11 gene is obviously upregulated in human degenerated cervical and lumbar disc tissues. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between matrix metalloproteinase 11 expression in human cervical intervertebral discs and cell apoptosis. METHODS: Thirty discs from patients with cervical spondylosis diagnosed by MRI, and 20 discs of individuals with cervical spinal trauma but without anamnesis evidence for disc degeneration or previous spine-ralated operations were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that nucleus pulposus cells were signifcantly reduced  (P < 0.01), but apoptotic cells were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the degenerated nucleus pulposus tissue of cervical intervertebral discs than in the normal nucleus pulposis tissue. Immunohistochemical staining showed that matrix metalloproteinase 11 expression was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the degenerated nucleus pulposus tissue of cervical intervertebral discs than in the normal nucleus pulposis tissue, and matrix metalloproteinase 11 expression was positively related to cell apoptosis detected by TUNEL(r=0.44, P < 0.05). Results showed that high expression of matrix metalloproteinase 11 can directly damage extracellular matrix, induce nucleus pulposis cell apoptosis, and therefore play an important role in the process of disc degeneration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Overexpression of cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes inhibits migration of vascular smooth muscle cells Yan Cheng-hui, Luan Bo, Li Jie, Zhang Xiao-lin, Han Ya-ling 2011, 15 (37):  6942-6946.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.024 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (1393KB) ( 253 )   Save BACKGROUND: Loss of homeostasis in mature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in senescence of blood vessel. However, the molecular mechanism remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular mechanism by which cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG) inhibits the migration of VSMCs. METHODS: The pRc/CMV-CREG plasmid or the pSM2-siCREG plasmid was transferred into human VSMCs to produce the cell clone that overexpresses or downregulates CREG respectively. Cell scrape assay and Transwell assay were used to detect the migration of VSMCs. The CREG protein expression, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and JNK expression and activation in cells before and after transfection were detected by western blot analysis. The effect of above-mentioned signal molecule expression on VSMCs migration was analyzed through the use of JNK and MMP9 inhibitor. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Western blot analysis identified that CREG protein expression in hVSMCs-CREG cells increased (P < 0.05), but it was significantly decreased in the hVSMCs-siCREG cells (P < 0.05), compared with control ones. Cell scrape assay and Transwell assay results showed the migration of VSMCs was obviously inhibited in the hVSMCs-CREG group than in the normal control group. However, the migration of VSMCs in the hVSMCs-siCREG group was significantly increased  (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis and gelatinase spectrum analysis showed that MMP9 activity in the hVSMCs-siCREG group was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and at the same time, JNK protein was activated. Blocking study using JNK inhibitor confirmed that CREG promoted VSMCs migration by regulating JNK and MMP9. Results showed that CREG protein expression can inhibit the migration of VSMCs cultured in vitro by inhibiting the activation of JNK and MMP9. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reactive oxygen species formation induced by different concentrations of glucose in L6 cells Pang Jing, Dai Yang, Gong Huan, Zhang En-yi, Zhang Tie-mei 2011, 15 (37):  6947-6950.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.025 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (1190KB) ( 348 )   Save BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation induced by treatment with different culture conditions of glucose in L6 cells is the basis for studying the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the generation of intracellular ROS induced by treatment with different concentrations of glucose and different culture time periods. METHODS: L6 skeletal muscle cells cultured in vitro and L6 myotube cells differentiated were treated with DMEM containing 3, 5.5 and 25 mmol/L glucose and ROS formation was determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With prolonged culture time, intracellular ROS formation increased. ROS formation was significantly accumulated in cells treated with 25 mmol/L glucose than in cells treated with 5.5 mmol/L glucose by day 4. Glucose at a concentration of 3 and 5.5 mmol/L did not produce significant effects on ROS formation. ROS formation in L6 myotubes cultured by high concentration of glucose was more obvious than that in L6 mysoblast. Results showed that glucose concentration, culture time and the differentiation degree of in vitro cultured cells are the factors influencing ROS formation and in vitro culture of cells by glucose can be used to mimic the chronic damage effect of hyperglycemia in vivo. Related Articles | Metrics

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Inhibitory effects of different concentrations of curcumin on excessive activation of microglia cultured in vitro Jin Yu-ling, Luo Hai-long, Liu Lei, Cheng Chun-feng, Hou Li-chun 2011, 15 (37):  6951-6955.  doi: 小胶质细胞|姜黄素|Notch1|剂量依赖|组织工程 Abstract ( 224 )   PDF (1456KB) ( 326 )   Save BACKGROUND: Excessively activated microglia can release a large number of neurotoxic factors which damage nerve function. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of curcumin on excessive activation of microglia cultured in vitro. METHODS: Microglias were extracted from neonatal (within 48 hours) Wistar rats and cultured. At 3 and 7 days after addition of different concentrations of curcumin (1, 5, 20 μmol/L), cell morphology, CD11b/c expression and Notch1 mRNA expression were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The primary cultured microglia exhibited strong refractive capacity and a spherical morphology and were excessively activated. After intervention of curcumin, the positive rate of static cells was obviously increased, and the positive rate reached a peak on day 7 of culture. RT-PCR showed that 1, 5, 20 μmol/L curcumin can obviously inhibit Notch1 mRNA expression in the microglia, and 5 μmol/L curcumin showed the most obvious inhibitory effects (P < 0.01). These results suggest that curcumin shows a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on excessive activation of microglia cultured in vitro. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hydroxysafflor yellow A promotes the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells Sun Yu-qin, Han Hai-ling, Song Wen-Gang, Zhu Yu-Hong, Lü Dong-Yan, Zhu Yan-bin, He Hai-tao, Jiang Xin 2011, 15 (37):  6956-6958.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.027 Abstract ( 219 )   PDF (888KB) ( 251 )   Save BACKGROUND: The occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases are related to the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (VECs). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on human VEC (hVEC) models. METHODS: The hVECs cultured in vitro were interfered with HSYA and then were established into hVEC injury models by in vitro induction of lysophosphatidyl choline. A control group was set. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, hVECs proliferation was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), cell apoptosis was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and nitric oxide concentration was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) after lysophosphatidyl choline intervention. However, after treatment with HSYA, these symptoms could be reversed (P < 0.05). Results showed that HSYA could promote the proliferation of hVECs, inhibit cell apoptosis, and increase nitric oxide concentration, exhibiting protective effects on lysophosphatidyl choline-induced injury to hVECs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Zhuangjinxugu decoction-containing serum on the proliferation of rat osteoblasts cultured in vitro Wang Li, Tu Hong, Yang Feng-yun, Kong Ling-shan, Bao Jie-wei, Zheng Su 2011, 15 (37):  6959-6962.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.028 Abstract ( 192 )   PDF (772KB) ( 260 )   Save BACKGROUND: Zhuangjinxugu decoction has been shown to promote the healing of tibial fracture.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Zhuangjinxugu decoction-containing serum on proliferation of rat fibroblasts cultured in vitro. METHODS: Rats were intragastrically administered with Zhuangjinxugu decoction to prepare drug-containing serum. Passage 2 well growing SD rat fibroblasts were harvested within 48 hours after rat birth. Rats from the control and Zhuangjinxugu decoction group were intragastrically administered with 5%, 10%, 20% normal SD rat serum and Zhuangjinxugu decoction-containing serum and then cultured for 72 hours. RESULTS AND CONCUSION: Cellular proliferation in each group was detected by MTT and results showed that Zhuangjinxugu decoction-containing serum greatly promote the proliferation of fibroblasts, in particular 10% Zhuangjinxugu decoction-containing serum (P < 0.05). The proportion of cells at DNA synthesis (S stage) was detected by flow cytometry, and the proportion of cells at the S stage was greater in the Zhuangjinxugu decoction group than in the control group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that Zhuangjinxugu deconction-containing serum can promote DNA synthesis in the fibroblasts, which makes more cells entering into S stage and promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts cultured in vitro. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Qingbai powder on nitric oxide synthase system and nitric oxide expression in skeletal muscle of a rat model of chronic soft tissue injury Dong Jing 2011, 15 (37):  6963-6966.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.029 Abstract ( 224 )   PDF (698KB) ( 264 )   Save BACKGROUND: There have been few studies describing nitric oxide synthase (NOS) system and nitric oxide (NO) expression  after chronic soft tissue injury. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Qingbai powder on NOS system and NO in rat skeletal muscle of chronic muscle injury model. METHODS: Seventy two male SD rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups: control, model, aminoguanidine, Qingbai powder. Rats from the latter three groups were developed into model of chronic skeletal muscle injury by mechanical injury methods and then given 10 mL/kg normal saline, 0.10 g/kg aminoguanidine, 0.54 g/kg Qingbai power respectively, once a day, for successive 14 days. At 1, 2, and 3 weeks after administration, NO content, total NOS and inducible NOS activity in rat skeletal muscle tissue were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During skeletal muscle healing process, NO content and total NOS and inducible NOS activity in rat skeletal muscle were significantly greater in the model group than in the control group. However, these indices were significantly lower in the Qingbai powder and aminoguanidine groups than in the model group. Results showed that Qingbai powder can induce the excessive production of NO by inhibiting inducible NOS, which creates favorable conditions for the recovery of chronic soft tissue injury. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Bizhongxiao decoction on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and 5 expression in the synovial tissue in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis Xu Ze-lin, Liang Qing-hua, Chen Jiang, Xiong Xin-gui, Guo Ya-jing, Xiao Yu-mei 2011, 15 (37):  6967-6971.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.030 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (709KB) ( 289 )   Save BACKGROUND: Abnormal signal transduction of synovial cells is one of important pathogeneses of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Chinese herbs Bizhongxiao decoction exhibits satisfactory clinical curative effects in treatment of RA. It is necessary to investigate the mechanism by which Bizhongxiao decoction treats RA at the level of cellular signal transduction. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Bizhongxiao decoction on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and ERK 5 expression in the synovial tissue in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis. METHODS: Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, model and Bizhongxiao deconction. Rat models of collagen-induced arthritis were intragastrically administered with 3.0-3.5 mL Bizhongxiao decoction, once a day, for successive 14 days. At 14, 21 and 28 days after arthritis induction, ERK 1/2 and ERK 5 expression was detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After arthritis induction, ERK 1/2 and ERK 5 expression in the synovial tissue was increased with elongation of time (P < 0.05). After Bizhongxiao decoction treatment, ERK 1/2 and ERK 5 expression levels were significantly decdreased (P < 0.05). Results showed that Bizhongxiao decoction can inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, and ERK 5 and thereby inhibit the activation of ERK 1/2 and ERK 5 signal transduction pathway. This may be one of important mechanisms by which Bizhongxiao decoction inhibits abnormal proliferation of synovial tissue and the erosion of articular bone in RA. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic changes of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in cerebral cortex neuron and cerebrospinal fluid of rats after movement with increasing loads   Yang Peng-pai 2011, 15 (37):  6972-6976.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.031 Abstract ( 298 )   PDF (694KB) ( 333 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced fatigue is a hot topic in the field of sports medicine, and whether there is some association between exercise-induced fatigue occurrence and recovery and cerebrospinal fluid circulation remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamic changes and correlation of norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in cerebral cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of rats after movement with increasing loads. METHODS: 30 male SD rats were evenly divided into control group (C), immediately after incremental exercise group (E1), 24 hours after incremental exercise (E2). The control group rats were conventionally fed, and the E1 and E2 group rats received 6 weeks of incremental exercise and then sacrificed immediately and 24 hours after exercise. Cerebrospinal fluid was extracted and cerebral cortex was taken. NE and 5-HT levels in cerebral cortex and cerebrospinal fluid were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The NE and 5-HT levels in the cerebral cortex and cerebrospinal fluid in the E1 group were significantly higher compared with the C group (P < 0.01). The NE and 5-HT levels in the cerebral cortex were significantly higher in the E2 group compared with the C group (P < 0.01), but there were no significant differences in NE and 5-HT levels in cerebrospinal fluid between the E2 group and the C group. In the E1 group, NE and 5-HT levels in the cerebral cortex were significantly positively correlated (P < 0.05) and NE and 5-HT levels in the cerebral cortex and cerebrospinal fluid were highly correlated (P < 0.01). Results showed that immediately and 24 hours after incremental exercise, the excited effect of NE and the inhibitory effect of 5-HT were in a dynamic balance and that immediately after incremental exercise, the dynamic changes of NE and 5-HT in the cerebrospinal fluid can reflect the dynamic changes of NE and 5-HT in the cerebral cortex. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a speculative equation for fast twitch muscle fiber in junior sportsmen Hua Yan 2011, 15 (37):  6977-6980.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.032 Abstract ( 252 )   PDF (555KB) ( 231 )   Save BACKGROUND: ATPase staining is one of methods used for direct determination of muscle fiber type, but the measurement procedure is tedious and can be hardly used for large sample size measurement. OBJECTIVE: To establish a speculative equation for fast twitch muscle fiber in junior sportsmen. METHODS: A total of 229 subjects aged 13-17 years from different Guangxi regions and Sports School in Qinzhou were included in this study and were randomly divided into three groups: equation (n=160), testing (n=39) and generalization (n=30). The measurement results of ATPase staining from 299 subjects were compared with those from Liu Rui-lian and Yue Jun. The stepwise regression analysis was performed taking the percentage of fast twitch muscle fiber measured by ATPase staining as the dependent variables and taking partial body quality and functional indexes as the in independent variables to establish the speculative equation of fast twitch muscle fiber. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The speculative equation on fast twitch muscle fiber in junior sportmen was as follows: FT% = 10.561 7-9.032 0×(60-meter running, s) -0.169 0×(in situ jump height, cm) + 0.313 5× (the highest anaerobic power, kg•m/min). There were no significant differences between the checking results in testing groups and the average means of ATPase staining (P=0.150 0), and ATPase staining also had no significant difference with the verifying results in the generalization group(P=0.234 0). Results showed that the speculative equation for fast twitch muscle fiber in junior sportsmen is highly accurate and scientific. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isometric point selection of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with anteriomedial arthroscopic approach and transtibial approach Zhou Mi, Fu Jie, Zhang Shu-ming, Hao Yan, Wang Han, Song Di-yu, Zhang Wei, Liu Chun-sheng 2011, 15 (37):  6981-6984.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.033 Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (551KB) ( 243 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is important to select the proper isometric point of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction procedures. Isometric point selection of ACL reconstruction with anteriomedial arthroscopic and transtibial approach is rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical results and discuss technical issues of isometric point selection of ACL reconstruction with anteriomedial arthroscopic and transtibial approach． METHODS: From 2007-2010, 48 cases of ACL rupture of our department were included in this research. All patients complainted of knee instability after injury and their ages were between 18-55 years. Physical exam and MRI revealed complete tear of the ligament. The patients regained 0-120°range of motion and no inflammatory or trauma was reported on skin of their knees. Patients were randomly divided into anteriomedial arthroscopic approach group (n=26) and transtibial approach group (n=22). They were technically studied to review the clinical results and the difference of femoral tunnel building between these two approaches. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The average follow-up duration was 21 months. Times for isometric point selection of ACL reconstruction with anteriomedial arthroscopic and transtibial approach were 1.80±0.25, 2.20±0.18, respectively. No significantly difference was found. Lachmann scores, Tegner scores, and angle of grafts were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Using anteriomedial arthroscopic approach and isometric point determination methods, transtibial approach could yield similar clinical results with anteromedial approach. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin postconditioning on inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide in rabbit hindlimb gastrocnemius before and after ischemia/reperfusion injury Zhang Qian, Geng Xi-lin, Yang Tong-qun, Feng Bao-ming, Li Hui-ping, Shi ji-de, Wang Bing-yi 2011, 15 (37):  6985-6988.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.034 Abstract ( 251 )   PDF (675KB) ( 222 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, many studies have shown that erythropoietin plays a protective role in many tissues and organs from ischemia/reperfusion injury including the heart and brain. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin postconditioning on inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide and ultrastructure in rabbit hindlimb gastrocnemius before and after ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Adult rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: blank control, model, and recombinant human erythropoietin postconditioning. The rabbits in the latter two groups were created into experimental models of ischemia/reperfusion injury of left hind limb gastrocnemius. At 2 hours after ischemia, the rabbits in the recombinant human erythropoietin postconditioning group were intravenously injected with recombinant human erythropoietin. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 4 and 12 hours after reperfusion, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide levels were significantly lower in the recombinant human erythropoietin postconditioning group than in the model group (P < 0.05). The electronic microscope results of gastrocnemius cell ultrastructure showed that in the model group, endothelial cell membrane was lysed and obviously swollen, and mitochondrion in the muscle fiber was also swollen; compared with the model group, the muscle fiber injury was obviously mild in the recombinant human erythropoietin postconditioning group: Z line and the structure of each band within the sarcomere was basically normal, and the structure of most mitochondria was normal. These results showed that recombinant human erythropoietin postconditioning can downregulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and decrease nitric oxide levels after perfusion, and thereby improve ischemia/reperfusion injury of the skeletal muscle. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hedgehog signaling pathway and bone development Zou Sha-sha, Hu Hong-liang 2011, 15 (37):  6991-6994.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.036 Abstract ( 234 )   PDF (568KB) ( 461 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hedgehog, as an important regulatory factor in bone growth, has been recently focused for its mechanism in bone growth. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the mechanisms of Hedgehog in cartilage and skeleton development and the relationship between the hedgehog signalling pathway and bone disease and to investigate the research progress in Hedgehog signalling pathway in bone development. METHODS: A computer-based online search in PubMed and CNKI database was performed using key words of “Hedgehog, bone development, mesenchymal stem cells, cartilage, osteogenesis, bone defects” in English and Chinese respectively. The published dates are limited between January 1994 and December 2010. Researches related to this review purpose were included. Irrelevant or repetitive articles were excluded. Then 31 articles were selected according to the inclusive criteria for the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSTION: Hedgehog is closely related to almost every stages of bone development, including differentiations from mesenchymal stem cells to osteocyte, formations of cartilage tissue and skeleton and other aspects. Aberrant Hedgehog signalling pathway will lead to severe developmental disorders including bone deformities and bone defects. However, the detailed mechanism regarding Hedgehog signalling pathway remains poorly understood and techniques regarding related animal experiments have not yet been so sophisticated that no clinical trials are performed both at home and abroad. Hedgehog is involved in osteoblast development and vascularisation in both embryogenesis and adult mammalian. For this reason, it is potential to solve the problem of angiogenesis while repairing bone defect in bone tissue engineering. With continuous researches on the Hedgehog signalling pathway in depth, Hedgehog signalling pathway has prosperous future in the areas of bone tissue engineering and clinical gene therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteocyte metabolism during reconstruction of subchondral bone Du Ming-chang, Zu Qi-ming, Liu Xian-min, Liu Song-bo, Chen Yu, Wang Qi, Xiang Liang-bi 2011, 15 (37):  6995-6999.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.037 Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (616KB) ( 372 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder of a high prevalence that remains the leading cause of disability in aged people. Although articular cartilage breakdown is a major characteristic of OA, several tissues of the joint, including the subchondral bone, play significant roles in the development/progression of OA pathology. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in structure, osteocyte, related factors and signal pathway of subchondral bone during the development/progression of OA pathology, and analyze the effects of pathological changes of subchondral bone on degeneration of articular cartilage. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed to research papers in CNKI, PubMed, Medline, Embase databases with the key words “osteoarthritis, subchondral bone, cartilage degeneration, bone reconstruction, and bone metabolism.”The pathological changes of subchondral bone structure and molecular signaling mechanism after destructing bone metabolic equilibrium during the development/progression of OA pathology were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to inclusion criteria, 54 papers were included. Subchondral bone reconstruction progresses throughout the entire process of OA. Metabolism of local osteocytes and abnormal differentiation of stem cells influence cartilage degeneration mutually. Further understanding of the mechanism underlying osteocyte metabolism during the process of subchondral bone reconstruction can provide a new therapeutic target for OA. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-functional perlecan: angiogenesis, chondrogenesis and chondrosteosis Xu Ke, Chen Ji-hua, Tang Li-hui, Wu Dan 2011, 15 (37):  7000-7004.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.038 Abstract ( 417 )   PDF (778KB) ( 326 )   Save BACKGROUND: Perlecan functions in a diverse range which ranges from the regulation of cell growth and adhesion to extracellular matrix assembly. We previously identified a central function for perlecan during angiogenic blood vessel development and injury restoration. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of perlecan in tissue development and organogenesis. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed to search manuscripts published between January 2000 and December 2010 in Sciencedirect and CMCC/CMCI with key words of “perlecan, angiogenesis, cartilage, heparan sulfate, vascular endothelial growth factor.” The manuscripts with the contents of perlecan expression and function published recently or in authoritative journals were included. Manuscripts with repetitive contents or Meta analysis were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 129 manuscripts were included, and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 35 manuscripts were included in the final analysis. Perlecan plays a crucial role in tissue development. The underlying mechanism is possibly due to the interactions of the pericellular environment. Perlecan functions in a diverse range. Perlecan employs the same basic mechanism, based on interactions with growth factors, morphogens and matrix proteins. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multiple treatments for denervated skeletal muscle atrophy Chen Bo, Chen Zhen-bing, Du Yuan-li 2011, 15 (37):  7005-7008.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.039 Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (618KB) ( 307 )   Save BACKGROUND: Following denervation, the loss of contractile function and amyotrophy occur in skeletal muscle, and myofibers show a series of histomorphological changes concerning amyotrophy. With progress in technical levels and theory research, considerable improvement in the treatment effects have been achieved, but it is not satisfactory. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the recent progress in treatment methods of denervated skeletal muscles atrophy and provide theoretical evidence for recovery of muscle function. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author in the CNKI and Medline databases to search papers published between 2000 and 2010 using key words “denervated, skeletal muscles, atrophy, treatment” in Chinese and English languages. A total of 135 papers were retrieved. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 papers were included in the final analysis. These included papers were summarized and analyzed from the aspects of physiotherapy, nerve repair and implantation, cell transplantation, drug, gene and traditional Chinese medicine treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Great progress has been recently made in treatment of denervated skeletal muscles. However, the methods used can only alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy to an extent and maintain muscular physiological function for a time period. The mechanism underlying denervated skeletal muscle atrophy has been clarified and the corresponding measures would acquire better therapeutic effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between skeletal muscle satellite cells and exercise Xie Yong-tao, Lan Lan 2011, 15 (37):  7009-7012.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.040 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (634KB) ( 347 )   Save BACKGROUND: High intensity of exercise can lead to injury to fine structure of skeletal muscle tissue, and the activation, proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells are closely related to muscle tissue injury. OBJECTIVE: Based on the thinking that training can cause muscle structural damage and repair is needed, this study proposed a dependent relationship between repair of skeletal muscle structure and skeletal muscle satellite cells. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author to search manuscripts in CNKI and Medline database published between 2000 and 2010 with the key words “skeletal muscle satellite cells, growth factor, exercise, and skeletal muscle ultrastructure” in English and Chinese languages. A total of 97 manuscripts were retrieved. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 manuscripts were included in the final analysis. The mechanism underlying skeletal tissue repair and skeletal muscle satellite cell activation was summarized, and the relationship between these two was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: High intensity of exercise can result in injury to skeletal muscle tissue, satellite cells are the key to skeletal muscle repair and the growth factors of satellite cells are also related to exercise methods. At present, the relationship between skeletal muscle satellite cells growth factors and exercise lacks of sufficient recognition and research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Association of receptor adaptative change and cell signal transduction with exercise Li Hong-wei, Di Zhao-hui 2011, 15 (37):  7013-7016.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.041 Abstract ( 271 )   PDF (653KB) ( 307 )   Save BACKGROUND: The receptor regulates and switches signal and starts intracellular signal transduction, which causes target cells to produce biological effects. Receptor regulation is an important regulation mode for organism to motor adaptation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effects of motor on receptor, the adaptative change of receptor, and signal transduction rule of motor receptor cells.  METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author to search manuscripts in the CNKI (2000/2010) and Medline database (2000/2010) with the key word “receptor regulation, exercise, adaption”. A total of 137 manuscripts were included. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, totally 37 manuscripts were included in the final analysis. The included manuscripts were summarized in terms of receptor concept, receptor classification and function, receptor function and regulation, the effects of motor on receptor, and adaptative change of receptor in exercise, as well as the regulation mechanism of receptor. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Exercise could up regulate leptin receptor and insulin receptor, leading to adaptative change of androgen and insulin secretion. Proper exercise increased androgen receptor binding capacity and receptor numbers. Long-term high-intensity or exhaustive exercise decreased androgen receptor binding capacity and receptor numbers, which protect cells from excessive or long-term stimulation-caused physiological dysfunction. Acute stress reduced glucocorticoid receptor level in each tissue organs, and showed important significance for preventing from substance metabolism and energy metabolism disturbance and maintaining homoeostasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Association of DVL2 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to congenital scoliosis in a Chinese Han population Fei Qi, Wu Zhi-hong, Wang Yi-peng, Zhou Xi, Wang Hai, Li Xiang, Qiu Gui-Xing 2011, 15 (37):  7017-7022.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.042 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (887KB) ( 346 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent 20 years, mouse molecular embryology research has achieved much molecular information regarding vertebrae development. It is possible to determine the candidate gene for congenital scoliosis (CS) using linear analysis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of DVL2 polymorphisms with CS clinical phenotypes in a Chinese Han population by screening key single nucleotide polymorphism sites of candidate gene DVL2. METHODS: A case-control design was applied in this study. A total of 127 patients diagnosed with CS and 127 scoliosis-free control subjects were enrolled in this study. According to genotype data from International HapMap project, the key single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DVL2 were initially selected using Haploview 4.1 software. The patient group was classified into different clinical phenotypes according to vertebral defect type, deformity location, defect degree, combined rib malformations and neural canal deformity. All selected SNPs were genotype identified using SNPstream UHT Genotyping system. An association analysis based on genotype/allele frequency was further performed. Pairwised linkage disequilibrium was evaluated in the control group using Haploview 4.1 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Five SNPs of DVL2 gene were genotyped: SNP1 (rs2074222), SNP2 (rs222837), SNP3 (rs222835), SNP4 (rs10671352) and SNP5 (rs222836), and all polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium both in control and in patient groups. Five SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium. No association (P > 0.05) was observed between SNP genotypes/allele polymorphisms/haploid and CS risk and clinical phenotypes. Results showed that genetic variants of DVL2 gene may not be associated with the susceptibility to CS and different clinical phenotypes of CS in a Chinese Han population. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone mineral density in an adult population with osteoporosis from Guiyang area Feng Xiao-Bo, Wang Shi-wei, Liu Wen-bo, Huang Xi, Liao Yong-fang, He Gui-qun, Liu Hong-ju, Hu Zhi-jun 2011, 15 (37):  7023-7026.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.043 Abstract ( 344 )   PDF (686KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: Investigation regarding bone mineral density (BMD) change rule and osteoporosis in many areas of China has been much reported. However, studies regarding BMD change rule and osteoporosis in Guiyang area, China have been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate BMD in adult population in Guiyang area, China and provide the basis for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS: BMD was measured in 1 334 cases aged 20-79 years from Guiyang area using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry during 2008-2011. The measurement sites included lumbar vertebrae 1 to 4 lumbar spine, right proximal femur. The peak BMD reduced by 2.0 SD was taken as the diagnosis for osteoporosis. Statistical analysis was performed based on 10-year age group according to gender. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The peak BMDs of 60 men and 50 women from Guiyang area appeared in age group of 20-29. Female population aged 20-29 years showed a high incidence of osteoporosis and bone loss. These findings suggest that awareness of osteoporosis prevention should be enhanced for women before 50 years old and men before 60 years old, while for the subsequent years, relevant interventions should be taken to reduce osteoporosis incidence. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dancer’s ultrasound bone strength feature Zhang Qiu-hai, Quan Ming-hui 2011, 15 (37):  7027-7030.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.37.044 Abstract ( 277 )   PDF (641KB) ( 379 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone strength as one of national physical examination items is an important health index. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dancer’s bone strength features and the influential factors. METHODS: A total of 60 dance professional subjects were included and bone mineral density was measured through the use of ultrasound bone mineral density apparatus. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone mineral density was significantly greater in the dance professional subjects than in age cohorts. The bone mineral density of male and female dance professional subjects was significantly increased with increasing body mass index. The bone mineral density of female dance professional subjects was positively proportional to fat amount and negatively proportional to the amount of presumption trend of left leg muscle. Results showed that body mass index may be an important factor determining bone mineral density. There may be a threshold for exercise influencing bone strength, and under the threshold, exercise can increase bone mineral density and excessive threshold is of no use for increasing bone mineral density. Related Articles | Metrics