中国组织工程研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (29): 4734-4740.doi: 10.12307/2024.566

• 生物材料综述 biomaterial review • 上一篇    下一篇

骨免疫调节特性骨组织工程支架在修复骨缺损中的应用和发展

周宇翔1,沈烈军2,万诗雨3,柴璐渝1,逄人奇1,李登顺4,王  鑫5,李展振1,2   

  1. 1江西中医药大学,江西省南昌市  330004;2舟山定海广华医院,浙江省舟山市  316000;3广州中医药大学,广东省广州市  511400;4江西中医药大学科技学院,江西省南昌市  330004;5解放军总医院,北京市  100028
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-09 接受日期:2023-11-27 出版日期:2024-10-18 发布日期:2024-03-23
  • 通讯作者: 李展振,硕士生导师,江西中医药大学,江西省南昌市 330004;浙江舟山定海广华医院,浙江省舟山市 316000 王鑫,骨科博士,硕士生导师,解放军总医院,北京市 100028
  • 作者简介:周宇翔,男,1997年生,江西省九江市人,汉族,江西中医药大学创新基地学院在读硕士,主要从事骨伤科研究。
  • 基金资助:
    浙江省卫生健康科技计划(2022KY1372),项目负责人:沈烈军;舟山市医药卫生科技计划(2022YA16),项目负责人:沈烈军

Application and development of bone tissue engineering scaffolds with bone immune regulatory properties in repairing bone defects

Zhou Yuxiang1, Shen Liejun2, Wan Shiyu3, Chai Luyu1, Pang Renqi1, Li Dengshun4, Wang Xin5, Li Zhanzhen1, 2   

  1. 1Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; 2Zhoushan Dinghai Guanghua Hospital, Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang Province, China; 3Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 511400, Guangdong Province, China; 4College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; 5Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China
  • Received:2023-10-09 Accepted:2023-11-27 Online:2024-10-18 Published:2024-03-23
  • Contact: Li Zhanzhen, Master’s supervisor, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; Zhoushan Dinghai Guanghua Hospital, Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang Province, China Wang Xin, MD, Master’s supervisor, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China
  • About author:Zhou Yuxiang, Master candidate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Zhejiang Provincial Health Science and Technology Plan, No. 2022KY1372 (to SLJ); Zhoushan Medical Health Science and Technology Plan, No. 2022YA16 (to SLJ)

摘要:


文题释义:

骨免疫调节:指通过介导免疫细胞和骨细胞之间的相互作用,促进骨免疫微环境的平衡,以加快骨再生的新策略。
骨组织工程支架:是一类借助生物材料通过增材制造技术制备的具有良好生物特性的人工骨修复材料,具有高度个性化和功能化等特点,在骨修复领域获得广泛关注。


背景:在使用骨支架修复骨缺损时,注意骨免疫反应的调节对骨再生具有重要意义。

目的:综述骨免疫反应对骨修复的影响和具有调节骨免疫功能的骨组织工程支架的设计和其在骨修复中的应用。
方法:从Science Direct、PubMed、Web of Science与中国知网数据库中检索1973-2023年发表的相关文献。英文检索词:“Osteoimmunology,Macrophages,Bone repair materials,Bone scaffold,Bone defects,Bone regeneration”;中文检索词:“骨免疫,巨噬细胞,骨修复材料,骨支架,骨缺损,骨再生”,对筛选出该领域最新研究进展的80篇文献进行归纳分析。

结果与结论:①文章详细梳理了骨免疫的起源和发展进程中的重要时间点,并阐述了巨噬细胞作为骨免疫调控体系中重要成员,可分为M1(促炎)和M2(抗炎)两类表型,并在骨再生的不同时期发挥着关键作用。在炎症期,M1型巨噬细胞一方面能激活破骨细胞,启动组织修复进程,同时参与骨内微血管网的重建,另一方面炎症后期的骨组织再生过程中,持续高表达M1型巨噬细胞会阻碍新骨形成;而在修复期,M2型巨噬细胞一方面可分泌成骨细胞因子,刺激骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化和矿化,进而促进骨形成,另一方面,长期激活的M2型巨噬细胞会增加促纤维化分子的分泌,导致瘢痕组织的过度形成,从而延迟愈合过程。因此调控巨噬细胞在适宜的阶段进行表型转换,构建有益于成骨的免疫微环境对骨再生意义巨大。②在设计具备骨免疫调控特性的骨支架过程中,可通过改变支架粗糙度、孔隙结构、刚度、亲水性、表面电荷、表面官能团等理化性质影响非特异性蛋白质和细胞黏附,从而影响骨支架与免疫系统的相互作用。而将羟基磷灰石,生物活性玻璃、金属离子、细胞外基质、药物、细胞因子和外泌体等生物活性物质进行表面功能涂层设计,则可在植入机体之后通过释放生物活性物质,主动调控免疫微环境,影响巨噬细胞极化和巨噬细胞与骨骼细胞之间的串扰,促进巨噬细胞更多的M2极化,构建出有利于骨再生的骨免疫微环境。③基于骨组织工程支架的研发,除了关注干细胞成骨分化的直接调控因素外,还应注重对干细胞分化的免疫微环境的管理,通过调控适宜的骨免疫微环境,诱导更多的干细胞成骨分化,增强支架的成骨效能,并凝练出“骨免疫调节特性”的理念,深入阐明了骨免疫微环境的多向调节作用并介绍了现有改变支架理化性能和表面功能涂层策略赋予支架骨免疫调控潜能的策略,为指导新一代具有骨免疫调控特性的骨组织工程支架的研发提供新思路。但是骨免疫微环境是一个动态平衡状态,现有研究的调控策略多数未顾虑到调控的动态匹配性,因此针对具有高效且靶向调控免疫微环境的智能骨免疫调控支架的研发,是未来学者研究的重点关注方向。

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9867-5410(周宇翔);https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9971-3813(李展振);https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7930-073X(王鑫)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:生物材料;骨生物材料口腔生物材料纳米材料缓释材料材料相容性组织工程

关键词: 骨免疫, 免疫系统, 骨骼系统, 巨噬细胞, 成骨细胞, 破骨细胞, 骨修复材料, 骨支架, 骨缺损, 骨重建

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Careful regulation of bone immune response during repair of bone scaffold is important for bone regeneration.
OBJECTIVE: To review the influence of bone immune response on bone repair and the design of bone tissue engineering scaffold with regulating bone immune function and its application in bone repair.
METHODS: Relevant articles published from 1973 to 2023 were retrieved from Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. English search terms were “osteoimmunology, macrophages, bone repair materials, bone scaffold, bone defects, bone regeneration”. Chinese search terms were “bone immunity, macrophages, bone repair material, bone stent, bone defect, bone regeneration”. Totally 80 articles of the latest research progress in this field were summarized and analyzed. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A detailed review was conducted on the important time points in the origin and development process of bone immunity, and it was explained that macrophages, as important members of the bone immune regulatory system, can be divided into two phenotypes: M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory), and play a key role in different stages of bone regeneration. During the inflammatory phase, M1 type macrophages can activate osteoclasts, initiate tissue repair processes, and participate in the reconstruction of bone microvascular networks. On the other hand, during the bone tissue regeneration process in the later stages of inflammation, sustained high expression of M1 type macrophages can hinder the formation of new bones. During the repair phase, M2 macrophages can secrete osteogenic cytokines, stimulate osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and promote bone formation. On the other hand, long-term activation of M2 macrophages can increase the secretion of fibrogenic molecules, leading to excessive formation of scar tissue and delaying the healing process. Therefore, regulating macrophages to undergo phenotype transformation at appropriate stages and constructing an immune microenvironment beneficial for osteogenesis has great significance for bone regeneration. (2) In the process of designing bone scaffolds with bone immune regulation characteristics, the physical and chemical properties such as scaffold roughness, pore structure, stiffness, hydrophilicity, surface charge, and surface functional groups can be changed to affect non-specific protein and cell adhesion, thereby affecting the interaction between bone scaffolds and the immune system. By designing surface functional coatings of bioactive substances such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, metal ions, extracellular matrix, drugs, cytokines, and exosomes, the immune microenvironment can be actively regulated by releasing bioactive substances after implantation into the body, affecting macrophage polarization and crosstalk between macrophages and bone cells, and promoting more M2 polarization of macrophages, so as to build a bone immune microenvironment that is conducive to bone regeneration. (3) Based on the research and development of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, in addition to focusing on the direct regulatory factors of stem cell osteogenic differentiation, this article also proposes that attention should be paid to the management of the immune microenvironment of stem cell differentiation. By regulating the appropriate bone immune microenvironment, more stem cell osteogenic differentiation can be induced; the osteogenic efficiency of the scaffold can be enhanced, and the concept of “bone immune regulatory characteristics” can be condensed; deeply elucidated the multi-directional regulatory role of the bone immune microenvironment and introduced the existing strategies for changing the physicochemical properties and surface functional coating of scaffolds to endow them with bone immune regulatory potential, providing new ideas for guiding the development of a new generation of bone tissue engineering scaffolds with bone immune regulatory characteristics. However, the bone immune microenvironment is a dynamic equilibrium state, and most of the existing regulatory strategies do not consider the dynamic matching of regulation. Therefore, the research and development of intelligent bone immune regulatory scaffolds with efficient and targeted regulation of the immune microenvironment will be a key focus of attention for scholars in future.

Key words: bone immunity, immune system, skeletal system, macrophage, osteoblast, osteoclast, bone repair material, bone scaffold, bone defect, bone reconstruction

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