中国组织工程研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (10): 1593-1602.doi: 10.12307/2023.277

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

干细胞对视网膜神经节细胞再生的保护作用

张春丽1,刘景晨2,周文杰1,俞永珍1,汤翠翠1,邹秀兰1,邹玉平1   

  1. 1中国人民解放军南部战区总医院眼科,广东省广州市   510010;2江西省中西医结合医院,江西中医药大学第四附属医院眼科,江西省南昌市   330003
  • 收稿日期:2022-04-02 接受日期:2022-05-21 出版日期:2023-04-08 发布日期:2022-09-09
  • 通讯作者: 邹玉平,博士,教授,主任医师,中国人民解放军南部战区总医院眼科,广东省广州市 510010
  • 作者简介:张春丽,女,1987年生,广西壮族自治区玉林市人,汉族,2010年桂林医学院毕业,主治医师,主要从事玻璃体视网膜疾病研究。
  • 基金资助:
    广东省医学科研基金(A2021377),项目负责人:张春丽;广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A1515011732),项目负责人:邹玉平;广州市科技计划项目(202002030413),项目负责人:邹玉平

Protective effect of stem cells on retinal ganglion cell regeneration

Zhang Chunli1, Liu Jingchen2, Zhou Wenjie1, Yu Yongzhen1, Tang Cuicui1, Zou Xiulan1, Zou Yuping1   

  1. 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong Province, China; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330003, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Received:2022-04-02 Accepted:2022-05-21 Online:2023-04-08 Published:2022-09-09
  • Contact: Zou Yuping, MD, Professor, Chief physician, Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong Province, China
  • About author:Zhang Chunli, Attending physician, Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, No. A2021377 (to ZCL); Specific Fund Program for Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province, No. 2019A1515011732 (to ZYP); Guangzhou Science and Technology Program Project, No. 202002030413 (to ZYP)

摘要:

文题释义:
干细胞:是体内细胞起源的最原始细胞,具有多向分化的潜能,并能以非对称性分裂方式进行持续自我更新的细胞群。
视神经保护:是指通过药物、神经营养因子、免疫和基因治疗等方式,阻止并延缓视网膜神经节细胞的凋亡和轴突退化、提高细胞的存活率,使其功能得以维持和恢复。

背景:视网膜神经节细胞的损害是不可逆性视力丧失的重要原因,干细胞在此类疾病的治疗研究中显示出巨大的潜力,但关于干细胞与眼部组织关系、发挥视神经保护机制的综合性描述较少。
目的:从干细胞来源及其对视网膜神经节细胞功能维持的作用出发,阐述干细胞在视网膜神经节细胞保护和再生研究中的作用与进展。
方法:以“干细胞、视网膜前体细胞、视网膜祖细胞、转分化”与“视网膜神经节细胞、视网膜退行、视网膜变性”为中文关键词在万方和中国知网数据库中进行检索,以“stem cell,retinal precursor cell,retinal progenitor cell,trans differentiation”与“retinal ganglion cell,RGC,retinal degeneration”为英文关键词,分别在PubMed数据库中搜索,最终按入组标准纳入文献102篇进行综述分析。
结果与结论:①哺乳动物眼内存在着视网膜干细胞和视网膜祖细胞,但其数量稀少、分化潜能受到限制,导致眼内视网膜神经节细胞的再生能力低下。②体外培养显示眼内组织中有多种细胞能直接分化为视网膜神经节细胞、另外部分细胞具有重编程为视网膜干细胞的潜能,寻找促进这些细胞增殖、分化及重编程的条件可极大地促进视网膜神经节细胞的眼内再生。③由于目前技术的限制,眼外干细胞的视网膜神经节细胞再生需经体外培养、诱导分化及手术再植入眼内等多个过程,步骤繁琐,但由于眼外干细胞的来源广泛、细胞数量众多,仍是视网膜神经节细胞再生研究的重点。④干细胞可提高受损视网膜神经节细胞的存活率并维持细胞的功能,通过表达神经营养因子、降低炎症反应、改善缺血、促进其他细胞重编程为视网膜干细胞等机制是干细胞发挥视神经保护作用的基础。⑤在干细胞为基础的视网膜神经节细胞再生研究中,存在着肿瘤形成的风险、移植细胞缺乏附着且整合到宿主视网膜中较为困难、免疫排斥和移植细胞死亡等不足,以及部分细胞在使用过程中存在着伦理问题的限制,需要寻找合适的解决方案。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7694-8194 (张春丽) ;https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-912X (邹玉平)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程

关键词: 干细胞, 视网膜祖细胞, 视神经, 视网膜神经节细胞, 分化, 玻璃体腔注射, 视神经再生, 视神经保护

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Damage to retinal ganglion cells is an important cause of irreversible vision loss, and stem cells have shown a great potential in therapeutic research for the treatment of such diseases, but there are fewer comprehensive descriptions of the relationship between stem cells and ocular tissues and the mechanisms of optic nerve protection.  
OBJECTIVE: To describe the progress of stem cell research in retinal ganglion cell protection and regeneration from the source of stem cells and their role in the maintaining of retinal ganglion cell function.
METHODS:  “Stem cells, retinal precursor cells, retinal progenitor cells, transdifferentiation” and “retinal ganglion cells, retinal degeneration” were used as Chinese keywords to search in the Wanfang database and CNKI database. “Stem cell, retinal precursor cell, retinal progenitor cell, trans differentiation” and “retinal ganglion cell, RGC, retinal degeneration” were used as English keywords to search in the PubMed database. Finally, 102 articles were included for analysis according to the inclusion criteria.  
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Retinal stem cells and retinal progenitor cells are present in the mammalian eye, but their scarcity and restricted differentiation potential result in a low regenerative capacity of retinal ganglion cells in the eye. (2) In vitro cultures have shown that many cells in intraocular tissues can differentiate directly into retinal ganglion cells and some have the potential to reprogram into retinal stem cells. Finding conditions that promote the proliferation, differentiation, and reprogramming of these cells could greatly facilitate the intraocular regeneration of retinal ganglion cells. (3) Due to the limitations of current technology, the regeneration of retinal ganglion cells from extraocular stem cells requires multiple processes such as ex vivo culture, induction of differentiation, and surgical reimplantation into the eye. Although the steps are tedious, extraocular stem cells are still the focus of research on retinal ganglion cell regeneration due to their wide source and a large number of cells. (4) Stem cells increase the survival rate of damaged retinal ganglion cells and maintain cell function. Mechanisms such as expression of neurotrophic factors, reduction of the inflammatory response, improvement of ischemia, and promotion of reprogramming of other cells into retinal stem cells are the basis for the optic neuroprotective role of stem cells. (5) In stem cell-based research on retinal ganglion cell regeneration, there are shortcomings such as the risk of tumor formation, the lack of attachment of transplanted cells and the difficulty of integrating them into the host retina, immune rejection, death of transplanted cells, and ethics-related issues that need to be addressed to find an appropriate solution.

Key words: stem cell, retinal progenitor cell, optic nerve, retinal ganglion cell, differentiation, intravitreal injection, optic nerve regeneration, optic nerve protection

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