中国组织工程研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (30): 4889-4895.doi: 10.12307/2024.639

• 骨与关节综述 bone and joint review • 上一篇    下一篇

机器人辅助全膝关节置换技术的应用与前景

王若宇1,张志峰2,黄  健2   

  1. 1内蒙古医科大学,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市   010110;2内蒙古医科大学第二附属医院,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市   010000
  • 收稿日期:2023-01-06 接受日期:2023-09-21 出版日期:2024-10-28 发布日期:2023-12-28
  • 通讯作者: 黄健,教授,内蒙古医科大学第二附属医院,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市 010000 张志峰,副教授,内蒙古医科大学第二附属医院,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市 010000
  • 作者简介:王若宇,男,1997年生,蒙古族,内蒙古医科大学在读硕士,主要从事髋、膝关节疾病方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2020MS08144),项目负责人:张志峰

Application and prospect of robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty

Wang Ruoyu1, Zhang Zhifeng2, Huang Jian2   

  1. 1Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China; 2Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • Received:2023-01-06 Accepted:2023-09-21 Online:2024-10-28 Published:2023-12-28
  • Contact: Huang Jian, Professor, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China Zhang Zhifeng, Associate professor, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • About author:Wang Ruoyu, Master candidate, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No. 2020MS08144 (to ZZF)

摘要:


文题释义:

机器人辅助全膝关节置换:医生通过分析每位患者虚拟的膝关节三维图像(由机器人系统根据患者术前采集的膝关节影像学数据或手术医师术中采集的膝关节解剖数据生成),做出手术规划(最适合患者的假体的尺寸及摆设位置),手术当中可查看患者三维骨骼影像及膝关节运动参数,让手术医师及时调整或确认预定的假体摆放位置,完全依照患者膝关节解剖形态进行手术。
膝骨关节炎:是一种以膝关节软骨退行性病变和继发性骨质增生为特征的慢性关节疾病,其病理特征为关节软骨破坏、骨赘形成、软骨下骨和关节边缘反应性增生、软骨下骨硬化。典型的临床特征是膝关节疼痛畸形及功能受损,严重者甚至无法行走。


背景:目前用于全膝关节置换的机器人系统设计的基本原理是将三维手术规划、术中危险区预警、实时数据反馈及机械臂辅助截骨等技术相结合,以实现全膝关节置换的精准化、个性化,这也恰好是它最大优势所在,因此近年来成为关节外科领域热点话题,备受关注。

目的:文章将从机器人辅助全膝关节置换在关节外科领域的发展现状及其与传统全膝关节置换优劣势对比进行概述,此外,还将对机器人辅助全膝关节置换技术未来的发展进行展望。
方法:应用计算机检索PubMed、中国知网、万方和维普数据库的相关文章,英文检索词:“robot OR robotic OR robotics OR robotically OR computer,total knee arthroplasty OR total knee replacement,TKA OR TKR”,中文检索词:“机器人辅助,计算机导航,全膝关节置换术”,最终纳入64篇文献进行综述分析。

结果与结论:①用于辅助全膝关节置换的机器人系统根据其自由度分为主动式、半主动式和被动式。半主动式系统是目前使用最为广泛的机器人系统,该系统有效提高了全膝关节置换手术的精准性和个性化程度,但其高昂的使用成本与较长的学习曲线仍是在该领域内推广时需要权衡的主要因素。②机器人辅助全膝关节置换可实现膝关节局部三维空间的精准截骨、正确安置假体,已被广泛证明可以提供更好的假体植入精准度,减少影像学异常值,在术中可获得良好的软组织平衡,最终改善术后膝关节运动及功能状态。③但目前的机器人辅助系统依然存在客观的不足之处,包括不同机器人设备与术者之间的学习曲线问题、额外增加的安装和维护成本以及与机器人手术相关的潜在并发症,所以其能否让医疗系统及患者真正受益仍需要更长期的研究予以证明,机器人辅助系统也仍需进行更多实质性的改进。④机器人辅助全膝关节置换技术在临床上仍然处于初步研究阶段,并没有大范围地应用到临床,更加明确该技术的用法、完善该技术的临床操作规范和安全性成为了未来对该技术的研究侧重点。

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3496-3115(王若宇);https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3084-3567(张志峰);
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9099-8710(黄健)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

关键词: 骨关节炎, 关节外科, 机器人手术, 膝关节, 关节置换, 下肢力线, 术后并发症, 精准外科, 人工智能, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The basic principle of the design of the robot system used for total knee arthroplasty is to combine three-dimensional surgical planning, early warning of danger areas during surgery, real-time data feedback, robot arm assisted osteotomy and other technologies to achieve precision and personalization of total knee arthroplasty, which is exactly its biggest advantage. Therefore, it has become a hot topic in the field of joint surgery in recent years and attracted much attention.    
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the development status of robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty in the field of joint surgery and the comparison of advantages and disadvantages with conventional total knee arthroplasty and to prospect the future development of robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty. 
METHODS: Relevant articles were searched from PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases by computer. English key words were “robot OR robotic OR robotics OR robotically OR computer, total knee arthroplasty OR total knee replacement, TKA OR TKR”. Chinese key words were “robotic-assisted, computer navigation, total knee arthroplasty”. Finally, 64 articles were included for review and analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The robot system used to assist total knee arthroplasty is divided into active, semi-active and passive according to its degree of freedom. The semi-active system, currently widely used in robotic systems, effectively enhances the accuracy and personalization of total knee arthroplasty. However, its high implementation cost and relatively steep learning curve remain key factors to be balanced when promoting its adoption in joint surgery field. (2) Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty can achieve precise osteotomy and correct placement of prosthesis in local three-dimensional space of the knee joint. It has been widely proven that it can provide better accuracy of prosthesis implantation, reduce imaging abnormalities, obtain good soft tissue balance during the operation, and ultimately improve the motion and functional status of the knee joint after the operation. (3) However, the current robotic-assisted system still has objective shortcomings, including the problem of learning curve between different robot devices and operators, additional installation and maintenance costs, and potential complications related to robot surgery. Therefore, whether it can truly benefit the medical system and patients still needs to be proven by long-term research, and the robotic-assisted system also needs to be further improved substantially. (4) Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty technique is still in the preliminary research stage in clinical practice and has not been widely applied. To better define the usage of robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty and enhance its clinical procedural standards and safety, refining these aspects will become a focal point of future research on robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty. 

Key words: osteoarthritis, joint surgery, robotic-assisted surgery, knee joint, joint arthroplasty, lower limb alignment, postoperative complications, precise surgery, artificial intelligence, review

中图分类号: