中国组织工程研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (3): 453-460.doi: 10.12307/2023.048

• 生物材料综述 biomaterial review • 上一篇    下一篇

纳米粒子肾靶向的影响因素及机制

李  珍1,2,刘宏宝2   

  1. 1陕西中医药大学,陕西省咸阳市  712046;2空军军医大学唐都医院肾脏内科,陕西省西安市  710038
  • 收稿日期:2021-06-28 接受日期:2021-08-04 出版日期:2023-01-28 发布日期:2022-06-01
  • 通讯作者: 刘宏宝,副主任医师,副教授,研究生导师,空军军医大学唐都医院肾脏内科,陕西省西安市 710038
  • 作者简介:李珍,女,1994年生,陕西省商洛市人,汉族,陕西中医药大学在读硕士,主要从事肾病基础与临床研究工作。
  • 基金资助:
    唐都医院创新发展计划(2021QYJC-001),项目负责人:刘宏宝;唐都医院创新发展基金(2019QYTS003),项目负责人:刘宏宝

Influencing factors and mechanism of nanoparticle renal targeting

Li Zhen1, 2, Liu Hongbao2   

  1. 1Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China; 2Department of Nephrology, Tang Du Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
  • Received:2021-06-28 Accepted:2021-08-04 Online:2023-01-28 Published:2022-06-01
  • Contact: Liu Hongbao, Associate chief physician, Associate professor, Master’s supervisor, Department of Nephrology, Tang Du Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
  • About author:Li Zhen, Master candidate, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Nephrology, Tang Du Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Innovation and Development Plan of Tang Du Hospital, No. 2021QYJC-001 (to LHB); Innovation and Development Fund of Tang Du Hospital, No. 2019QYTS003 (to LHB)

摘要:

文题释义:
纳米粒子:纳米粒子是一类以天然或人工合成的高分子材料为载体的胶体微粒,因其灵活可变的物理化学表征如粒径、表面电荷、亲疏水性及形状等都会影响其在细胞或组织中的分布。
肾靶向:选择性地将药物靶向输送到肾脏,不仅能增强药物对局部肾脏的治疗效果,而且降低药物的肾外毒性,减轻副反应。

背景:治疗肾脏疾病的药物在体内可很快被清除,很难以足够的量到达肾脏,而且存在全身副反应及反复发作等问题,纳米粒子在靶向输送药物方面受到越来越多的关注,目前关注其影响因素和潜在机制的研究不断增多。
目的:归纳总结纳米粒子肾靶向的影响因素和潜在机制。
方法:应用计算机在PubMed和中国知网数据库检索涉及纳米粒子肾靶向性药物递送系统的相关研究,英文检索词为“Nanoparticles,kidney target”,中文检索词为“肾靶向”。检索文献发表时间为2016年6月至2021年6月。 
结果与结论:①纳米粒子携带负电荷、纵横比较高的、水溶性较强、柔韧性高、密度高、一定剂量、静脉给药途径、仿生功能化模拟、表面修饰适配体抗体等片段都是增加肾靶向积聚的因素。②影响被动靶向的因素尺寸和电荷与肾脏自身的机械屏障和电荷屏障有关。③影响主动靶向的因素和纳米粒子与适配体、抗体片段、肽相连接有关,潜在机制是这些聚合物与肾小管上的特异性受体相结合,以达到主动靶向的目的。④影响纳米粒子肾靶向循环半衰期因素的潜在机制包括:纳米粒子进入体内可实现内小体/溶酶体逃逸;纳米粒子紧凑折叠的结构暴露酶/蛋白减少,肝脏隔离,形成蛋白质晕圈机会减少;水溶性强的可以被共轭或吸收到纳米粒子表面,形成电晕,提供空间稳定;柔韧性更强的丝状纳米粒子与流体对齐,柔性尾部逃避巨噬细胞的接触,并被水动力剪切力所吸引,从而逃脱内化;密度较高的纳米粒子循环更慢,导致较慢的肾清除;静脉给药途径、丝氨酸修饰都可以增加纳米粒子在肾脏的靶向积聚。⑤虽然肾靶向纳米粒子在非肿瘤肾脏疾病的影像学诊断、急性肾损伤、肾纤维化、多囊肾、肾小球肾炎及肾病综合征治疗中都已有初步的研究,但均处于动物实验阶段,未来将这些研究成果应用于临床还有很大的挑战。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1283-4956 (刘宏宝)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:生物材料;骨生物材料口腔生物材料纳米材料缓释材料材料相容性组织工程

关键词: 纳米粒子, 肾脏结构, 循环半衰期, 肾靶向, 药物递送系统, 纳米医学, 肾脏疾病, 特异性

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Drugs for treating kidney diseases can be quickly eliminated in the body, and it is difficult to reach the kidney in sufficient quantity. Moreover, there are systemic side effects, repeated attacks and other problems. Nanoparticles have attracted more and more attention in targeted drug delivery. At present, there are more and more researches focusing on its influencing factors and potential mechanisms.
OBJECTIVE: To sum up the influencing factors and potential mechanisms of nanoparticle renal targeting.
METHODS: The related research on nanoparticle kidney-targeted drug delivery system was searched on PubMed and CNKI databases by computer. The English search terms were “Nanoparticles, kidney target” and the Chinese search terms were “kidney target”. The retrieval time was from June 2016 to June 2021.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Nanoparticles with negative charge, high aspect ratio, strong water solubility, high flexibility, high density, certain dose, intravenous administration route, bionic functional simulation, surface modified aptamer antibody and other fragments are all factors that increase the targeted accumulation of kidney. (2) Factors affecting passive targeting, such as size and charge, are related to the mechanical barrier and charge barrier of kidney itself. (3) The factors affecting active targeting are related to the connection of nanoparticles with aptamers, antibody fragments and peptides. The potential mechanism is that these polymers combine with specific receptors on renal tubules to achieve the purpose of active targeting. (4) The potential mechanisms of factors affecting the half-life of nanoparticles in renal targeted circulation include: nanoparticles entering the body can realize the escape of endosomes/lysosomes. The compact folded structure of nanoparticles exposes less enzymes/proteins, isolates the liver, and reduces the chance of forming protein halo. Strong water solubility can be conjugated or absorbed to the surface of nanoparticles to form corona and provide spatial stability. The filamentous nanoparticles with stronger flexibility are aligned with the fluid, and the flexible tail escapes the contact of macrophages and is attracted by hydrodynamic shear force, thus escaping internalization. Higher density nanoparticles circulate more slowly, resulting in slower kidney clearance. Intravenous administration and serine modification can increase the targeted accumulation of nanoparticles in kidney. (5) Although there have been preliminary studies on the imaging diagnosis of non-tumor kidney diseases, acute kidney injury, renal fibrosis, polycystic kidney, glomerulonephritis, and nephrotic syndrome, they are still in the stage of animal experiment, and there are still great challenges in applying these results to clinical practice in the future. 

Key words: nanoparticle, kidney structure, circulating half-life, kidney targeting, drug delivery system, nanomedicine, kidney disease, specificity

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