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12 March 2015, Volume 19 Issue 11 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Vascularized fibular graft for repair of large segmental bone defects in the extremities Li Yuan-hui, Yang Yun-fa, Hu Han-sheng, Zhang Guang-ming, Yu Sheng-hua, Zeng Mian-dong, Fan Zhen-bo 2015, 19 (11):  1641-1646.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.001 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (749KB) ( 507 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vascularuzed fibular graft is one of the effective methods for repair of large segmental bone defects in the extremities OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effects of vascularized fibular graft for repairing large segmental bone defects in the extremities. METHODS: Twenty-eight non-malignant patients who received vascularized fibular graft for repairing large segmental bone defects in the extremities and were followed up for more than 20 months were enrolled. After lesion removal, vascularized fibula bone graft was used to repair the bone defects. If cases combined with soft tissue defects, fibula flap or anterolateral thigh flap was adopted.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All patients were followed up for 20 months to 6 years. The grafted bones were healed with the surrounding bone at 3-8 months after fibula bone grafting. The grafted bone was enlarged near to the diameter of recipient bone at 10-22 months after grafting. Based on the Enneking system, the average score of large segmental tibia bone defects was 24.2 points with 81% limb function recovered and 94.1% patient satisfaction; the average score of large segmental femur bone defects was 26.3 points with 87.7% limb function recovered and 100% patient satisfaction; the average score of large segmental bone defects of the distal radius and ulna was 21.75 points with 72.5% limb function recovered and 100% patient satisfaction. These findings reveal that vascularized fibular graft for repairing large segmental bone defects in extremities can effectively promote bone healing and reduce disability, infection, amputation rate; moreover, patients are satisfied with the postoperative recovery of limb function. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of nux vomica on fracture healing in rabbits   Li Chang-lei, Ma Bao-miao, Liu Wei, Chen Xiao-qing, Yi Hui-ling, Shu Xi-ji 2015, 19 (11):  1647-1651.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.002 Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (801KB) ( 611 )   Save BACKGROUND: The main active ingredient of nux vomica is total alkaloids that can activate meridian to stop pain, reduce swelling, excite stomach and cool blood, and also have some pharmacological effects on the nervous system and cardiovascular system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of nux vomica on the fracture healing process of experimental rabbits. METHODS: Rabbit models of radius fracture were established and then randomized into drug administration group and control group, with 10 animals in each group. At room temperature, the nux vomica powder mixed suspension was administrated into the rabbits in the drug administration group, while the normal saline was administrated into the rabbits in the control group, once a day. X-ray examination was performed at 7, 14, 28 days after administration to compare the fracture healing between the two groups. Blood samples from ear vein were taken at 14 and 28 days after drug administration for serological comparison to analyze the concentration changes of serum alkaline phosphatase and trace elements including Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Rabbit bone X-ray examinations results showed that compared with the control group, the fracture healing of the drug administration group was faster. The concentration of serum alkaline phosphatase of rabbits in the drug administration group at 14 days and 28 days after drug administration were higher than that before drug administration and in the control group at the same time respectively (P < 0.05). The serum Fe concentration of rabbits in the control group at 28 days after normal saline administration was higher than that before normal saline administration (P < 0.05). The serum Ca and Zn levels of rabbits in the drug administration group at 14 days and 28 days after drug administration were higher than those before drug administration and the control group at the same time, respectively (P < 0.05). The Mg and Fe levels of rabbits in the drug administration group at 14 days after drug administration were significantly higher than those before drug administration and those in the control group at the same time, respectively (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The Fe level of rabbits in the drug administration group at 28 days after drug administration was significantly higher than that before drug administration (P < 0.01). Nux vomica can increase the alkaline phosphatase and trace elements levels, and play a promoting role in the process of healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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DNA oxidative damage to bone marrow hematopoietic cells and apoptosis of osteocytes in early avascular necrosis of the femoral head induced by glucocorticoids Zhao Zhen-qun, Liu Wan-lin, Gong Yu-lin, Bai Rui, Wang Wen-xuan 2015, 19 (11):  1652-1657.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.003 Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (871KB) ( 557 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hormones-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a complex biological process, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. To prove its etiologic mechanism is still the focus of research in this field. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the pathological changes of hematopoietic cells and osteocytes in early avascular necrosis of the femoral head induced by glucocorticoids . METHODS: Forty Japanese white rabbits, 4 months old, were randomly divided into glucocorticoids+ lipopolysaccharide group (combination group), glucocorticoids group, lipopolysaccharide group and blank control group, with 10 rabbits in each group. Five animals from each group were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks after the last dosing, respectively. Vacant bone lacunae were counted under optical microscope, morphology of osteocytes was observed under electron microscope, osteocyte apoptosis was assay by TUNEL, and DNA oxidative damage to hematopoietic cells was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the other three groups, the rates of vacant lacunae and DNA oxidative damage to hematopoietic cells in the combination group were significantly higher at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment as well as the apoptosis rate of osteocytes at 4 weeks after treatment (P < 0.01); while there were no statistical differences between the other three groups. In the combination group, the vacant rate of bone lacunae and apoptosis rate of osteocytes were positively correlated (r=0.793). These findings indicate that DNA oxidative damage to hematopoietic cells and apoptosis of osteocytes participate in the pathological changes of early avascular necrosis of the femoral head induced by glucocorticoids. The former is prior to the latter, and the death manner of osteocytes is apoptosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different doses of puerarin on osteoblasts in vitro   Lin Shu-zhong, Liu Jun 2015, 19 (11):  1658-1662.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.004 Abstract ( 297 )   PDF (642KB) ( 462 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have reported that puerarin can reduce bone resorption and promote bone formation. OBJECTIVE: To further explore the effects of puerarin at different doses on the proliferation of osteoblasts cultured in vitro． METHODS: Osteoblasts isolated from the cranium of newborn rats were cultured in vitro, and then passage 3 cells were cultured in DMEM medium with the presence of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 100 µmol/L puerarin+10% fetal bovine serum for 48 hours. The viability of osteoblasts, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral node formation were determined using MTT, alkaline phosphatase kit and alizarin red staining, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The viability of osteoblasts treated with puerarin at either 40 or 80 μmol/L was significantly higher than that of the control group. Alkaline phosphatase activity and the number of mineral modules were significantly increased in osteoblasts cultured with puerarin at 40 or 80 μmol/L when compared with the untreated cells. These findings demonstrate that puerarin is able to promote osteoblast proliferation in vitro. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of cartilage matrix components, related growth factors and inflammatory factors in the temporomandibular joint under high acceleration   Li Hong-shi, Chen Xin, Feng Yan, Yin Yin, Cao Jun-kai 2015, 19 (11):  1663-1667.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.005 Abstract ( 371 )   PDF (855KB) ( 861 )   Save BACKGROUND: Under repeated +Gz condition from the strong acceleration, small traumas resulting from pressures and impacts in various directions are formed inside the temporomandibular joint, thereby leading to temporomandibular joint disorders. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in collagen type II, proteoglycans, collagenase, insulin-like growth factor-1, transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 and interleukin-3 in the cartilage matrix after temporomandibular joint disorder. METHODS: Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into three groups: negative control group, only fixed on the centrifugal machine for 5 minutes, five consecutive times per day, 4 days per week, totally for 3 weeks; +5 Gz group, centrifugation at +5 Gz for 5 minutes, five consecutive times per day, 4 days per week, totally for 3 weeks; +10 Gz group, centrifugation at +10 Gz for 5 minutes, five consecutive times per day, 4 days per week, totally for 3 weeks. All animals were on an empty stomach for 12 hours prior to daily centrifugation. Chondrocytes from the temporomandibular tissue were isolated and cultured in vitro to extract total protein that was detected by weste blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the negative control group, the levels of collagen type II, proteoglycans, collagenase, insulin-like growth factor-1, transforming growth factor-β1 in the cartilage matrix after temporomandibular joint were significantly decreased, but the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 and interleukin-3 were significantly increased under repeated +Gz conditions. These findings indicate that under repeated +Gz stresses, a great damage to the cartilage matrix of the temporomandibular joint is found as well as reduced repair capability and increased inflammatory reactions. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteogenic effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound combined with bone morphogenetic protein 2 on human periodontal ligament cells   Liu Jun, Hu Bo, Jiang Xin-yi, Sun Ji-cheng, Deng Feng, Song Jin-lin 2015, 19 (11):  1668-1672.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.006 Abstract ( 367 )   PDF (832KB) ( 411 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) can promote the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells, but there is no report on their combination application. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biological effect of LIPUS combined with BMP-2 on osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. METHODS: Human periodontal ligament cells were isolated, cultured, passaged and identified. Passage 4 cells were seeded onto 6-well plates and divided into four groups: control group, LIPUS group, BMP-2 group, LIPUS+BMP-2 group. Alkaline phosphatase activity was detected by alkaline phosphatase activity measurement kit, and the expression of type I collagen and osteopontin was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After LIPUS, BMP-2, and their combination treatment, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the activity of alkaline phosphatase was highest in the LIPUS+BMP-2 group (P < 0.05). RT-PCR results showed that both of LIPUS and BMP-2 could augment the mRNA expression of type I collagen and osteopontin (P < 0.01), but it was more distinct when they were used together (P < 0.001). In a conclusion, the combined utilization of LIPUS and BMP-2 shows stronger ability in promoting the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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c-fos/c-jun regulates extracellular matrix metalloproteinase 20 expression in ameloblasts   Tang Pei-juan, Wang Chang-lei, Gong Chun-mei, Tang Pei-qian, Hao Jian-zhong 2015, 19 (11):  1673-1677.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.007 Abstract ( 377 )   PDF (697KB) ( 768 )   Save BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinase 20 is a protease specifically expressed in ameloblasts, which has an important role in dental enamel development. To study the regulatory mechanisms for matrix metalloproteinase 20 at the molecular level lays the foundation for further animal experiments. OBJECTIVE: To explore the regulatory effects of transcription factor c-fos/c-jun for matrix metalloproteinase 20 in mouse ameloblasts and to preliminarily confirm the role of c-fos/c-jun in enamel development. METHODS: First of all, a recombinant plasmid containing c-fos was established, and then dual-luciferase reporter assay system and RT-PCR were used to analyze the effects of c-fos, c-jun transfection of ameloblasts on the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 20. Furthermore, the effect of c-fos, c-jun on matrix metalloproteinase 20 was explored based on gene site-directed mutation and dual-luciferase reporter assay system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Double luciferase report assay system and RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-20 was significantly upregulated after c-fos, c-jun transfection of ameloblasts, but c-fos/c-jun could not upregulate the transcriptional activity of matrix metalloproteinase 20 promoter when mutation occurred at AP1 binging site. These findings indicate that c-fos/c-jun has significant effects in regulating the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 20, which shows c-fos/c-jun plays an important biological meaning in enamel development. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Orthodontic surgery with alveolar cleft grafting in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: a feasibility analysis based on cone-beam CT three-dimensional reconstruction Shen Yue, Ma Hai-ying, Zhang Yan-sheng, Wang Juan, Shi Bing-zheng 2015, 19 (11):  1678-1682.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.008 Abstract ( 275 )   PDF (717KB) ( 533 )   Save BACKGROUND: Some cleft lip and palate patients at 9-10 years of age (the canine root development about 1/2-2/3) cannot achieve a good orthodontic outcome after bone grafting, and moreover, there is no unified therapeutic procedure for patients at 7-10 years of age before and after bone grafting. Cone-beam CT can reflect the fine structure accurately under the premise not to destroy normal tissue structure, and have access to the relevant measurement data by matched computer software. OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect of orthodontic surgery combined with alveolar cleft bone grafting at different order for treatment of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. METHODS: Sixty patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate admitted at Cangzhou People’s Hospital from 2012 to 2013 were enrolled and divided into three groups with 20 in each group: group A, autologous iliac graft was done followed by 3 months of wearing orthodontic retainer; Group B, autologous iliac graft was done immediately after orthodontic treatment and then, orthodontic retainer was used for 3 consecutive months; group C, orthodontic retainer was used for 3 consecutive months following orthodontic treatment, and then, autologous iliac graft was performed followed by another 3 consecutive months of wearing orthodontic retainer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significant differences between groups A and C in terms of SNA, SNB, ANB, U1-NA and L1-NB (P < 0.01). Group B was significantly higher than the group A in SNB and L1/NB (P < 0.05). Compared with the group B, the SNB and U1/NA were reduced, while the SNA and L1/NB were increased significantly in the group C (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that for complete unilateral cleft lip and palate patients, the orthodontic treatment before and after bone grafting is better than simple pre- or post-grafting orthodontic treatment, which is conductive to the stability of corrected maxilla. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in knee osteoarthritis cartilage   Yu Yang, Cui Lei 2015, 19 (11):  1683-1687.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.009 Abstract ( 402 )   PDF (753KB) ( 538 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor can promote the development of osteoarthritis under inflammatory conditions. OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in knee osteoarthritis cartilage tissue and to analyze its clinical significance. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with knee osteoarthritis who underwent knee replacement were selected and cartilage tissues were obtained as knee osteoarthritis group. Another 10 patients with femoral neck fractures served as controls. mRNA and protein levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the cartilage tissue were detected by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Modified Mankin score was used to assess knee damage in knee osteoarthritis patients. Relationship between mRNA levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and modified Mankin scores were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hypoxia inducible factor 1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene and protein expressions were significantly higher in the knee osteoarthritis group than the control group, in knee osteoarthritis patients aged > 60 years than patients ≤ 60 years (P < 0.05), as well as higher in secondary knee osteoarthritis patients than primary osteoarthritis patients (P < 0.05). Hypoxia inducible factor 1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor protein levels and gene levels had statistically significant differences between different pathological grades (P < 0.05); moreover, the severer osteoarthritis, the higher expression levels. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA expression of knee osteoarthritis patients were positively correlated with the modified Mankin scores (r=0.83, P < 0.05; r=0.80, P < 0.05). These findings indicate that hypoxia inducible factor 1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression levels are increased in the knee cartilage tissue of osteoarthritis patients, which display a distribution difference among a variety of pathological parameters and play an important role in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Platelet-derived growth factor-DD induces the proliferation and differentiation of rat renal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts   Zhao Jia, Sun Jian-ping, Gao Yan-xia, Tang Ni-na, Niu Meng, Cui Meng, Han Xiao-qing, Sui Ai-hua 2015, 19 (11):  1688-1693.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.010 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (899KB) ( 336 )   Save BACKGROUND: Platelet-derived growth factors can induce proliferation, migration, transformation and extracellular matrix expression of glomerular mesangial cells and renal interstitial cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of activation of platelet-derived growth factor-DD/βR signaling pathway on the proliferation and α-smooth muscle actin expression in rat renal fibroblasts. METHODS: Normal rat kidney interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F) cultured in vitro were divided into the following groups by platelet-derived growth factor-DD concentrations: control, 1 μg/L, 10 μg/L, 50 μg/L, 100 μg/L. And NRK-49Fs were then divided into four groups according to the stimulation time of 50 μg/L platelet-derived growth factor-DD:control, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours. The cell viability of the NRK-49Fs was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 after platelet-derived growth factor-DD administration. The mRNA and protein expression levels of platelet-derived growth factor-βR and α-smooth muscle actin in all groups stimulated by different concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor-DD were determined by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Platelet-derived growth factor-DD could facilitate the proliferation rates of the NRK-49Fs at a dose- and time-dependent manner as compared with the control groups. Platelet-derived growth factor-DD could stimulate the mRNA and protein expressions of platelet-derived growth factor-βR and α-smooth muscle actin in a dose-dependent manner. This suggest that the activation of platelet-derived growth facto-DD/βR signaling pathway can obviously promote the proliferation of NRK-49Fs as well as tranformation into myofibroblasts. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Jiegu Qili Tablet on proliferation and mineralization of MC-3T3 cells   Yao Ming-zhi 2015, 19 (11):  1694-1698.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.011 Abstract ( 313 )   PDF (760KB) ( 645 )   Save BACKGROUND: Jiegu Qili Tablet is a compound Chinese medicine which can promote fracture healing, but its mechanism is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Jiegu Qili Tablet on the proliferation and mineralization of MC-3T3 cells. METHODS: MC-3T3 cells cultured in vitro were selected. (1) After 24 hours of routine culture, cells were cultured in serum-free DMEM for another 24 hours to synchronize cell cycles. Then, the culture solution was removed, and cells were cultured in DMEM complete medium with (experimental group) or without (control group) Jiegu Qili Tablet solution. At 24 and 48 hours of culture, MTS assay was used to detect the proliferative ability of cells. (2) In the experimental group, MC3T3-E1 cells at a density of 1×105 were inoculated into 96-well plates, and after 4 hours of culture, cells were cultured in an osteogenic induction medium. After 21 days of osteogenic induction, the mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells was examined using alizarin red S staining. Cells in the control groups were treated without osteogenic induction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the cell proliferation rate was up-regulated in the experimental group at 24 and 48 hours after culture (P < 0.05), and the number of calcium nodules was also larger in the experimental group at 21 days after osteogenic induction (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that Jiegu Qili Tablet solution can up-regulate the proliferation and mineralization of MC-3T3 cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationship between the change of Osx and Dlx5 expressed in the callus and fracture healing in type 2 diabetes rats Liu Zhen-dong, Cai Xu, Wang Kui-xiang, Zhang Yuan-jun, Liu Zhi-tao 2015, 19 (11):  1699-1706.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.012 Abstract ( 491 )   PDF (3680KB) ( 688 )   Save BACKGROUND: Experiments have shown that the expression levels of Osx and Dlx5 may have some relationships with fracture healing disorder. OBJECTIVE: To probe into the relationship between the change of expression of Osx and Dlx5 in the callus of type 2 diabetes rats and fracture healing disorder. METHODS: We selected 32 Sprague-Dawley rats with proper weight in 8 weeks age. They were randomly assigned into two groups: the experimental group (n=18) was fed with high fat and sugar diet for 8 weeks, and then received intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to induce diabetic models; the control group was fed with normal diet and received intraperitoneal injection of the same dose of citric acid. Two weeks later, all the rats were used to establish left tibia traction fracture models with orthopedic external fixator. We extended the external fixator at a proper length per day. The animals were sacrificed at 15 days after establishment of traction fracture models. The blood specimens were evaluated for biochemical detection. X-ray was used to observe the growth of callus. The callus tissues from the left tibia were taken for histological observation and the expression of Dlx5 and Osx in the callus was detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: X-ray results showed that the amount of callus tissues in the experimental group was significantly reduced. The hematoxylin-eosin staining of the callus tissue revealed that the microcolumn formation in the experimental group was significantly reduced compared with the control group; the area of primary matrixfront was lightly colored. The callus histological quantitative analysis showed that in the experimental group the area of new callus decreased and more adipose cells presented in the proximal fracture end compared with the control group (P < 0.01). QPCR displayed that the expression of Osx and Dlx5 was lower in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the poorer fracture healing in type 2 diabetes than the normal rats may be associated with the decrease of Osx and Dlx5 expression. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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siRNA lentiviral vectors carrying telomerase reverse transcriptase gene hasten astrocytes apoptosis Liang Liang, Xu Tao, Song Yang, Sheng Wei-bin 2015, 19 (11):  1707-1711.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.013 Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (2075KB) ( 421 )   Save BACKGROUND: Telomerase reverse transcriptase plays an important role in telomerase activation, and lentiviral vectors carrying human telomerase reverse transcriptase that can inhibit astrocyte expression are rarely reported to have effects on spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To transfect rat astrocytes with telomerase reverse transcriptase gene lentiviral vectors and to observe the effect of telomerase reverse transcriptase gene lentiviral vectors on apoptosis of astrocytes. METHODS: Astrocytes from rats were subject to primary culture and subculture, and then transfected with siRNA lentiviral vector carrying telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (siRNA transfection group), simple lentiviral vector (lentiviral vector group) and nothing (blank group), respectively. Then, the transfection efficiency and apoptosis in different time periods after transfection were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The transfection efficiency was up to 85%-90% after siRNA lentiviral vector and simple lentiviral vector transfection. The apoptosis rate of astrocytes in the siRNA transfection group was 50%-60% at 24-48 hours after transfection, but there was no significant change in the other two groups. These findings suggest that siRNA lentiviral vectors carrying telomerase reverse transcriptase gene can accelerate astrocytes apoptosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Calcium oxalate crystals stimulate expression of high mobility group box-1 protein in human macrophages   Huang Peng, Deng Yao-liang, Li Cheng-yang, Tao Zhi-wei, Wang Xiang, Feng You-cai, Wu Bo 2015, 19 (11):  1712-1716.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.014 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (1746KB) ( 635 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are a large amount of infiltrated monocytes and macrophages around the renal interstitial crystals in a kidney model, indicating that macrophages may be involved in the process of crystal deposition in the kidney. As macrophages are important human innate immune cells, a large number of infiltrated monocytes and macrophages in the kidney will produce some inflammatory injuries and damage renal tubular epithelial cells, which ultimately lead to the formation of stones. OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of after high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) in macrophages stimulated by calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. METHODS: Western blot assay was used to detect total protein and HMGB1 levels in the cytoplasm of macrophages under 100 mg/L calcium oxalate monohydrate stimulation for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 hours. Meanwhile, real-time quantitative PCR was adopted to determine the mRNA expression of HMGB1. Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 levels in the cultured cell supernatant at 0, 1, 2 and 4 hours after calcium oxalate monohydrate stimulation were measured using ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the calcium oxalate monohydrate stimulation, the level of HMGB1 in the cytoplasm of macrophages was lower within 0-6 hours, but gradually increased within 12-36 hours; the level of HMGB1 in the total protein of macrophages was not high within 0-6 hours, began to increase at 12 hours, and then kept at a higher level within 24-36 hours. RT-PCR results showed that under the calcium oxalate monohydrate stimulation, the mRNA level of HMGB1 in the cultured cells had no changes within 0-12 hours, but significantly increased within 18-24 hours. ELISA results showed that the levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 in the cultured cell supernatant subject to calcium oxalate monohydrate were increased at 2 hours and peaked at 4 hours. These findings indicate that calcium oxalate monohydrate can increase the HMGB1 expression in macrophages at mRNA and protein levels, and also induce the increase in tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 expression in macrophages. Moreover, the expression of HMGB1 is later than the release of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Xingnaojing on recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-mediated tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells Ouyang Hai-chun, Wu Wo-dong, Zhong Dong-mei, Wu Yan-xian, Li Wen-jie, Chen Xi-ming 2015, 19 (11):  1717-1721.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.015 Abstract ( 451 )   PDF (793KB) ( 472 )   Save BACKGROUND: We have found that Xingnaojing can effectively inhibit mediators of inflammatory mediators and promote fibrinolytic activity in a rabbit model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. However, it is not completely clear what is the action of mechanism of fibrinolytic system activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Xingnaojing on recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α-mediated tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells. METHODS: The passages 3-5 of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells were obtained, and were induced by adding 10 μg/L recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α in the culture medium. Xingnaojing in different concentrations (5, 10, 20 mL/L) were injected in the Xingnaojing group, and fluvastatin (1 μmol/L) was added as positive control group. A blank control group of simple human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells culture was set up. After 24 hours of cultivation, the production of t-PA and PAI-1 in the cultured medium was determined by ELISA. The mRNA expression of t-PA and PAI-1 was measured by reverse transcript-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the blank control group, the secretion and mRNA expression of PAI-1 in the group treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α (10 μg/L) were significantly increased (P < 0.05); however, the secretion and mRNA expression of t-PA in the group treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α (10 μg/L) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The secretion and mRNA expression of t-PA were significantly higher in the Xingnaojing group at different concentrations than in the recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α group (P < 0.05); however, the secretion and mRNA expression of PAI-1 were significantly lower in the former group than the latter group (P < 0.05), which was in a dose-dependent manner. Xingnaojing can effectively improve the fibrinolytic function of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells mediated by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lateral retinacular release: changes in knee joint parameters Sui Jin-po, Ge Bang-rong, Xie Shi-cheng, Duan Guo-qing, Zhang Yuan-min, Zhao Xiao-wei 2015, 19 (11):  1722-1726.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.016 Abstract ( 420 )   PDF (774KB) ( 726 )   Save BACKGROUND: Lateral retinacular release is effective to treat anterior knee pain, but it has not been confirmed through the parameters of the knee joint. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relevant parameters on the axial X-ray films of the patella before and after lateral retinacular release and then to find out the efficient parameters for patellofemoral joint disorders on the axial X-ray film of the patella, which are of most clinical significance. METHODS: Fifty patients with anterior knee pain were included randomly who admitted at the Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from February 2009 to December 2013, including 45 cases of Outerbridge I-III undergoing arthroscopic lateral retinacular release+articular cartilage repair and 5 cases of Outerbridge IV undergoing lateral retinacular release+knee joint surface replacement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After lateral retinacular release, the congruence angle, patellofemoral index and tilt angle were all reduced significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but there was no change in the lateral patellofemoral angle (P > 0.05). The patellar trajectory restored to the corresponding central position of the femoral condyle, and meanwhile, no joint hematoma, deep vein thrombosis and patellar subluxation occurred. These findings indicate that the lateral retinacular release is of great significance for treatment of anterior knee pain induced by lateral patellofemoral compression. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using allogeneic tendon with stump retention under arthroscopy: it is better for the early recovery of knee joint stability and motor function Wu Gui-you, Zhang Ya-dong, Wang Xi-shun, Hou Jun-hu, Gu Dong-qiang 2015, 19 (11):  1727-1731.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.017 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (624KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: Revascularization under arthroscopy has become the main treatment for anterior cruciate ligament injury, but whether stump retention or removal is better during the reconstruction is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short-term clinical efficacy of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using allogeneic tendon with stump retention. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury were selected and randomly divided into two groups: stump retention group (n=38 cases) undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with stump retention, and control group (n=37) undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction without stump retention. Both two groups were subject to allogeneic tendon transplantation. At 3, 6, 12, 24 months after transplantation, objective stability assessment (Lachman test, pivot shift test) and knee functional scoring (IKDC-200, Lysholm, Tegner scores) were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Both two groups were followed for 24 hours. Lachman test and pivot shift test were negative in the two groups, showing there was no difference in the knee joint stability performance between the two groups. Compared with the control group, the IKDC-200, Lysholm and Tegner scores in the stump retention group were significantly higher at 3, 6 months after transplantaiton (P < 0.05); but there was no difference in these scores between the two groups at 12 and 24 months after transplantation. These findings indicate that arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with stump retention contributes to earlier recovery of knee joint stability and athletic ability, and has better short-term efficacy than anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction without stump retention. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Internal fixation implants for Lisfranc ligament injury based on anatomical location Guo Hong-liang, Yilihamu Tuoheti, Li Shan-zhu, Yu Guang-rong, Wang Zhi-zhou, Gan Zi-ming 2015, 19 (11):  1732-1738.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.018 Abstract ( 476 )   PDF (1034KB) ( 500 )   Save BACKGROUND: The Lisfranc joint has a complex structure with bony joint surfaces overlapped on the conventional X-ray film, which is diagnosed difficultly. There are less anatomical studies on the Lisfranc ligament, which leads to no accurate anatomical evidence for the repair of Lisfranc ligament injury. OBJECTIVE: To measure the stable structure of Lisfranc ligament at static state so as to provide anatomical evidence for clinical repair of Lisfranc ligament injury. METHODS: (1) Eighteen adult corpse specimens were dissected to observe the morphology of Lisfranc ligament and measure relevant parameters as anatomical group. In the anatomical group, the traveling trend and bony landmarks were confirmed. Another 14 adult corpse specimens were taken as experimental group to fix the Lisfranc ligament using a guide pin and detect the corresponding Lisfranc ligament data based on the above-mentioned parameters. Measured angle and length from the entocuneiform to the second metatarsal base were compared between the two groups. (2) Eight patients with clinically confirmed Lisfranc injury were subject to open reduction and internal fixation surgery based on anatomical parameters and positioning method. Patients were followed up for 8-14 months, and AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot Scale was used for functional evaluation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Lisfranc ligament had two bundles. There was no difference in the morphological measurement between the anatomical and experimental groups (P > 0.05). “Lisfranc channel” was proposed by the authors, which was defined as: the length, width and height from the entocuneiform (with no ligament) to the second metatarsal base were (31.65±2.23) mm, (8.16±1.37) mm, (1.69±0.21) mm, respectively, and the angles with the proximal entocuneiform and plantar side of the proximal entocuneiform were (45.83±6.84)° and (65.11±4.69)°, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed the histological characteristics of the Lisfranc ligament with the surrounding tissues and there was a four-layer structure: Lisfranc tendons, tide lines, mineralized fibrocartilage and bone. (2) After treatment, the AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot Scale scores were improved to (80.30±4.85) points in the eight patients. Morphological parameters of Lisfranc joint and ligament obtained from anatomical experiments provide anatomical evidence for the repair of Lisfranc injury, and avoid blinded internal fixation that can cause the damage to the starting point of the Lisfranc ligament and impact the restorative effects on Lisfranc injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Arthroscopic glenoid labrum repair and combined joint capsule and partial subscapularis suture for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation Xu Bin, Tu Jun 2015, 19 (11):  1739-1744.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.019 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (782KB) ( 791 )   Save BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic glenoid labrum repair is the main therapy for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation, which cannot meet the demands of shoulder stability. How to strengthen the anterior shoulder stability is an issue that is always explored and pursued. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of arthroscopic glenoid labrum repair and combined joint capsule and partial subscapularis suture for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation. METHODS: Seventy patients admitted for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation at the Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University in China from October 2010 to August 2013 were enrolled, who received the arthroscopic glenoid labrum repair and combined joint capsule and partial subscapularis suture. Patients undergoing post-operative systematical rehabilitation were followed up for Constant-Murley Score and the ROWE Score for Instability, and shoulder stability and motor functions were evaluated in patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The 70 patients were followed-up for 11-46 months. Complications only appeared in one patient with acute pulmonary edema and five patients with elbow or forearm skin blisters, but all were cured by treatment. Anterior shoulder dislocation disappeared postoperatively in all patients. Sixty-five patients almost recovered in the range of motion of the shoulder, who were satisfied with normal life and work activity. All the patients returned to work. At the last follow-up, the Constant-Murley score was improved from 71.2±5.3 to 94.3±4.9, and the ROWE score was increased from 32.1±4.2 to 95.1±4.7, both of which were better than before (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated arthroscopic glenoid labrum repair and combined joint capsule and partial subscapularis suture is better for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation, which is conductive to shoulder stability and motor function recovery. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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“Tennis racket”-like flap with subcutaneous fascia pedicle from the uninjured breast in radiation ulcer treatment after radiotherapy for breast cancer Wu Jing, Geng Dong-yun, Zhao Tian-lan, Wu Li-jun, Yu Wen-yuan, Yu Dao-jiang 2015, 19 (11):  1745-1749.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.020 Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (648KB) ( 612 )   Save BACKGROUND: Breast radiation ulcer after radiotherapy for breast cancer is hard to treat. However, some patients can endure transfer operation of island-like flaps, and the conventional skin flap from the chest wall is also not appreciable due to rotation angle and distance limitations. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the clinical application of “tennis racket”-like flap with subcutaneous fascia pedicle from the uninjured breast in radiation ulcer treatment after radiotherapy for breast cancer, which is simple and practical and breaks with tradition in the limitation of length-to-width ratio of flaps. METHODS: “Tennis racket”-like flaps with subcutaneous fascia pedicles from the uninjured breast, which did not involve blood vessels, were used to treat nine cases of breast radiation ulcer through tunnel. The flap was designed along trend of costal bone and the pedicle is near sternum. The size of the flaps ranged from 5.0 cm×3.5 cm to 11 cm×13 cm. The length and width of the pedicle were 2-8 cm and 2.0-3.0 cm, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All flaps survived in the nine cases postoperatively with satisfactory appearances. And no recurrences were found during the follow-up of 2 months to 3 years. The “tennis racket”-like flap with subcutaneous fascia pedicle had no major blood vessel, which was easy to cut. The length-to-wideth ratio was higher than that of random flaps, and the long and narrow pedicle permitted a larger rotation and coverage range. There was a larger donor site involving the contralateral breast soft tissue from folded skin under the breast. This flap is ideal for the treatment of radiation ulcers due to radiotherapy after breast cancer operation. 　 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Infusion tumescent technique combined with air dermatome is preponderant in harvesting scalp grafts Lian Hui-bin, Huang Jin-hua, Li Ping-song, Xu Gang, Liu Yi-feng, Zhou Jie, Luo Yi, Liu Sen, Zhou Rong-fang 2015, 19 (11):  1750-1754.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.021 Abstract ( 318 )   PDF (717KB) ( 648 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previously, a rolling dermatome was often used to take skin tissues from the head, which demands a higher experience for an operator. Lack of experience easily leads to too thick skin tissues and impact hair growth in patients, and harvested skin tissues have a jagged edge that influences the enough utilization of harvested skin tissues and donor site. OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effects of air dermatome combined with infusion tumescent technique versus rolling dermatome combined with infusion tumescent technique to take the skin from the head. METHODS: Clinical data from 37 patients with severe burn undergoing air dermatome combined with infusion tumescent technique (experimental group) and 38 patients with severe burn undergoing rolling dermatome combined with infusion tumescent technique (control group) were compared. Both of the two groups underwent razor-thin graft (skin thickness was about 0.3 mm). The time of harvesting skin grafts, skin size, whether the skin grafts had uniform thickness and clean edges, healing time of skin donor sites, and survival rate of skin grafts were statistically analyzed in the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Infusion tumescent technique made the operation easy. Intraoperative and postoperative bleeding was significantly reduced. The mean time for harvesting skin grafts was 7.9 minutes in the experimental group, which was 3 minutes shorter than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In the experimental group, the skin grafts were larger with clean edges and uniform thickness, and the maximum graft was 12 cm×5 cm in size; all the donor sites were primarily healed, and the average healing time was 5.5 days, which was 2.2 days shorter than that in the control group (P < 0.05). All the donor sites in the two groups were primarily healed with no scalp infection, small scars or hair loss. Results from this study show that the air dermatome combined with infusion tumescent technique is a simple and effective method for harvesting skin grafts from the head and it has the remarkable superiority and important clinical value in extremely severe burn patients. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Connective tissue growth factor and articular cartilage repair  Zhang Shi-song, Zhang Zhi-feng, Huang Jian 2015, 19 (11):  1755-1760.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.22 Abstract ( 548 )   PDF (650KB) ( 406 )   Save BACKGROUND: Connective tissue growth factor has the potential to stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, can promote the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, and also can promote the expression of type II collagen and proteoglycan in the articular cartilage. So, the connective tissue growth factor plays an important role in the articular cartilage repair along with other growth factors. OBJECTIVE: To focus on the structure of connective tissue growth factor, its function in articular cartilage repair and the interactions with other factors. METHODS: A search across the databases of PubMed (January 1980 to July 2014) was performed, with the key words of “connective tissue growth factor, connective tissue growth factor and articular cartilage, articular cartilage damage, articular cartilage repairment” in English and “articular cartilage injury” in Chinese. Studies with the obsolete, repetitive or unrelated content were excluded. A total of 32 papers were included in thi study． RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Connective tissue growth factor has the potential to stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, can promote the proliferation, differentiation and maturity of chondrocytes, can maintain the extracellular matrix synthesis and balance, and also can promote the expression of type II collagen and proteoglycan in the articular cartilage. Along with other growth factors, connective tissue growth factor exerts an important role in the articular cartilage repair. Connective tissue growth factor is the key factor of chondrocyte growth, proliferation and differentiation, which is throughout the process of cartilage repair. Studies have shown that articular chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis show an increase in the number positively correlated with the expressions of fibroblast growth factor 1 and connective tissue growth factor. Connective tissue growth factor interacts with articular cartilage signaling pathways and other cytokines in the tissue to exert a role in articular condrocytes and matrix. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Semaphorins play an important role in bone homeostasis and metabolic bone disease  Cong Yu, Guo Ting, Zhao Jian-ning, Ru Jiang-ying, Zhou Li-wu, Bao Ni-rong 2015, 19 (11):  1761-1767.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.023 Abstract ( 349 )   PDF (935KB) ( 635 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone formation is a dynamic process, and osteoclasts and osteoblasts are involved in this dynamic process. Semaphorins were found first as axonal growth cone guidance molecules, which express in many different tissues and regulate many physiological processes. Recently, Semaphorins are confirmed to play an important role in the regulation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the role of Semaphorins in bone homeostasis. METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed and Web of Science was performed for articles related to the effect of Semaphorins in regulation of bone metabolism published from June 1993 to January 2014 using the keywords of “semaphorin, sema”. Irrelevant articles or duplicate content articles were excluded, and finally 48 articles were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Semaphorins act as a new class of regulatory molecules in the aspect of bone cytobiology. Studies have show semaphorins are actively involved in bone remodeling through some special mechanisms, and semaphorin proteins are crucial for bone homeostasis, which provides a new method and therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis, bone sclerosis, osteolysis adjacent to joint prosthesis and other bone diseases. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Degeneration of the intervertebral disc: pathogenesis and repair  Meng Xiang-yu, Xia Jian-long, Yang Ting, Cai Ping 2015, 19 (11):  1768-1773.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.024 Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (735KB) ( 985 )   Save BACKGROUND: So far, the pathogenesis of discogenic low back pain is poorly understood. A great diversity of therapeutic means is developed for discogenic low back pain, but the therapeutic outcomes are mixed. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress in mechanisms and repair of intervertebral disc degeneration in recent years. METHODS: The first author retrieved the PubMed and CNKI databases for relevant articles published before November 2014 using the keywords of “disc degeneration factor, discogenic low back pain, disc degeneration therapy” in English and Chinese, respectively. Initially, 78 relevant articles were retrieved, but only 30 articles were included in result analysis following elimination of duplicate studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The relatively respected factors for intervertebral disc degeneration include changes in morphology, inflammatory neurotransmitters and the extracellular matrix as well as role of growth factors. The treatment for intervertebral disc degeneration still focuses on the morphological restoration. Some surgical therapies, including percutaneous disc decompression, interbody fusion, artificial disc replacement, dynamic stabilization system, have the exact effects on the symptoms due to intervertebral disc degeneration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Neuroprotective effect of Chinese herbal monomers and extracts via activation of Nrf2 signal pathway Zhang Li-na, Wang Yuan-yuan, Huang Ying-juan, Jin Ming-hua 2015, 19 (11):  1774-1781.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.025 Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (396KB) ( 701 )   Save BACKGROUND: Large amounts of data have shown that Chinese herbal monomer has a neuroprotective effect, and can improve the quality of life in stroke patients with cerebral nervous system injury. Nuclear-factor-erythroid 2-related (Nrf2) factor has neuroprotective effect on hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke, which is an important way to reverse the damage of nervous system through the natural non-toxic Chinese herbs or composition, but it is rarely reported systemically. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the neuroprotective effect of Chinese herbal monomers via the Nrf2 signal pathway in stroke patients. METHODS: The first author retrieved the CNKI, VIP, Medline, and PubMed databases by computer. The keywords were “Nrf2, ARE, stroke, traditional Chinese medicine, neuroprotection” in Chinese and English,respectively. Articles concerning the neuroprotective role of Chinese herbal monomer via Nrf2 were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 85 articles were retrieved. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 46 articles were included in result analysis. The results show that a variety of monomers can exert neuroprotective effects via the Nrf2 pathway. Chinese herbal monomers include organic acids, phenols, saponins, terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other single or composite components. Traditional Chinese medicine has the clear neuroprotective effect after stroke, but it is lack of regularity, and it is still need to expand the data and further research as the basis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulatory role of acupuncture and moxibustion in immunosenescence and epigenetic mechanisms  Shen Wen-bin, Zhou Ci-li, Wu Huan-gan, Huang Yan, Zhao Chen, Cui Yun-hua 2015, 19 (11):  1782-1787.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.026 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (708KB) ( 544 )   Save BACKGROUND: The acupuncture and moxibustion is an effective method to regulate the immunosenescence. The epigenetic modification has become a focus in the research of immunosenescence regulation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the relationship between epigenetic regulation and the regulatory role of acupuncture and moxibustion on immunosenescence, and to explore the relevant mechanisms. METHODS: We searched CNKI, VIP, WANFANG DATA, SinoMed, Ebsco Medline, Springer, ScienceDirect and Embase by computer for relevant articles published from January 1999 to August 2014. The keywords were “acupuncture”, “moxibustion”, “aging”, “immunosenescence” and “epigenetic” in Chinese and English. All databases were cross-searched to minimize missing data. We excluded documents based on inclusion and exclusion criteria thereby checking the title and abstract. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Finally 64 articles were included, including 8 Chinese publications and 56 English publications. The innate immune system and the adaptive immune system can vary with aging, which is the most obvious feature in immunosenescence. The acupuncture and moxibustion can improve immunosenescence overall. The epigenetic modification plays an important role in immunosenescence. The acupuncture and moxibustion can affect the epigenetic modification directly. However, the epigenetic mechanism underlying the regulatory role of acupuncture and moxibustion in immunosenescence needs further studies. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dexmedetomidine effects on hemodynamic changes and cognitive ability of elderly patients undergoing lumbar surgery Xu Ya-feng, Song Ying-chun, Xu Fei 2015, 19 (11):  1788-1792.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.027 Abstract ( 399 )   PDF (770KB) ( 713 )   Save BACKGROUND: Commonly used anesthetics have some impacts on perioperative hemodynamics and cognitive function of elderly patients. Dexmedetomidine is reported to have high affinity with adrenergic receptors, and maybe has less hemodynamic effects. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of dexmedetomidine on hemodynamics and cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing anesthesia in lumbar surgery. METHODS: Ninety patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II scheduled for lumbar surgery, aged over 60 years, were selected and randomly divided into three groups, 30 cases in each group. Patients in three groups were respectively treated with 0.5, 1.0 μg of 1.0 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and the same volume of normal saline (control group) after anesthesia induction with midazolam 0.04 mg/kg+fentanyl 5 ug/kg+Victoria Cool bromide 0.1 mg/kg. Sedation assessment, forgotten degree, hemodynamic stability in anesthesia intubation, and postoperative cognitive function were compared between three groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in the auditory evoked potential between the three groups at 5 and 10 minutes after administration (P < 0.05), and the auditory evoked potential was significantly lower in the 1.0 μg group than the 0.5 μg and control groups as well as significantly lower in the 0.5 μg group than the control group. At 10 minutes after administration, the scores on modified Observer’s assessment of alterness/sedation were significantly lower in the 1.0 μg group than the 0.5 μg and control groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the systolic pressure was significantly higher in the 1.0 and 0.5 μg groups at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes after administration as well as the diastolic pressure was significantly higher in the 1.0 and 0.5 μg groups at different time after administration (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative cognitive impairment was significantly lower in the 1.0 μg group than the 0.5 μg group (P < 0.05). Experimental findings show that under general anesthesia, dexmedetomidine is propitious to hemodynamic stability, improves the analgesic effect and reduces the incidence of postoperative cognitive impairment. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Diabetic microangiopathy and peripheral blood neutrophil count    Wang Jing, He Fang-ping, Na Li-ma, Yilihamujiang Yimamu 2015, 19 (11):  1793-1797.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.028 Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (624KB) ( 421 )   Save BACKGROUND: Course of diabetes and hypertension are independent risk factors for diabetic microvascular complications, and fasting C-peptide level is a protective factor. There are many studies concerning glycated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count and diabetic microvascular complications, but studies about neutrophils are rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of peripheral blood neutrophil count with diabetic microvascular complications. METHODS: Totally 112 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected and divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of microvascular complications: diabetes group and diabetes+ microvascular complication group. The gender, age, ethnic group, disease history and laboratory examination parameters were collected and analyzed with univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Univariate analysis: Patients in the diabetes+microvascular complication group had significantly higher age, course of diabetes, globulin, creatinine, the percentage of neutrophile granulocytes, nertrophil count, rate of hypertension than those in the diabetes group (P < 0.05), while the lymphocyte percentage, glomerular filtration rate, and triglyceride level were significantly lower than those in the diabetes group (P < 0.05). (2) Logistic regression analysis showed that age, course of diabetes and nertrophil count were the independent risk factors of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (odds ratio=1.155, 2.145, 2.275, all P < 0.01). Based on the adjustment of the age factor, the partial correlation analysis showed that the nertrophil count was positively correlated to the levels of creatinine, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, globulin and hemoglobin, but negatively correlated to the levels of serum bile acid and glomerular filtration rate. Chronic subclinical inflammations are closely correlated to the occurrence of microvascular complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and peripheral blood neutrophil count can be used as a predictor of microvascular complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief in knee osteoarthritis: a Meta-analysis   Ding Xiang, Zhang Yi, Deng Zhen-han, Yang Ye, Yang Tuo, Li Hui, Lei Guang-hua 2015, 19 (11):  1798-1804.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.11.029 Abstract ( 484 )   PDF (717KB) ( 722 )   Save BACKGROUND: Extensive studies have shown that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) plays a positive role in relieving the pain caused by a variety of diseases. However, its exact effect to manage pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis is still controversial. TENS is classified into h-TENS and l-TENS, but currently its respective role in relieving the pain caused by knee osteoarthritis is not clear yet. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of h-TENS and l-TENS on pain relieving among patients with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: A computer-based search was performed on PubMed, Embase and Cochrane database for randomized controlled trials on TENS for the treatment of knee pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis which were reported before February 2014. Methodology quality of the trials was critically assessed and relative data were extracted. These studies were selected independently by two reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using Revman5.2 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 10 randomized controlled trials involving 519 cases were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the h-TENS group had significant effects on pain relief in knee osteoarthritis patients in comparison to the control group [MD=-0.56, 95%CI(-0.98, -0.15), P=0.008]; the l-TENS group had no significant effect on pain relief in knee osteoarthritis patients in comparison to the control group [MD=-0.13, 95%CI(-1.63, 1.38), P=0.87]; the h-TENS group had significant effect on pain relief in knee osteoarthritis patients in comparison to the l-TENS group [MD=-0.85, 95%CI(-1.32, -0.37), P=0.000 5]. These findings indicate that h-TENS performs something positive to reduce pain in knee osteoarthritis patients that l-TENS cannot do. Owing to the limitations of this study, further work is needed to determine the role of TENS in pain management among patients with knee osteoarthritis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics