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08 January 2011, Volume 15 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Construction of tissue-engineered bone using cell sheet technology Chen Tao, Wang Yan-hui, Bu Ling-xue, Jing Heng, Gao Zhen-hua, Tan Shuai, Wang Ling-ling, Li Ning-yi 2011, 15 (2):  191-195.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.001 Abstract ( 445 )   PDF (1597KB) ( 420 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional bone tissue engineering faces shortcomings in harvesting or transferring cells. Cell sheet technology is a new skill for cell harvesting or transferring. OBJECTIVE: To construct tissue-engineered bone using cell sheet technology and method of traditional bone tissue engineering. METHODS: Canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated with the method of density gradient centrifugation and cultured. BMSCs were induced to differentiate into osteoblasts and cultured in temperature-responsive culture dishes at 37 ℃, 5% CO2 saturated humidity. BMSCs cell sheet was prepared when temperature was changed to 20 ℃; demineralized bone matrix and platelet rich plasma (PRP) were prepared. The complex of DBM/PRP/BMSCs cell sheet/BMSCs was construsted and implanted under the left latissimus dorsi muscle. The condition of osteogenesis was observed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after operation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When temperature dropped at 20 ℃, BMSCs detached automatically from the temperature-responsive culture dishes and formed an intact cell sheet. The osteogenesis of the DBM/PRP/BMSCs cell sheet/BMSCs group was better than that of the DBM/PRP/BMSCs group. Cell sheet technology combined with traditional bone tissue provides a new way for construction of functional tissue-engineered bone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase and c-Fos protein in osteoarthritic cartilage Li Liang-jun, Lei Guang-hua, Tu Min, Cheng Chao, Chen Xia-guang, Gao Shu-guang, Zeng Kai-bin 2011, 15 (2):  196-200.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.02.002 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (1613KB) ( 491 )   Save BACKGROUND: The expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) serves as a marker of cell senescence, while the expression of c-Fos in cartilage of osteoarthritis is rare. OBJECTIVE: To study expression differences of SA-β-gal and c-Fos protein in normal and impaired cartilage of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Ten normal cartilages and 26 cartilage of osteoarthritis were selected. On the basis of improved Mankin pathological score, 50 cartilage specimens to divide into normal, mild impaired, medium impaired and severe impaired groups. The expression of SA-β-gal and c-Fos protein in the cartilage specimens were detected by SABC method. The difference and correlation between the percentage of the positive chondrocytes and the different impaired cartilage were analyzed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cartilage degeneration aggravated with increasing of SA-beta-gal positive chondrocytes, suggesting that chondrocyte senescence has contacted with osteoarthritis. The expression of c-Fos protein shows no direct correlation with the severity of osteoarthritis and chondrocyte senescence. The findings demonstrated that chondrocyte senescence may be one of pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, which promotes compensate for cell division in the early and medium stage of osteoarthritis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of preservation methods on the immunogenicity of allograft cartilage Wu Ya-di, Zhang Gang, Song Hong-qiang, Qi Jian-hong 2011, 15 (2):  201-204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.003 Abstract ( 422 )   PDF (633KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: Allograft cartilage transplantation is the primary means of treatment of articular cartilage defects. It is a clinical key technical issue to reduce the immunogenicity of the cartilage transplant by looking for cartilage tissue preservation methods. OBJECTIVE: To compare the impact on the immunogenicity of allogeneic cartilage graft stored by slow cooling gradient store method, vitrification and 60Co-irradiation with cooling gradient store method. METHODS: The fresh cartilages were randomly divided into four groups: fresh group did not take any measures; slow cooling group were given procedural temperature gradient to preserve articular cartilage; vitrification group preserved articular cartilage by glass vitrification solution; 60Co-irradiation with cooling gradient group were given 60Co-ray to irradiate, then we saved articular cartilage by procedural temperature gradient. Chondrocyte was separated and cultured in vitro and made cell suspension at 8, 15, 30, and 60 days after preservation. The expression rate of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)Ⅰand Ⅱwas measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After preservation, the rate of MHCⅠ and MHCⅡantigen expression on chondrocyte surface was significantly decreased in slow cooling, vitrification, and 60Co-irradiation with cooling gradient groups. There were significant differences comparing with fresh group, but there were no significant differences among each experimental group. After preservation, the rate of MHC-Ⅰand MHC-Ⅱantigen expression on chondrocyte surface reduced to a minimum at 30 days after preservation. So, treatment by the preservation of articular cartilage may improve success rate of bone allograft cartilage transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fluctuation of total collagen, type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen protein contents in the knee joint of osteoporotic rats  Zhao Liang-jun, Peng Fen-fen, Zhuang Wei, Tang Xiao-zheng 2011, 15 (2):  205-207.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.004 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (524KB) ( 382 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies demonstrated that collagen protein plays an important role in osteocytes proliferation and differentiation, sclerotic formation and absorption, as well as matrix mineralization. OBJECTIVE: To observe the fluctuation of total collagen, type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen protein contents in knee joint of osteoporotic rats. METHODS: Totally 40 female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, rat knee joint cartilage and cruciate ligament were harvested at 16 weeks after bilateral ovariectomy. The protein contents of total, type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen were measured by micro-hydroxyproline assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the protein contents of total, type Ⅰ and　Ⅱ　collagen were notably decreased (P < 0.05), and the type Ⅰ/Ⅱ collagen ratio was also declined in the experimental group (P < 0.05). The results suggested that osteoporosis leads to fluctuations of total collagen, type Ⅰ, Ⅱ collagen protein contents and type I/II collagen ratio in knee joints, which closely relates to knee osteoarthritis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlations between type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen expressions and mechanical strength in osteoporotic fracture healing  Yuan Shao-hui, Liu Wei, Wu Bin-qi, Han Xi-guang, Bo Chao-gang 2011, 15 (2):  208-212.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.005 Abstract ( 247 )   PDF (773KB) ( 554 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that osteoporosis is a complex pathophysiological process involves changes of type Ⅰ collagen number and physical or chemical properties. However, reports addressing correlations between type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen expression are few.   OBJECTIVE: To disclose the change rules of type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen protein during osteoporotic fracture healing in rats and the correlation of them with mechanical strength. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into osteoporotic fracture and general fracture groups. Rats in the former group received ovariectomy. The expressions of type Ⅰ, Ⅱ collagen were observed by Western blot at 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 and 12 weeks. The bone mineral density was examined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and biomechanical testing were performed at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significant differences between the osteoporotic fracture group and general fracture group in type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen expression and bone mineral density at different time points after injury (P < 0.05). With the injury time prolonged, the downward trend was more obviously. The type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen were correlated with maximum torque, elastic modulus, and maximum torsion angle in the osteoporotic fracture group (P < 0.05). The results showed that abnormal secretion of type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen osteoporotic fracture healing decreases mechanical strength and reduce the quality of fracture healing, which is the main reason for re-fracture. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of radius defect models: To standardize critical size defects Zhao Ming-dong, Pan Zhi-hong, Zhu Liang-yu, Yin Wang-ping, Dong Jian 2011, 15 (2):  213-218.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.006 Abstract ( 556 )   PDF (1803KB) ( 827 )   Save BACKGROUND: The length of radial bone defects are variant in different studies, which lack of reliable critical size defects (CSD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the standardization of the model of radial bone defect in rabbits, so as to obtain relatively reliable CSD. METHODS: A total of 40 6-month New Zealand white rabbits including 80 radial bones were prepared for bone defect modelsAccording to the principle of randomization, the eighty radii which were operated for different length in bone defects were divided into 1.0-, 1.2-, 1.4-, 1.7- and 2.0-cm groups. X-ray film, gross anatomy, CT three-dimensional reconstruction, as well as tissue slices of the radius bone defect were carried out at 12 weeks after operation to evaluate the bone defect healing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 weeks after operation, the healing rate was decreased from the 1.0- to 2.0-cm group, and the 1.4-cm group was lower than that of the 1.0- and 1.2-cm groups (P < 0.05). X-ray and CT grade of healing up of the 1.4-, 1.7-, 2.0-cm groups were smaller than those of the 1.0- and 1.2-cm groups (P < 0.05), which demonstrated that the bone healed well within 1.2-cm defects. The rabbit radial bone defect models were constructed successfully, which can be obtained by greater than or equal to 1.4-cm middle segmental defects (involving periosteum). Related Articles | Metrics

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Histopathological changes and p53, bcl-2 expression in rabbit femoral head Perthes models Zhang Kai-fang, Li Zheng, Yao Yong-feng, Yan Hong-wei 2011, 15 (2):  219-223.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.007 Abstract ( 255 )   PDF (1248KB) ( 277 )   Save BACKGROUND: Morbidity of Perthes disease is associated with femoral head blood supply, periacetabular lesion, surgical trauma, endocrine, as well as heredity in children.  OBJECTIVE: To construct a animal model of perthes disease and to observe the histopathological change, apoptosis and p53 and bcl-2 gene expression, and to explore the correlation between p53 and bcl-2 gene and pathogenesis of Perthes disease. METHODS: New Zealand neonatal rabbits were constructed Perthes disease models by injecting TH glum into right femoral head under C-type arm, normal saline was injected in the control group. At 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after modeling, right femoral head of rabbits were prepared for pathological sections, and the apoptosis of epiphyseal plate cells, the changes of p53 and bcl-2 gene expression were observed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 4 weeks after modling, the joint space became widen in the right femoral head, presented with punctate hemorrhage and denaturization, followed by declines in the adhearant density and sclerotin crispness, the metaphysic softened and loosened. There was a positive correlation between epiphyseal plate cell apoptosis p53 gene expression in the model group (r = 0.68, P < 0.05)and negative correlation between epiphyseal plate cell apoptosis and Bcl-2 gene expression (r = -0.75, P < 0.01). The constrcuted models are characterized by stablity, simple manipulation and reproducibility. The findings demonstrated that p53 and bcl-2 apoptotic gene have correlation with pathogenesis of Perthes disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Magnetic resonance imaging, digital subtraction angiography and pathologic findings of rat implanted CBRH-7919 hepatic cancer models Shen Jun-jie, Li He-ping,Yang Jian-yong, Zhang Bing, Hou Chang-long 2011, 15 (2):  224-227.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.008 Abstract ( 452 )   PDF (1163KB) ( 361 )   Save BACKGROUND: Rat implanted CBRH-7919 hepatic cancer models are important tools for the experimental therapy and imageologic diagnosis. However, how to determine and verify the established models remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To study the imageologic and pathologic findings of implanted CBRH-7919 hepatic cancer model in Wistar rats. METHODS: Concentrated cancerous suspension of CBRH-7919 cell lines were injected subcutaneouly into the nude mice scapular region. Then the tumor tissues were implanted into the liver of adult Wistar rats under direct vision. At 4 weeks after implantation, models were confirmed by color ultrasonograph and observed by imageologic and pathologic examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 37 nodes were found by ultrasonograph in 35 successful models, and additional 4 nodes were found by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the diameter of the largest tumor was 8 mm, and the least was 3 mm. The tumor presented with hypointensity signal on T1WI and hyperintensity signal on T2WI and fat-suppression images. Digital subtraction angiography showed that all nodes had a large amount of blood supply which came from the liver arteries. The tumor cells are variable in sizes and shapes, disarranged and remarkable atypia with light microscopic observation. All findings demonstrated that, color ultrasonograph and MRI are effective and convenient to examine the model rats, but digital subtraction angiography can help us to find the blood supply of tumors. MRI and digital subtraction angiography examination can show pathological and biological behavior changes of tumor in rat implanted hepatic cancer models. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model  Zhang Li, Tian Jing, Tang Yin-li, Min Shao-xiong 2011, 15 (2):  228-231.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.009 Abstract ( 427 )   PDF (1153KB) ( 493 )   Save BACKGROUND: The tendon-bone interface heals slowly in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model prepared by traditional method and requires long modeling periods. OBJECTIVE: To improve the strength and speed of tendon-bone healing and build up an animal model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by injecting fibrin glue (FG) containing recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) into the interface between the tendon graft and the bone tunnel. METHODS: Healthy adult New Zealand rabbits were prepared anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction models using its semitendinosus tendons. The FG containing rhBMP-2 was applied to the part of the graft that went into the bone tunnel in the model group. The control group received either FG without rhBMP-2 or no FG. There was no operation in the normal group. Specimens were collected at 4, 8 weeks after surgery respectively for biomechanical test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The ultimate load and stiffness of the model group were greater than those of the control and FG groups at the individual 4- and 8-week time points (P < 0.01). These findings show that rhBMP-2 could improve the ultimate load to failure and stiffness in the tendon-bone interface after early ACL reconstruction. The modeling period of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is shortened by new methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of periapical films on in vitro construction of a canal obturation model Qin Han, Gong Yong-qing, Xu Hong-zhi 2011, 15 (2):  232-235.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.010 Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (644KB) ( 390 )   Save BACKGROUND: The limitation of periapical film in root canal therapy has been gradually acquired. However, study addressing correlated case and the valid in vitro model was few reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the limitations of periapical film in root canal therapy. METHODS: Through a tooth needed to pull out and make use of canal obturation in vitro model, the value of periapical film in root canal therapy was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The tooth originally needed to eliminate has been retained. There were comparatively large differences between canal obturation from different angle in vitro models. Periapical film can not only reflect periapical pathological changes, but also canal obturation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative analysis of photodynamic therapy on lung cancer cell line A549 Liu Rong, Zhang Jie, Wu Qi, Shao Hong-xia, Hu Tao, Chen Xiu-ping 2011, 15 (2):  236-240.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.011 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (865KB) ( 547 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, all the basic and clinical researches of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer are based on experience and qualitative models, which lacked of optical methods to monitor the effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: To quantitative analyze the results of PDT quantitative mathematic models in cell test, and to explore the possibility of PDT in the treatment of cancer. METHODS: Human lung cancer cell line A549, a 3W/633 nm semiconductor diode laser and hematoporphyrin derivative Photosan3 were selected. Cells were cultured in clear bottom black 96-hole plate and kept in dark strictly before the different power light treatments. Standard curves and the control groups were set in each plate. The survival ratio of the cell was calculated based on the absorbance and the mathematic models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The four survival curves was made by the power at 20, 30, 40, and 50 mW, and the eleven illumination energies from 0 to 20 J/cm2, with the photosensitizer concentration was 12 g/L. The survival ratio of the cell decreased as the energies increased when the laser power was the same, and the higher the laser power the more surviving the cells when the energy at the same level. The calculated results showed that, if the incident photon ρ was 8.0×105, the initial concentration of photosensitizeron [S0] was 4.0×1010, and the initial concentration of singlet oxygenthe [O3] was 5.9×1017, the simulative curve was closed to practical curves, illustrating that the cell survival rate was gradually increased with incident photon increasing; under the same incident photon, the cell survival rate was decreased with energy increasing. This is the first study described the feasibility of PDT quantitative mathematic model and proved the coincidence between the calculated value by mathematic model and the experimental results. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of pcDNA3/BDNF eukaryotic expression vectors Meng Bu-liang, Xu Dan, Liu Jia, Li Li-yan, Wang Ting-hua 2011, 15 (2):  241-244.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.012 Abstract ( 339 )   PDF (568KB) ( 305 )   Save BACKGROUND: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is biomacromolecule, which can not pass through the blood-brain barrier. Now gene therapy is the most promising program to solve route of administration OBJECTIVE: To construct the eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid pcDNA3/BDNF. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from Sprague Dawley rats using RT-PCR. By gene recombination technique, rat BDNF coding sequence was inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3. The fragment of target gene was connected with pcDNA3 vector and transfected into DH5α cells, and recombinant plasmid was verified with restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: RT-PCR showed that BDNF product was 749 bp specific segment. By restriction enzyme digestion, the recombinant plasmid consisted to 749 bp and 5 446 bp fragments. The DNA sequence of the 749 bp fragment was identical with rat BDNF cDNA in Gene Bank. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3/BDNF was constructed successfully. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transfection agents screening for chemosynthesis siRNA transfection to primary liver cancer cells Wang Yu-jie, Wu Shao-ju, Wu Qin 2011, 15 (2):  245-248.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.013 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (1047KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: The ideal transfection agent should efficient and low-toxic. OBJECTIVE: To screen transfection agent which efficiently transfect chemosynthesis siRNA to primary liver cancer cells.  METHODS: FAM-siRNA and MDR1 siRNA was transfected to primary liver cancer cells by Lipofectamine RNAiMAX, Lipofectamine 2000 and DharmaFECT1. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by flow cytometer and real time-PCR at 6 and 48 hours after transfection. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of transfection agents in primary liver cancer cells was tested by MTT method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of flow cytometer and real time-PCR indicated that, the transfection efficiency of siRNA tranfection to primary liver cancer cells mediated by RNAiMAX was highest (P < 0.05), which was 70.3% and 71.5%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of RNAiMAX in primary liver cancer cells did not show in MTT detection (P < 0.05). RNAiMAX was suitable to transfect siRNA to primary liver cancer cells because the efficiency of siRNA tranfection to primary liver cancer cells mediated by RNAiMAX was the highest and the cytotoxicity of RNAiMAX in primary liver cancer cells was the lowest. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of serum containing Jinwugutong capsule substances on secretion of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in osteoblasts  Liu Chun-ying, Zheng Wen-kui, Zu Jin-chi, Zhou Yu-juan, Liu Xin-xia, Liu Li, Zhang Zhe 2011, 15 (2):  249-252.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.014 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (1242KB) ( 378 )   Save BACKGROUND: Jinwugutong capsule (JWGTC) has the evident therapeutic effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis, but the specific mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of serum containing JWGTC on expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts. METHODS: Osteoporosis model was made in ovariotomy method. JWGTC was intragastric administrated into ovariectomized rats. The 3rd passage of osteoblast was harvested from 24-hour SD rats and cultured by normal serum, ovariectomized serum and JWGTC treated serum, respectively for 72 hours. ELASA method was used to detect the mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin and RANKL. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the normal serum group, expression of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts of the ovariectomized serum group decreased significantly (P < 0.01), while the RANKL expression increased remarkably (P < 0.05); compared with the ovariectomized serum group, expression of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts of the JWGTC treated serum was increased (P < 0.05), while the expression of RANKL decreased (P < 0.05). JWGTC can prevent and treat osteoporosis by increasing the expression of osteoprotegerin and inhibiting the mRNA expression of RANKL. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Radix Astragali injection on angiogenesis in vitro Yu Peng, Chen Jian-dong, Chen Xiao-hu 2011, 15 (2):  253-256.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.015 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (1232KB) ( 383 )   Save BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis affects by growth factor, Radix Astragali and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have synergistic effect on angiogenesis, but its mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Radix Astragali injection on the mechanism of in vitro angiogenesis by comparing with intervention in a single VEGF. METHODS: Radix Astragali injection and VEGF was cultured with aortic endothelial cells. The promotion of Radix Astragali injection on in vitro angiogenesis was observed by tests of cell proliferation, cell migration and tube formation. The VEGF expression was determined by Western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Radix Astragali injection could promote rat aortic endothelial cell proliferation (P < 0.01), increase the number of migrated cells (P < 0.01), induce aortic endothelial cells increase the number of tube formation, and significantly increase VEGF expression (P < 0.01). The findings demonstrated that, Radix Astragali injection can promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation and has a significant effect on promoting in vitro angiogenesis, which achieved by increasing VEGF expression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of compound radix sophorae flavescentis injection on Hedgehog signaling pathway activation in rat hepatocarcinoma models  Zhu Yan-zhi, Kong Xian-bing, Yan Lang 2011, 15 (2):  257-260.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.016 Abstract ( 239 )   PDF (1146KB) ( 407 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that Hedgehog signalling pathway is activated in human hepatocarcinoma, whether it is also activated in animal hepatocarcinoma remains unclear. Sophora flavescens Ait can inhibit proliferation cycle of hepatoma carcinoma cells. The correlation between Sophora flavescens Ait and Hedgehog signalling pathway remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To study the role of hedgehog signaling pathway activation in artificially induced-SD rat hepatocarcinoma and to investigate the effect of compound radix sophorae flavescentis injection (CRSFI) on hedgehog signaling pathway. METHODS: SD rats were established diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinoma models, and then randomly divided into model group, low-dose CRSFI group and high-dose CRSFI group, at the same time, the control group was established. Rats in the low- and high-dose CRSFI groups were given the treatment of CRSFI concentration for 30 and 90 mg/kg/d, for 3 weeks by intraperitoneal injection at 15 weeks after modeling. The expression of target gene transcription factors Gli2 and transmembrane protein receptor complex Ptch in the hedgehog signaling pathway was detected by immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of Gli2 and Ptch was high expressed in the model, low- and high-dose CRSFI groups compared with the control group (P < 0.01).The results suggest that the hedgehog signaling is abnormally activated in artificially induced-SD rat hepatocarcinoma. The expression of Gli2 and Ptch in Hedgehog signalling pathway is highly positive after treated by different dose CRSFI.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of monocyte ehemoattraetant protein-1 and bone morphogenic protein-7 in pathologic scars   Li Yong-tao, Wang Xi-mei, Liu Lin-bo, Zhang Jian-wen, Yuan De-pin 2011, 15 (2):  261-264.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.017 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (1209KB) ( 381 )   Save BACKGROUND: Monocyte ehemoattraetant protein-1 (MCP-1) has been shown chemotaxis and activation effect on mononuclear/macrophage. As a newly found negative-regulatory factor, bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7) has aroused increasing attention in the treatment of tissue fibrosis. However, the effects of MCP-1 and BMP-7 on tissue fibrosis during pathologic scars remain poorly understood.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of MCP-1 and BMP-7 in pathologic scars. METHODS: SP immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expressions of MCP-1 and BMP-7 in 25 cases of keloid, 30 cases of hypertrophic scars, 24 cases of non-pathologic scar and 20 cases of normal skin tissues. All specimens obtained from plastic surgery patients that had no skin disease, connective disease, infectious disease, malignant tumor and other important viscera diseases, no radiation therapy, laser therapy and immunotherapy before surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Meanwhile, the scar tissues were taken from the patients who were diagnosed clearly by the clinic, and they were confirmed by pathology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The positive rates of MCP-1 in keloid group was higher than that of the hypertrophic scar and normal skin groups (P < 0.05), but the positive rates of BMP-7 was decreased (P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between MCP-1 and BMP-7 expression in pathologic scars (keloid and hypertrophic scars) (r=-0.639, P < 0.01). Results demonstrated that MCP-1 expression up regulated and BMP-7 expression down regulated during development of pathologic scars. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of platelet-derived growth factor beta on in vitro proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells    Lin Jing-guang, Qi Feng, Ge Yi-ming, Han Jie 2011, 15 (2):  265-268.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.018 Abstract ( 238 )   PDF (1248KB) ( 336 )   Save BACKGROUND: Periodontal supporting tissues destroy and attachment losses are the main reasons for tooth loss. Cytokine can promote periodontal tissue regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To research the effect of platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGF-β) in the human periodontal ligament cells proliferation. METHODS: Human fibroblasts were cultured with tissue block method in vitro. The passaged cells were identified by Bosi protein, keratin immunohistochemistry for qualitative analysis. PDGF-β was added to induce periodontal ligament cells proliferation, and the absorbance value was measured by MTT method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cell proliferation was accelerated after adding 10 μg/L PDGF-β factor, the absorbance value of the experimental group was greater than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The findings demonstrated that PDGF-β can promote the proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Human lens epithelial cells respond to basic fibroblast growth factor by ERK1/2 regulated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 Zhang Xue-yan, Liu Yuan-guang, Jia Lin-lin, Zhang Xue-song, Zhang Di, Yang Xiao-tian, Xu Zhi-gang 2011, 15 (2):  269-272.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.019 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (1325KB) ( 331 )   Save BACKGROUND: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) plays an important role in the formation of cataract and promotes the lens epithelium cells proliferation and diffraction to fibroblast cells, but the signal pathway remains poorly understood.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of ERK1/2 signaling pathway in bFGF-induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human lens epithelial cell line HLB-C3. METHODS: Human lens epithelial cell line HLB-C3 was co-incubated with bFGF (10 μg/L) for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours. RT-PCR technique and western blot were used to detect the expressions of COX-2mRNA and protein at different times. Specific ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 was added into the culture of HLB-C3 cells in the block examination for 1 hour, followed by bFGF   (10 μg/L) stimulation for 6 hours. Western blot technique was used to detect phosphorylated ERK1/2 expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of COX-2mRNA and protein was increased significantly after the bFGF stimulation (P < 0.01); The activity of ERK1/2 was reached a peak at 30 minutes after treatment and decreased to base level at 6 hours (P < 0.01); The expression of COX-2 was down-regulated in the PD98059 group in comparison with that in the bFGF group (P < 0.01). bFGF induces the expression of COX-2 in human lens epithelial cell line. The effects are mediated, at least in part, through the activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway which plays an important role in the formation of the posterior capsular cataract. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of aerobic exercise on expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and adiponectin in adipose tissues of insulin resistant mice   Chen Ni, Niu Yan-mei, Su Zhao-peng, Liu Yan-hui, Li Hui-ge, Wang Jia-zhong, Fu Li 2011, 15 (2):  273-276.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.020 Abstract ( 334 )   PDF (1675KB) ( 440 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research has shown that aerobic exercise can affect insulin sensitivity through regulate the expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and related adipokines. But its mechanism has few reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible mechanisms of aerobic exercise improving insulin resistance, study the effect of aerobic exercise on insulin resistant mice by observing the changes of the mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, tumor necrosis factor  (TNF-α) and adiponectin in adipose tissue of insulin resistance C57BL/6 mice. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were fed by high fat diet for 10 weeks to establish animal models of insulin resistance. Then the mice were randomly divided into quiet and exercise groups. The exercise group was acclimatized to the motorized treadmill by running 60 min per day at the intensity of 75% VO2max, for 6 weeks. The expression of PPARγ, adiponectin, TNF-α mRNA and protein in mouse adipose tissues of two groups were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significantly change on the expression of PPARγ mRNA and protein between groups (P > 0.05), but exercise could obviously increased adiponectin expression (P < 0.01), decreased TNF-α expression (P < 0.05), and dramatically decreased serum triacylglycerol and free fatty acid levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The findings demonstrated that, aerobic exercise indirectly regulates adipose tissue insulin sensitivity by regulating PPAR-γ related adipokines expression. Aerobic exercise could significantly enhance insulin sensitivity and attenuates insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of zoledronic acid on osteoprotegerin and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression in rats  Jing Bo, Yin Yun-sheng, Zhang Tao, Wang Xing-yu, Zheng Zhen-yu, Chen Xiao-min, Wen Wei-jing 2011, 15 (2):  277-280.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.021 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (667KB) ( 466 )   Save BACKGROUND: Zoledronic acid is a new generation of diphosphate, which is the third generation of osteoporosis drugs. It is widely used to treat diseases related to increase of bone absorption in clinic. The effect of zoledronic acid on osteoclast has reached consensus, but its effect on osteoblast remains in dispute.   OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of zoledronic acid on the proliferation, differentiation and the mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) of rat osteoblasts. METHODS: The osteoblasts isolated from the calvaria of neonatal SD rats were cultured with different concentrations of zoledronic acid. The final concentration of zoledronic acid in the experimental group ranged from 10-5-10-9 mol/L. At 3, 5, and 7 days after zoledronic acid intervention, MTT colorimetric assay was used to measure the absorbance to detect the effect of zoledronic acid on the proliferation of osteoblasts. p-nitrophenyl phosphate approach method was used to detect the activities of alkaline phosphatase, while RT-PCR was used to detect OPG and TNF-α mRNA expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Zoledronic acid at the concentration of 10-5 mol/L could inhibit the proliferation of osteoblasts, but it had no effect at concentration of 10-7-10-9 mol/L. Zoledronic acid at concentration of 10-5-10-9  mol/L could up-regulate the OPG mRNA expression, but down-regulate TNF-α mRNA expression. Zoledronic acid at low concentration cannot influence the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts; whereas, it can inhibit bone resorption by regulating the OPG and TNF-α mRNA expression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor combined with sodium hyaluronate on endothelial cells in corneal preservation solution Yang Yue, Zhao Min 2011, 15 (2):  281-285.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.022 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (728KB) ( 383 )   Save BACKGROUND: In our previous studies, corneal preservation solution was improved by adding basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) combined with sodium hyaluronate, which be confirmed has effect on maintain endothelial cell activity. OBJECTIVE: To explore effects of bFGF and sodium hyaluronate in corneal preservation solution and effective concentrations, in addition, to evaluate the protect effect of these two materials on corneal endothelial cells. METHODS: 6% glucosan, HEPES buffer solution and antibiotics were added into MEM and M-199 to prepared corneal preservation solution, additionally, bFGF and sodium hyaluronate with different concentrations were added. Simultaneously, control group without bFGF and sodium hyaluronate was established. Cornea of New-Zealand white rabbits preserved in each group were detected by slit-lamp examination, trypan blue-alizarin red staining, and scanning electron microscope at 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after operation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The transparency, endothelial cell activity, microstructure, as well as ultrastructure of the improved corneal preservation solution group were obviously better than those of the other group. Compared among the experimental groups, the high concentration group was superior to the low concentration group. The findings demonstrated that bFGF and sodium hyaluronate in corneal preservation solution can protect corneal endothelial cells, and the effectiveness is related to concentration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Differentially expressed genes in fetal and adult skins Wu Zhi-yuan, Guo Xiao-rui, Huang Hai-hua, Duan Hong-mei, Peng Zhi, Liang Jie 2011, 15 (2):  286-289.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.023 Abstract ( 222 )   PDF (612KB) ( 309 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is the specific phenomenon that scarless fetal skin wound healing after a certain stage of fetal development process, and its mechanism is not yet clear. Research suggests that the fetus in a specific state of developmental biology may be the root cause of this phenomenon. OBJECTIVE: To study human fetal and adult skin of differentially expressed genes and their characteristics and possible biological significance using gene microarray. METHODS: The total DNA and RNA from fetus (gestational age 20-24 weeks) skin and adults (18-48 years old) normal skins were isolated and purified to mRNA by oligotex. They were reversely transcribed to cDNA with the incorporation of fluorescent dTUP to prepare the hybridization probes. Then, the mixed probes were hybridized to the cDNA chip and scanned for the signals and found differences between fetal skin and adult normal skin. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gene chips high-throughput revealed the differential expression of genetic information of the fetal and adult skins. Compared gene expression in normal adult skin, fetal skin, and significant differences in gene expression of 83 genes had clear functions in 26, involving a variety of signal transduction and gene regulation changes. Wound healing lead to excessive scar is a complex pathophysiological process, the presence of genes’ differences between fetal and adult normal skin may lead to fetal wounds heal without scar formation, help to understand the mechanism of the formation of abnormal scars. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of exercise training modes at different work intensities on activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase in rat skeletal muscles   Zhang Min, Chen Li-jun, Zhou Wei 2011, 15 (2):  290-293.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.024 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (1047KB) ( 423 )   Save BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) play key role in aerobic oxidation. However, reports about the effects of different training models and training periods on the activity of IDH and SDH in skeletal muscle have little coverage. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of different training on the activity of IDH and SDH in rat skeletal muscles.  METHODS: According to BEDFORD TG standards, aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise and aerobic and anaerobic cross-training motion models were established using treadmill running at different work intensities. Rats in control group lived in the cages quietly, and all the animals were killed immediately when the exercise training completed. Then the activity of IDH and SDH were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The activity of IDH and SDH were obviously increased at 4 and 6 weeks after treadmill training (P < 0.05). To the cross-training group, they increased after 2 weeks’ training (P < 0.05), however, the activity of IDH and SDH decreased at 4 and 6 weeks after aerobic exercise training (P< 0.05). While to anaerobic exercise group, the activity of IDH and SDH had no significant differences. The present findings demonstrated that, long-time aerobic exercise and short-time aerobic and anaerobic cross-training can protect the activity of IDH and SDH. Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevention of peridural adhesion using autologous fat particles combined with urokinase Cheng Liang, Wang Dong-lai, Zou Tian-ming, Chen Guang-xiang, Wang Ye-feng 2011, 15 (2):  294-297.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.025 Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (1230KB) ( 361 )   Save BACKGROUND: Peridural adhesion easily occurred after laminectomy. There is not an ideal drug or spacer to prevent adhesion. OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of combination of auto-genous fat particle and urokinase on prevention of peridural adhesion. METHODS: Totally 64 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into the model, urokinase, autogenous fat particle and autogenous fat particle + urokinase groups, with 16 animals in each group. Laminectomy was performed on the 5th lumbar segment and the duramater (12 mm × 5 mm) was exposed. The exposed duramater was covered with saline, urokinase (25 U/kg), autogenous fat particle or the combination of autogenous fat particle and urokinase (25 U/kg) in the model, urokinase, autogenous fat particle and autogenous fat particle + urokinase groups, respectively. The specimens were observed grossly and histologically at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. The computed imaging analysis on the area of peridural scar tissue was also performed at 6 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Severe peridural adhesion was formed in the model group, slight adhesion formed in the urokinase and autogenous fat particle groups, but no obvious adhesion formed in the autogenous fat particle + urokinase group. The number of fibroblasts was dramatically lower in the urokinase, autogenous fat particle and autogenous fat particle + urokinase groups than those in the model group (P < 0.05), especially lowest in the autogenous fat particle + urokinase group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the area of peridural scar tissues were significant lower in the urokinase, autogenous fat particle and autogenous fat particle + urokinase groups (P < 0.05), lowest in the autogenous fat particle + urokinase group. The autogenous fat particle combined with the urokinase has the best preventive effect on the peridural adhesion after laminectomy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene transfection on neointima hyperplasia after vascular injury Hu Ping, Sheng Jing, Cai Wen-wei, Lu Ping 2011, 15 (2):  298-301.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.026 Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (1207KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) can inhibit the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is an important factor of the synthesis of NO. However, the effects of eNOS gene transfection on neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in atherosclerosis rats remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To study the inhibition effects of eNOS gene transfection on neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in atherosclerosis rats. METHODS: The common carotid catheter injury model in atherosclerosis rats was established. All animals were divided into blank control, AdCMV-lacz and AdCMV-eNOS groups. Immediately after angioplasty, AdCMV-eNOS or AdCMV-lacZ or PBS was transfected into the injured segment of the common carotid artery for local therapy. Two weeks later, the transfected vascular were obtained to detect expression of eNOS mRNA in cultured smooth muscle cells. And then intimal-media ratio and neointimal hyperplasia were measured at different time points. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The transfected common carotid arteries were confirmed the mRNA expression of eNOS gene in cultured smooth muscle cells. At 1 and 3 months after transfection, the intimal-media ratio was significantly reduced in AdCMV- eNOS transfected group than PBS group or AdCMV-lacZ transfected group (P < 0.01). eNOS gene transfection might strongly inhibit neointima hyperplasia after balloon injury in atherosclerosis rats and reduce arterial restenosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interaction between spinal cord injury and regeneration related gene No 10 protein and thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor 2   Shi Xiao-yan, Lin Yu 2011, 15 (2):  302-305.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.027 Abstract ( 290 )   PDF (1137KB) ( 325 )   Save BACKGROUND: In primary study, we obtained protein interacting with spinal cord injury and regeneration related gene No 10 (SCIRR10), which involving thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (TRH R2). However, the interaction between SCIRR10 and TRH R2 has been validated. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether SCIRR10 has effect on TRH R2 and to certify whether TRH R2 is special receptor of SCIRR10. METHODS: Recombinant plasmid expressing SCIRR10-GFP fusion protein and TRH R2-RFP fusion protein were constructed respectively using RT-PCR. The supernatant of these COS7 cells transfected with SCIRR10-GFP was collected and then added into those COS7 cells transfected with TRH R2-RFP, and later cells was cultured for another 4 hours. Treated cells were washed, fixed with 40 g/L paraformaldehyde, mounted. The results were observed under a laser scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: SCIRR10-GFP could be seen combined with TRH R2-RFP under fluorescence. No similar results could be found in the control group. The results of this experiment and primary studies demonstrated that, TRHR R2 is the receptor of SCIRR10. However, the interaction protein of SCIRR10 has its special ligand. Related Articles | Metrics

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Induction effect of retinoic acid on cell apoptosis and Caspase-3 expression in mouse blastocysts Xiong Yan-e, Zhang Duan-lian 2011, 15 (2):  306-309.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.028 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (1128KB) ( 346 )   Save BACKGROUND: One of the reasons for abnormal development of embryos is the apoptosis induced by retinoic acid, and Caspase-3 mediated apoptosis is the main pathway for apoptosis in mouse blastocysts. OBJECTIVE: To observe apoptosis in mouse blastocyst induced by retinoic acid, and to detected expression of Caspase-3 in mouse blastocysts.  METHODS: Mouse 3.5 days blastocysts were exposed to doses of 0, 1 and 10 μmol/L retinoic acid for 24 hours. Effects of retinoic acid on mouse blastocysts apoptosis was observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and the expression of Caspase-3 were detected by immunohistochemical S-P staining.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Blastocysts apoptosis and Caspase-3 expression could be found in all groups, which was significantly higher in the high dosage group than that in the control and low dosage group (P < 0.01). The results suggest that retinoic acid can promote blastocysts apoptosis and Caspase-3 expression in vitro, confirm its cytotoxic effect on mouse embryos. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of an intermediate-frequency stimulation with low intensity to lumbar sympathetic ganglion on distal skin blood stream in the lower extremity of healthy males Yan Yan-na, Hu Wen-dong, Li Ye, Ma Jin, Wang Bin, Dai Jing 2011, 15 (2):  310-312.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.029 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (544KB) ( 428 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pilots, especially fight pilots, have to maintain a fixed position for a long time, so the scope of legs’ activities is limited, easily causing the bad blood circulation of legs. Thus, it causes muscle soreness and the feeling of tiredness. Previous studies found that intermediate frequency electric can promote local blood circulation significantly. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of low intensity of medium frequency electric stimulating on lumbar osympathetic ganglia of the healthy males, and compare the outcomes with static interferential electrotherapy. METHODS: A total of 39 healthy men were randomly divided into three groups. On the lumbar sympathetic ganglion (T10-L2) placed the electrodes, and above the right ankle 2-cm put laser doppler probe. The current intensity was sensory threshold. The subjects accepted modulated medium frequency current stimulation, static interferential current stimulation, or no stimulation. The skin blood flow after 15 minutes of resting and at the end of electrical stimulation was recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUTION: Compared with the baseline, the amount of blood on distal lower extremity flow of modulated medium frequency current group was increased after the electric stimulating. However, it was decreased in the static interferential current group and the control group, especially the static interferential current group, which was obviously lower than the baseline (P < 0.05). The findings demonstrated that modulated medium frequency current stimulation can improve blood circulation in lower extremity and relieve fatigue caused by a long-time fixed position. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expressions of phosphoinositide-3-kinase, protein kinase B and glucose transporter 4 involved in insulin signal conduction pathway in L6 rat skeletal myoblasts  Ren Xiao-yan, Yan Zhao-li, Hu Kang-hong, Su Xiu-lan, Li Cai-ping, Zhang Jia-ling3 2011, 15 (2):  313-316.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.030 Abstract ( 339 )   PDF (698KB) ( 314 )   Save BACKGROUND: Angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ) can damage the insulin signal in the downstream signaling molecules and induce insulin resistance, but the specific mechanism remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of AngⅡ on proteins involved in insulin signal conduction pathway including phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in L6 rat skeletal myoblasts. METHODS: L6 rat myoblasts cultured and differentiated myotubes and were divided into 4 groups: control group, insulin group, insulin+AngⅡ group and insulin+AngⅡ+H89 group according to AngⅡ or H-89 different interventions. PI3K and PKB mRNA were detected by RT-PCR; expressions of insulin resistance substance 1 (IRS1), Ptyr-IRS1 and GLUT4 (membrane protein) were detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of PI3K mRNA were increased in the insulin, insulin+AngⅡand insulin+AngⅡ+H89 groups than that of the control group (P < 0.05). PKB total mRNA among the 4 groups was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, expressions of IRS1, Ptyr-IRS1 and GLUT4 (membrane protein) were increased in the other three groups (P< 0.05). Ptyr-IRS1 and GLUT4 (membrane protein) expressions in the insulin+AngⅡ+H89 group was lower than those of the insulin group but higher than those of insulin+AngⅡ group (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that: AngⅡ blocks insulin signaling downstream via JAK2-PKA signaling pathway, reduces GLUT4 expression and causes glucose transport hindrance, therefore, induces insulin resistance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different exercise time and methods on the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes Ⅰ and Ⅳ from rat skeletal muscles Guo Yan-qing, Zhang Min, Zhao Xiao-li, Wang Li-yan, Cao Ying, Yu Gong-yuan, Li Hai-dong 2011, 15 (2):  317-320.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.031 Abstract ( 375 )   PDF (613KB) ( 484 )   Save BACKGROUND: Acute violent exercise can result in oxidative stress reaction. Reactive oxygen species mitochondrioa cause oxidative stress and calcium ion over-loading, leading to the function of skeletal muscle and body fatigue. However, the mitochondra can have adaptive changes following long-term regular exercise, which can protect body from damage of over-produced reactive oxygen species.    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different exercise time and methods on the activities of skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain complexesⅠ and Ⅳ. METHODS: A total of 48 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, anaerobic, alternating and aerobic exercise groups. After 2, 4 and 6 weeks of exercising, the rats were sacrificed and skeletal muscle mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes Ⅰ and Ⅳ were measured by spectrophotometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The activitie of complexes Ⅰ and Ⅳ of the aerobic and alternating exercise groups increased with time after exercising, while those of the anaerobic group were increased before 6 weeks, and then decreased afterwards. The results suggest that aerobic exercise can enhance the activities of rat mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes Ⅰ and Ⅳ during endurance exercise. Anaerobic exercise can enhance the activities only in short term. Longer anaerobic exercise may damage mitochondrial complexes, resulting in decreased energy generation and body fatigue. Related Articles | Metrics

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Observation of nail fold microcirculation repaired with a random flap  Shao Hong-bo, Yao Yue-ming, Zhang Qing-fu 2011, 15 (2):  321-324.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.032 Abstract ( 506 )   PDF (605KB) ( 504 )   Save BACKGROUND: Laser Doppler blood perfusion instrument is mostly used to observe random skin flap circulation, but there had been no study addressing a random flap nail fold microcirculation observation, which is a common method for detecting peripheral circulation. OBJECTIVE: The nail fold microcirculation on random flap was observed to understand the flap changes in peripheral microcirculation. METHODS: Totally 23 cases with hand skin defects were treated by free flaps and did not special drug treatment in the Burns and Plastic Surgery, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, were selected and divided into the flap and control groups according to nail fold microcirculation after surgery. The morphology, flow pattern and perivascular tissue of microcirculation at immediately, 7 and 15 days after flap transplantation were observed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Microcirculation immediately after flap transplantation verified in definition, blood flow velocity, erythrocyte aggregation, and leakage, which showed the occurrence of microcirculation disturbance. There were no significant differences between the two groups in erythrocyte aggregation at 7 days after transplantation (P > 0.05); while difference was significant in the definition, blood flow velocity and leakage (P < 0.05). At 15 days after transplantation, there were no significant differences in the definition, blood flow velocity, erythrocyte aggregation and leakage between the two groups (P > 0.05). The findings suggest that, observation of microcirculation of nail fold can display the flap blood supply and provide basis for flap pedicle division in the clinical course of treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of physical health models of the lung and chest based on principal component analysis  Li Ming-yi, Hou Yuan-yuan, Zhou Ping 2011, 15 (2):  325-328.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.033 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (644KB) ( 444 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chest X-ray film is one of important means for diagnosing lung and chest diseases in a clinic, however, large amounts of data processing work bring tremendous pressure. OBJECTIVE: To verify the feasibility of evaluating lung and chest physiological condition with principal component analysis (PCA), proposing the concept of establishing physical health chest lung model during clinical practice. METHODS: Chest X-ray films were collected from 202 healthy adults. Nine experimental projects of each chest were measured with the help of the software MxLiteView. We realized the PCA algorithm and processed the experimental data based on MATLAB. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Principal component variables were obtained by data processing, which can represent physical health of a specific lung and chest region by analysis and evaluation. It is demonstrated that the PCA can be fast and effective in pre-processing and analyzing a large number of X-ray chest physiological data, directly reflect the physical health condition of human lung and chest. The results further confirm the feasibility of establishing lung health screening model. In clinical practice, it will help alleviate the waste of human resources. Related Articles | Metrics

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Plantar pressure distribution in a sitting position under different tensile loads of the upper limbs   Yang Jian-xin, Ma Chao, Zhao Zi-qiang, Tan Cheng, Zhang Chun-lin 2011, 15 (2):  329-332.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.034 Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (604KB) ( 366 )   Save BACKGROUND: Plantar pressure measurement has been widely used in biomechanical gait studies, which mainly concentrated on time features and plantar pressure distribution of people at normal walking or wear different kinds of shoes. OBJECTIVE: To explore the plantar pressure distribution in a sitting position under different tensile loads of the upper limbs.  METHODS: Plantar pressure distribution signals of 40 sitting subjects with different tensile load were recorded using Seat 16/53 mFLEX test system. The plantar pressure distribution of different age and gender under 30%, 50%, 80%, and 100% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) conditions were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under different tensile loads, the plantar pressure value of young male was obviously higher than that of females (P < 0.05). But, the differences were not significant in middle-aged group (P > 0.05). Regardless of gender differences, all participants were shown inhomogenous stress around the plantar. In different load, youth male right plantar pressure was smaller than left, but the young female’s right plantar pressure was significantly greater than the left (P < 0.05). The left plantar pressure of the middle-aged group changed little at 30-80% MVC, but the difference was obviously decreased in 100% MVC (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that both age and sex affect human plantar pressure changes under different tensile loads. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular pathological changes and pathogenesis of lumbar disc degeneration   Xu Bao-shan, Yang Qiang, Xia Qun 2011, 15 (2):  335-338.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.036 Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (581KB) ( 486 )   Save BACKGROUND: The lumbar disc degeneration is a common reason of low back pain. Pathological changes and pathogenesis of lumbar disc degeneration, but has not yet entirely clear. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the research progress on molecular pathological changes and pathogenesis of lumbar disc degeneration. METHODS: Taking “disc histology, disc degenerative disease, disc gene” as search terms, PubMed database was retrieved from 2005 to 2010. Literature about the histological changes and pathogenesis of lumbar disc degeneration was screened. Research progress and results of lumbar disc degeneration were summarized and generalized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 118 literatures related to lumbar disc degeneration were retrieved and 30 of them were included. The results showed that the lumbar disc degeneration is influenced by many factors, including gene hereditary factors, natural aging, accumulative injuries, etc. Gene polymorphism is an important prepositive factor of induced degeneration. Intervertebral disc degeneration can induce degenerative disc disease (DDD) by immunological reaction, mechanical compression or instability, blood circulation disorders, inflammatory mediators and other factors. It is difficult to differentiate aging and degeneration on imageology and pathology, so the reasonable treatment should be adopted according to specific circumstances of DDD. Biological therapy provides a new treatment idea, but research is still in experimental stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of osteoprotegerin and basic fibroblast growth factor in periodontal regeneration He Shi-hai, Chen Qiao-er 2011, 15 (2):  339-342.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.037 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (564KB) ( 383 )   Save BACKGROUND: Combination of osteoprotegerin and basic fibroblast growth factor can improve periodontal regeneration applying tissue engineering and gene therapy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize theoretical basis for applying osteoprotegerin and basic fibroblast growth factor to improve periodontal regeneration. METHODS: Relevant articles in PubMed (1996-2009) and CNKI (1999-2009) were searched by computer with the key words of “osteoprotegerin, basic fibroblast growth factor, tissue engineering, gene therapy, periodontal regeneration”. Articles addressing originality identification, reliability, general analysis, and high correlation were included. Exclusive criteria: repetitive and obsolescent articles. A total of 29 articles were reserved for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: How to obtain periodontal regeneration and to form new attachment is constantly hot spot in oral medicine research. Osteoprotegerin is a key factor in preventing osteoclasts differentiation and promoting bone formation. Basic fibroblast growth factor has extensive effects on embryo development, vascularization, bone restoration, cellular proliferation, and so on. Tissue engineering and gene therapy motivated the studies of periodontal regeneration progress. The selection of osteoprotegerin and basic fibroblast growth factor might be a method of treating periodontal diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Calcineurin transduction pathway on skeletal muscle remodeling He Jie, Qi Zheng-tang, Ding Shu-zhe 2011, 15 (2):  343-346.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.038 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (553KB) ( 414 )   Save BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle remodeling is an adaptive change of morphological structure and metabolic function to response to multiple stimuli. In the past years, the role of Calcineurin (CaN)/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling has aroused increasing attention in skeletal muscle remodeling. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the functions of CaN signaling transduction in metabolic remodeling from anaerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism, myofiber type conversion, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. METHODS: A compute-based online search was performed by the first author ISI Web of knowledge database (1998/2010) with key words were “calcineurin, skeletal muscle, hypertrophy, NFAT, muscle fiber type” in English. The functions of CaN signaling transduction in metabolic remodeling were introduced from anaerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism, myofiber type conversion, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 186 papers had been searched and 33 papers were chosen. The result shows that the activation of CaN/NFAT signaling contributes to the differentiation of myofiber type I and the improvement of aerobic metabolism and endurance, but not only CaN can improve the endurance. CaN/NFAT signaling transduction pathway may regulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy by the activation of utrophin A. Accordingly, calcineurin plays a role in skeletal muscle metabolism, fiber transformation, and hypertrophic remodeling, and modulates adaptive response to stimuli. Related Articles | Metrics

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Membrane proteins of the triad junction and excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscles Ma Guo-zhen, Li Wen-hui, Luo Shuo, Ma Yan-fen 2011, 15 (2):  347-350.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.039 Abstract ( 376 )   PDF (651KB) ( 475 )   Save BACKGROUND: The mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling (E-C coupling) in skeletal muscles and a fast and responsive E-C coupling mechanism directly determine the motor ability. The triad junction, which is the specific structure in skeletal muscles, is the infrastructures of E-C coupling. The membrane proteins in the triads play a key role in the development of the triads, maintaining the normal structural form of the triads and exerting the triadic full functions. OBJECTIVE: To review the research advances of triadic membrane proteins and to summarize the structure and functions of dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), ryanodine receptor, MG29 protein, JP protein, Calumin and STIM1 protein, calsequestrin and TRIC. METHODS: Papers regarding skeletal muscle senescence and power-velocity were searched by computer in databases of CNKI, Duxiu, Elsevier SD and Springer Link from 1980 to 2010. The change laws of skeletal muscle power-velocity with aging and effect of this law on muscle was analyzed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 28 documents were included in this paper. Literature summary showed that, DHPR, ryanodine receptor, MG29 protein, JP protein, Calumin and STIM1 protein, calsequestrin and TRIC doing its own job in skeletal muscles, all of them play an indispensable role in maintaining normal function of skeletal muscles. However, the study of these proteins remains limited, which need further exploration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Role and mechanism of platelet-derived growth factor in cell proliferation and tissue repair   Xie Ai-guo, Liang Hong-wei, Tan Qian 2011, 15 (2):  351-355.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.040 Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (732KB) ( 429 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cell proliferation and tissue repair is a complicated process, accompanied by participation of multiple growth factors, and these factors from a system in which they play their roles not in an independent, but interacting and inter-restricting manner.  OBJECTIVE: To summarize the role and mechanism of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in cell proliferation and tissue repair. METHODS: PubMed, EMbase, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, CNKI, CAJ were retrieved by computer with keywords of “platelet-derived growth factor, cell proliferation, tissue repair”. The language was limited for English and Chinese. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: PDGF is one of the major mitogens and is responsible for proliferation and migration of various cells. PDGF and its receptors located in multiple tissues and cells, which combined with receptors and play its role when the body suffered certain stimulation. Thus, plenty of studies showed that the expression of PDGF gene was increased in the period of surgery or damage repair. The biological characteristics of PDGF have been recognized primarily. The specific mechanism of repair is not clarified and many problems need to be explored in further study. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on muscular fatigue following 5-km military training and the optimal intervention time He Xiao-jun, Ma Min-min, Zhao Wu-wei, Wang Yong, Zhu Min, Gong Shang-feng, Xia Lei, Lei Wen-jing, Xiao Hua 2011, 15 (2):  356-359.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.041 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (648KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: It has been clinically found that often new military students experienced sport injury after 5-km military training. The symptoms mainly include different levels of muscle ache and myoasthenia. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) can improve flexibility of joint and muscles.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect and to explore the optical time that PNF on muscular fatigue among new students experiencing 5-km military training. METHODS: Healthy male new students in a military university were selected and randomized into three groups, who received PNF interventions on muscle around both lower extremities and pelvic girdle prior to or after training, and who with no PNF interventions served as control. The degrees of muscle fatigue and blood biochemistry parameters were precisely observed prior to and at 1, 3, 5 days and after training, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The significant differences about the degree of muscle fatigue and rate of blood biochemistry parameters (myoglobin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase) at 1, 3 and 5 days after training among the three groups were observed (P < 0.01), in which it increased lest in group with PNF interventions beginning after training, next in group with PNF interventions beginning before training, and the most in the control group. Therefore, PNF can reduce the rate of biochemistry parameters and decrease the degree of muscle fatigue on participants after 5-km military training. The result indicates PNF effectively relieve muscle fatigue after intensive physical training and the optical time is to perform PNF right after the training. Related Articles | Metrics

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Associations between matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism R279Q and coronary heart disease in Uighur population of Xinjiang  Wang Lei, Ma Yi-tong, Xie Xiang, Yang Yi-ning, Fu Zhen-yan, Liu Fen, Li Xiao-Mei, Chen Bang-dang 2011, 15 (2):  360-363.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.042 Abstract ( 298 )   PDF (634KB) ( 377 )   Save BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerotic lesion. The potentially functional MMP-9 polymorphisms may contribute to the susceptibility of coronary heart disease (CHD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism (R279Q) and CHD in Uighur population of Xinjiang. METHODS: A total of 362 patients with CHD and 413 control subjects were selected. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) was used to detect the common R279Q polymorphism of the MMP-9 gene. The relationship between the polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene and the severity of coronary arterial stenosis was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The frequencies of RR, RQ and QQ were 34.3%, 42.8% and 22.9% in the CHD group while those were 37.8%, 43.3% and 18.9% in the control group. The RQ+QQ genotype frequency (65.7%, 62.2%) and Q-allele frequency (44.3%, 40.6%) in the CHD group and control group showed not statistically significant differences, respectively (x2=1.04, P=0.31; χ2=2.26, P=0.13). The frequencies of RQ and QQ genotypes of the R279Q polymorphism were not statistically different among CHD patients with one, two and three or more significantly diseased vessels (χ2=0.61,P=0.74). The findings suggest no significant association was found between R279Q polymorphism and CHD in Uighur population of Xinjiang. Related Articles | Metrics

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Laparoscopic versus open surgery effects on sexual function and bladder function of patients with rectal cancer: A systematic review   Wu Zhong-liang, Yao Nan, Yi Kang, Zheng Peng 2011, 15 (2):  364-367.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.043 Abstract ( 319 )   PDF (603KB) ( 465 )   Save BACKGROUND: The laparoscopic surgery exhibit superiority to traditional open surgery in safety and effectiveness in the treatment of rectal cancer, but it may result in sexual and bladder functional disorders. Whether traditional open surgery can lead to sexual and bladder functional disorders remain in dispute.  OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of laparoscopic and open surgery on sexual function and bladder function in treatment of rectal cancer. METHODS: Literatures related to randomized controlled trials in English and Chinese on the comparison between the sexual function and bladder function after laparoscopic and open surgery in rectal cancer from EMbase, PubMed, CJFD, CBM, Wanfang, CSFD Data were extracted and methodological quality were evaluated by two reviewers independently with designed extraction form. The Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 5.0 software was used for data analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 3 studies involving 347 patients were included. The results of meta-analyses showed that, there were not significantly different between the laparoscopic and open surgery for rectal cancer in overall sexual function and bladder function, but the results required further investigation.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta analysis of trimetazidine in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy  Gong Ren, Huang Xiao, Wu Yan-qing 2011, 15 (2):  368-372.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.044 Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (973KB) ( 399 )   Save BACKGROUND: Trimetazidine has shown safety and efficacy in the treatment of ischemic heart disease, whether it has similar effect on treating dilated cardiomyopathy remains unclear.  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Trimetazidine in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Cochrane, PubMed, Medline and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched for the literatures on the clinical trials of Trimetazidine in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy using key words of “Trimetazidine, dilated cardiomyopathy”. A manual search of those trials was simultaneously performed. A meta-analysis was conducted on the outcomes of the included trials with the assistance of RevMan 4.2.2 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 6 of the randomized controlled trials including 339 patients were analyzed, and 1 study was of high methodological quality. Meta-analysis indicated that, compared with control group, the rehospitalization rate of the Trimetazidine group was decreased, OR=0.21(95% CI, 0.07-0.59)> 0, Z value was 2.98 (P=0.003), mortality declined OR=0.14(95% CI, 0.03-0.69)> 0, Z value was 2.43 (P=0.01), and the walking distance increased, OR=57.27(95% CI, 46.17-72.38)> 0, Z value was 8.86 (P < 0.000 01). The left ventricular ejection fraction of the Trimetazidine group was greater the control group (conventional therapy group) at the end of follow-up, OR=2.44(95% CI, 0.89-3.99)> 0, Z value was 3.08 (P < 0.002), and the left ventricular end diastolic diameter was obviously minificated, OR=-1.42 (95% CI, -5.06 to -3.18)< 0, Z value was 8.57 (P < 0.000 01). These findings demonstrated that, it is safe and effective to treat dilated cardiomyopathy using Trimetazidine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of global cerebral ischemia combined with intrathecal catheterization models in Sprague-Dawley rats Mao Hai-feng, Chen Jia-qin 2011, 15 (2):  373-376.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.045 Abstract ( 248 )   PDF (340KB) ( 326 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury can result in irreversible neuronal function loss, whereas intrathecal administration of analgesia and neuroprotective drugs has been frequently used in the clinic. The animal models undergoing intrathecal administration of neuroprotective substances after cerebral injury are the basis of studies on the effects of neuroprotective substances. OBJECTIVE: To establish animal models of global cerebral ischemia combined with intrathecal catheterization for drug admistration. METHODS: Global cerebral ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion method and intrathecal catheterization was performed. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups with 10 rats per group: sham-surgery, model, and huwena toxin-Ⅰ (HWTX-Ⅰ). Rat models of global cerebral ischemia were established and intrathecal catheterization for drug administration was performed in the model and HWTX-Ⅰ groups. After model establishment, rats from the HWTX-Ⅰ group received HWTX-Ⅰ(1.0 µL/kg), and rats from the model group received the same amount of physiological saline. At 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion, Nissl staining was performed to observe the morphological changes of pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal CA1 region. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the sham-surgery group, numerous pyramidal neurons were densely and orderly arranged, endochylema was blue-stained, and Nissl body staining was even. In the HWTX-Ⅰ group, pyramidal neurons were orderly arranged, sparsely distributed, and some neuronal bodies were atrophic and darkly stained. In the model group, pyramidal neurons were disorderly arranged, and sparsely distributed in the whole CA1 region; in addition, a large number of neurons were atrophic and darkly stained. There was a larger degree of morphological change of hippocampal CA1 region pyramidal neurons in the HWTX-Ⅰ group than in the model group. Results indicate that rat models of global cerebral ischemia combined with intrathecal catheterization were successfully established. Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomic structure of the mandibular canal Bu Ling-xue, Wang Ke, Chen Xin, Wang Yan-hui, Yang Xue-cai, Li Ning-yi 2011, 15 (2):  377-380.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.02.046 Abstract ( 635 )   PDF (324KB) ( 460 )   Save BACKGROUND: In mandibular posterior dental implantation, injury to the inferior alveolar nerve sometimes occurs because of mandibular canal going across mandibular body. This restricts the use of dental implantation at this site. Therefore, it is essential to understand the anatomic structure of inferior alveolar nerve canal in mandibular posterior dental implantation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the intramandibular course of and anatomic structure of inferior alveolar nerve canal. METHODS: Fifteen adult complete mandible specimens with teeth and 4 fresh mandible arterial infusion specimens were researched. All the specimens had complete dentition and there were no obvious absorption in alveolar bone. The course of inferior alveolar nerve canal and its dimension including transverse and longitudinal diameters of mandibular canal and the distance between mandibular canal and mandible each side (superior, inferior, buccal and lingual side) were measured in 15 adult mandibles with teeth. The relationship between blood vessels and nerve of the canal was observed in 4 fresh arterial infusion specimens. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The distance between the medial border of the mandibular canal and the lingual wall was shorter than that of the lateral wall of the mandibular canal to the buccal wall (P < 0.01); The length from the upper wall of mandibiular canal to the top of the alveolar ridge was longer than that of the inferior border of the mandibular canal to the inferior border of the mandible (P < 0.01). The longitudinal diameter was smaller than the transverse diameter (P < 0.05), namely, the cross section of the mandibular canal was an ellipse with a longer longitudinal diameter. There was no significant difference between the transverse and longitudinal diameters of the canal in the anterior and posterior teeth region of the mandible. The inferior alveolar nerve and its associated blood vessels were located within a nervous vascular bunch in the mandibular canals. In every fresh specimen the blood vessels lay above the nerve. There were small branches of blood vessels surrounding the nerve. The mandibular canal ran towards the lingual side and was close to the inferior margin of the mandible.  Related Articles | Metrics