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17 September 2015, Volume 19 Issue 38 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of different bone graft materials and osteoporosis on the success rate of posterior lumbar interbody fusion  Wang Jin-quan, Sun Yu-Qing, Xing Yong-gang 2015, 19 (38):  6069-6073.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.001 Abstract ( 226 )   PDF (657KB) ( 376 )   Save BACKGROUND: For patients with osteoporosis, bone mineral density and other factors can lower the success rate of posterior lumbar interbody fusion. But there is no comprehensive report on the effects of different bone graft materials and osteoporosis on the posterior lumbar interbody fusion. OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of different bone graft materials and osteoporosis on the success rate of posterior lumbar interbody fusion. METHODS: Clinical data of 227 patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion were retrospectively analyzed, and these patients were assigned into autogenous iliac bone group (n=121), fusion cage combined with autogenous cancellous bone group (combined group, n=65) and allograft group (n=41) according to different bone graft materials. There were 20, 22, 6 patients with osteoporosis in the three groups, respectively. All the patients were followed up for 24 months, and postoperative bone fusion, fusion time, intervertebral height and internal fixation failure and other adverse events were recorded and compared among three groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The failure rate of internal fixation, fusion time and loss of intervertebral height were higher, but the fusion rate was lower in the allograft group than the other two groups (P < 0.05). In addition, there was no difference between the autogenous iliac bone group and combined group. For the osteoporosis  patients, the failure rate of internal fixation and fusion time were higher, while the loss of intervertebral height and fusion ratewere lower in the allograft group than the other two groups (P < 0.05); compared with the autogenous iliac bone group, the combined group had longer fusion time and higher fusion rate (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that autogenous iliac bone graft combined with or without fusion cage can achieve higher fusion rate and less internal fixation failure in the posterior lumbar interbody fusion; however, for osteoporosis patient, the autogenous iliac bone graft can obtain better fusion effects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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ROI-CTM cervical fusion or titanium plate for treatment of Hangman fractures: a comparison of cervical stability and fusion rate  Zhang Wei-hong, Meng Chun-yang, Gao Feng, Yuan Wen 2015, 19 (38):  6074-6080.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.002 Abstract ( 209 )   PDF (4300KB) ( 271 )   Save BACKGROUND: The self-locking ROI-CTM interbody fusion has zero profile design which can significantly reduce the impact on the esophagus and pharynx, and also simplify the operation procedure. However, there is no report whether it has satisfactory outcomes in the treatment of Hangman fractures. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects of ROI-CTM or titanium plate internal fixation on postoperative cervical stability and fusion rate in the treatment of Hangman fractures. METHODS: Twenty-one cases of Hangman fractures were included, including 13 males and 8 females, aged 25-62 years old. Fifteen cases were treated withtitanium plate internal fixation, and the other five cases were treated with ROI-CTM fusion device. Cervical anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, lateral flexion extension radiographs and CT scanning were carried out before, 3 days and 3 months after repair to assess angular displacement, horizontal displacement and fusion rate; visual analog scale score and Bazaz dysphagia score were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 3 days after operation, the ROI-CTM group was significantly better than the titanium plate group in visual analog scale scores and Bazaz dysphagia grade (P < 0.05), and there were no  significant differences in angular displacement and horizontal displacement (P > 0.05). However, at 3 months after operation, there was no significant difference between the two groups in visual analog scale score, Bazaz dysphagia grade, angular displacement and horizontal displacement and fusion rate (P > 0.05). Postoperative complete reduction rate of spondylolisthesis was higher in the ROI-CTM group than the titanium plate group (P < 0.05). In each group, the angular displacement and horizontal displacement were significantly reduced at 3 day and 3 months after operation (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference at 3 days and 3 months after operation (P > 0.05). No rejection reaction, internal fixation fracture and loosening occurred in the two groups. These findings indicate that the self-locking ROI-CTM fusion for treatment of Hangman fractures are characterized as higher reduction rate of spondylolisthesis, less dysphagia, and less neck pain. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and characterization of inducible bone repair composite scaffold with genipin-crosslinked bionic bone structure Li Gen, Li Wen-jie, Tang Jun-jie, Wang Jiu-na, Zhao Ling, Qin Wen, Zhao Xing-xu, Zhao Hong-bin 2015, 19 (38):  6081-6086.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.003 Abstract ( 255 )   PDF (7133KB) ( 215 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although there is a certain progress in the preparation of tissue-engineered bone tissue using a variety of materials, some deficiencies have appeared such as mismatching between scaffold degradation rate and new bone formation rate, slow tissue growth, toxic metabolites. OBJECTIVE: To build a new type of inducible bone repair composite scaffold with bionic bone structurematerials and to evaluate its physicochemical and biological properties. METHODS: Icariin encapsulated by chitosan was used to prepare drug-loaded microspheres, and the drug release rate of the microspheres was detected. Chitosan microspheres were mixed with collagen to build the core part of scaffold materials. Hydroxyapatite (HA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and collagen were mixed in hexafluoride isopropanol (HFIP) to prepare the HA/PCL/collagen outer part of composite scaffold material at the rate of 0:3:3, 1:3:3, 2:3:3, 3:3:3. Each proportional electrospinning was used for one layer, and finally the 4-layer outer tube of the scaffold was produced. The tube core and outer tube were crosslinked by 1% genipin. Universal material testing machine, surface contact angle meter, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, water absorption, permeability, porosity, in vitro degradation tests for cross-linked and uncross-linked were used to  observe the structure and characteristics of tubular materials. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the surface of cross-linked and uncross-linked bone repair materials to evaluate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. Cross-linked and uncross-linked bone repair materials were implanted subcutaneously into Wistar rats to evaluate the histocompatibility of the scaffolds. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The drug in the scaffold had a suitable release; the bone scaffold material had good uniformity, and cross-linked scaffolds materials had better mechanical properties, water absorption and permeability than the uncross-linked (P < 0.05). The degradation rate of the cross-linked group was significantly lower than that of the uncross-linked group (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could adhere well to the cross-linked and uncross-linked materials. No inflammatory reactions occurred after subcutaneous implantation of cross-linked and uncross-linked materials. These findings indicate that the cross-linked scaffold for inducible bone tissue engineering has good biocompatibility and mechanical properties. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of two different treatments on enamel structure and bond strength of orthodontic brackets   Gao Yang, Zhang Ming, Gong Chun-mei 2015, 19 (38):  6087-6091.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.004 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (3977KB) ( 172 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are two ways to treat the enamel before bracket bonding: etching and sandblasting, but the few studies focus on the direct use of sandblasting technology on untreated enamel surface. OBJECTIVE: To observe the damage of etching versus sandblasting to the enamel surface, and to compare the bonding strength of metal brackets adhesive to isolated teeth with these two kinds of surface treatments. METHODS: (1) Nine premolar teeth removed for orthodontic treatment were randomized into three groups: sandblasting, acid etching and polishing treatment groups. Surface roughening effects of these three kinds of treatments were observed under scanning electron microscope. (1) Another 40 premolar teeth removed for orthodontic treatment were randomized into two groups: sandblasting and acid etching groups. At 24 hours after bracket bonding, the shear strength was detected using mechanical testing machine, and the adhesive residue index of tooth surface was statistically calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under the scanning electron microscope, polishing treatment had no damage to the enamel surface; but in the other two groups, the enamel surface was damaged to varying degrees, especially in the sandblasting group. (2) The bonding strength in the sandblasting group was significantly higher than that in the acid etching group (P < 0.05), but there was no difference in the adhesive residue index of tooth surface between the two groups (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that compared with the acid etching technology, the sandblasting technology can increase the bonding strength between the enamel and metal bracket, but it also results in more damage. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Histological changes of pure titanium micro-implant under inflammatory stimulation and orthodontic force as well as bone remodeling Zhang Xiao-ge, Tang Tian, Zhao Zhi-he, Ding Yin 2015, 19 (38):  6092-6097.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.005 Abstract ( 199 )   PDF (2049KB) ( 322 )   Save BACKGROUND: Implant stability is mainly influenced by peri-implant inflammatory stimulation. OBJECTIVE: To build a beagle model of peri-implantitis under orthodontic force and to observe the bone remodeling of the Beagle dog model. METHODS: Micro-implants were randomly implanted into the maxillary interradicular region at the center of the mesial and distal roots of bilateral P2, P3, P4 and M1 of Beagle dogs. One side served as a loaded micro-implant with peri-implantitis under 100 g of orthodontic force at 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks of peri-implantitis, and the force lasted for 1 month. After that, the animals were killed to prepare specimens with micro-implants. Bone-to-implant contacts were calculated and histological changes of the bone interface under continuous orthodontic force at different stages of peri-implantitis were observed under light microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were a large number of inflammatory cells after micro-implants were implanted with silk thread ligation to the cervical part. Over time, inflammatory cells were gradually diffused to the tip of micro-implant, and there were a great quantity of collagenous fibers, osteocytes and active bone remodeling. When the inflammation was diffused to the tip of micro-implant after 2 weeks of peri-implantitis, woven bones  composed of newly formed trabeculae appeared, and imflammatory cells dispersed. The medullary cavity was irregular after collagen fibrils absorption, and there were 3-4 layers of osteoblasts in the bone lacunae, with active bone formation. These findings indicate that the Beagle model of pure titanium peri-implantitis under orthodontic force was successfully built in the experiment, and bone formation became active at 2 weeks after modeling. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regenerated cellulose materials for skin repair: preparation and performance Deng Li-huan 2015, 19 (38):  6098-6103.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.006 Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (7452KB) ( 234 )   Save BACKGROUND: The regenerated cellulose membrane has good moisture absorption and mechanical strength as well as good biodegradability, but its toughness is poorer. Studies have shown that the dry film of regenerated cellulose membrane has a poor elongation rate that is less than 15%. OBJECTIVE: To prepare the compound regenerated cellulose membrane/collagen membrane, and to test its mechanical properties, swelling properties, moisture permeability and water retention. METHODS: Using sodium periodate oxidation method, the 2,3-dialdehydecellulose/collagen membrane was prepared. Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope were used to observe the morphological structure, and test its mechanical properties, swelling properties, moisture permeability and water retention. Meanwhile, the regenerated cellulose membrane and 2,3-dialdehydecellulose membrane served as controls. Fibroblasts from logarithmic phase mouse embryos were seeded onto the 2,3-dialdehydecellulose/collagen membrane, and after 1, 3, 5 days, MTT method was used to detect cell proliferation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Infrared spectra showed that the collagen was cured to the surface of 2,3-dialdehydecellulose membrane. Under the scanning electron microscopy, the 2,3-dialdehydecellulose/ collagen membrane had loose porous structure, with a porosity of 93.4%. The mechanical properties, swelling rate and moisture permeability of the 2,3-dialdehydecellulose/collagen membrane were significantly stronger than those of the 2,3-dialdehydecellulose membrane and regenerated cellulose membrane (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in the water retention rate among the three groups. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts tightly adhered to the surface of regenerated cellulose/collagen membrane, and presented a proliferative trend. These findings indicate that the 2,3-dialdehydecellulose/collagen membrane has good mechanical properties, swelling property, moisture permeability, water retention, and cytocompatibility. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hydroxyapatite surface modification of artificial cornea titanium scaffold: in vivo biocompatibility Wang Xue-mei, Zhao Qiu-fang, Wu Xiao-rong 2015, 19 (38):  6104-6108.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.007 Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (4278KB) ( 217 )   Save   BACKGROUND: Artificial cornea titanium scaffold has a higher complication rate in clinical usage; therefore, to seek a kind of artificial corneal scaffold with high biocompatibility is a hot spot. OBJECTIVE: To explore the biocompatibility of the artificial cornea titanium scaffold with hydroxyapatite surface modification. METHODS: Twenty-seven New Zealand white rabbits were enrolled to make alkali burn models of the right cornea and then randomized into three groups: in experimental group, artificial cornea titanium scaffold with hydroxyapatite surface modification was implanted into the right eye; in control group, artificial cornea titanium scaffold was implanted into the right eye; in blank group, no scaffold was implanted into the right eye. At 2, 4, 16 weeks after implantation, the right corneas were taken out for pathological observation and scanning electron microscope observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 16 weeks after implantation, there was no difference in the number of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts among the three groups. Over time, in the experimental group, the corneal tissues, fibrous tissues and adhered extracellular matrices were increased gradually. In addition, the experimental group had more adherent corneal tissues, extracellular matrices and better tissue healing than the control and blank groups. These findings indicate that the artificial cornea titanium scaffold with hydroxyapatite surface modification had good biocompatibility that can effectively promote proliferation of corneal cells and corneal vascularization. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical properties and biocompatibility of the L4/5 lumbar spine fusion cage Li Liang, Jiang Mei-lin, Zhao Dun-xu 2015, 19 (38):  6109-6113.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.008 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (4027KB) ( 177 )   Save BACKGROUND: Lumbar spinal stenosis can result in lumbar nerve root pain and other symptoms or even disability, which seriously impacts people’s quality of life. Interbody fusion is the main clinical treatment. Studies have shown that an interspinous fusion cage is prone to have hairline fractures and loss of implant; therefore, biomechanical properties and biocompatibility of the interbody fusion cage at L4/5 need to be studied. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the stability of the interspinous fusion cage at L4/5, and to explore the biomechanical properties and biocompatibility of adjacent segments. METHODS: Ten adult fresh frozen spine specimens were selected and divided into normal group and model group, with five specimens in each group. The specimens were numbered and placed in a special fixture. The interspinous fusion cage, made in Zhengzhou Cast Medical Instrument Co., Ltd., China, was implanted in vivo and fixed using a cage fixator made of Ti6AL-4V ELI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Artificial vertebral bodies had less strain changes than the normal vertebrae in different implantation positions in terms of central compression, anteflexion, rear protraction, lateroflexion (P < 0.05). During vertebral displacement under the maximum load of 500 N, the linear displacement and angular displacement in anteflexion, rear protraction, left lateral flexion, levorotation were decreased significantly in the model group than the normal group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the interspinous fusion cage can maximally preserve the range of motion of the injured vertebral body, maintain the stability of the segment, and reduce the stress of the intervertebral disc. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth and secretion features of microencapsulated human adrenal pheochromocytoma cells in artificial cerebrospinal fluid  Li Xiao, Zhang Xin-sheng, Luo Hai-jie, Luan Shuo, Wan Qing, Wu Shao-ling, Ma Chao 2015, 19 (38):  6114-6120.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.009 Abstract ( 246 )   PDF (4753KB) ( 232 )   Save BACKGROUND: Microencapsulated cells are commonly used as a tool to overcome immune rejection after subarachnoid transplantation. However, the effect of microencapsulation on the secretion of human pheochromocytoma cells is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the growth and secretion of primarily microencapsulated cultured human pheochromocytoma cells in artificial cerebrospinal fluid. METHODS: The human pheochromocytoma tissues were digested successively to isolate human pheochromocytoma cells that were then cultured in artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Primary cells were covered with alginate-polylysine-alginate microcapsules, and then the cell morphology was observed with inverted phase contrast microscope. Levels of met-enkephalin and norepinephrine in cell culture medium were detected by enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We used cell counting kit-8 colorimetric assay to obtain the growth curve of human pheochromocytoma cells in artificial cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Microcapsulated human pheochromocytoma cells were in suspension and the process outgrowth increased slowly. Compared with non-microcapsulated cells, the proliferation rate of microcapsulated cells increased significantly. ELISA results revealed a significant increase in the levels of met-enkephalin and norepinephrine secreted from the microencapsulated cells compared to the  non-microcapsule group. There was a wide variation in contents of met-enkephalin and norepinephrine from different tumors. These findings indicate that microencapsulated human pheochromocytoma cells can survive well and have good secretion function in artificial cerebrospinal fluid, and human pheochromocytoma cells from different tumor tissues have stable secretory function. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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NovaBone for repair of limb fractures: its effect on bone graft fusion Du Si-chuang, Yang Jing-chun 2015, 19 (38):  6121-6125.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.010 Abstract ( 251 )   PDF (813KB) ( 244 )   Save BACKGROUND: As a new kind of bone repair material, NovaBone has a unique biological activity and good biocompatibility. It has a good binding role in the clinical repair of bone defects, so as to effectively promote the bonding of soft tissue and bone tissue. OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effect of NovaBone in the repair of bone defects due to limb fractures. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with bone defects due to limb fractures were enrolled, 37 males and 30 females, aged 17-81 years. All the patients underwent NovaBone repair. Three days after repair, routine blood test, heart and kidney function, serum complement C3, complement C4, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M were detected; 12 months after repair, X-ray observation was performed for bone graft fusion effect. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All patients presented with stage I healing, and there was no incision infection, rejection or non-specific inflammation. Patients felt no discomfort or developed symptoms in the bone graft region. Laboratory indexes showed no abnormity. At 12 months after treatment, bony union was seen in all patients, and there was 1 case of nonunion, 1 case of possible nonunion, 2 cases of uncertain nonunion, 33 cases of possible union, 30 cases of strong union, with a bone fusion rate of 94%. These findings suggest that NovaBone materials for repair of bone defect due to limb fractures have good biocompatibility and obtain good clinical effect. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Percutaneous vertebroplasty with high-viscosity bone cement injection for repair of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in the elderly: evaluation of vertebral height recovery  2015, 19 (38):  6126-6132.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.011 Abstract ( 185 )   PDF (2270KB) ( 246 )   Save BACKGROUND: Whether there is a necessary connection or internal patterns between the amount of bone cement-recovery of vertebral height-clinical efficacy has no evidence-based medicine findings in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures using percutaneous vertebroplasty with high-viscosity bone cement injection. OBJECTIVE: To observe the change of vertebral height in the elderly with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty with high-viscosity bone cement injection. METHODS: A total of 110 elderly patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (139 vertebrae) were admitted at the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January 2011 to December 2012. All the patients received percutaneous vertebroplasty by the same group of surgeons. Bone cement at drawing stage was injected into the fractured vertebra. During the 12-month follow-up, visual analogue scale, Barthel index and vertebral height restoration were observed as evaluation indexes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The surgical treatment was done successfully in the 110 patients (139 vertebrae). The amount of bone cement per vertebra was 3-6 mL, with a mean of 3.5 mL. At 12 months after surgery, the visual analog scale scores were decreased from 7.9 to 1.8, Barthel index was increased from 40.25 to 82.21, both of which were improved significantly (P < 0.05). After surgery, the vertebral heights at the anterior and middle parts were increased by (81.25±9.26)% and (78.22±10.65)%, respectively, and there was significant differences before ant at 24 hours, 3 months and 12 months after surgery (P < 0.05). During the follow-up, there were five vertebrae with bone cement leakage, but no clinical symptoms occurred, and no nerve injury or pulmonary embolism happened. These findings indicate that percutaneous vertebroplasty with high-viscosity bone cement injection can effectively relieve pain, restore the vertebral height, reduce the incidence of complications and shorten the recovery time in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Platelet-rich plasma with sodium hyaluronate in repair of rabbit knee osteoarthritis Ji Heng-dong, Huo Xiao-yan, Zhang Hou-qing, Wang Yu-shan, Shi Xuan, Huo Lei 2015, 19 (38):  6133-6139.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.012 Abstract ( 264 )   PDF (738KB) ( 270 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that sodium hyaluronate inhibits cartilage damage in osteoarthritis and accelerates regeneration of cartilage cells, to stabilize and repair the articular cartilage. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of sodium-rich plasma combined with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on rabbit knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Forty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into five groups, control group, combined group, sodium hyaluronate group, PRP group and model group, and then an osteoarthritis model of the right knee was made in each rabbit. After modeling, sodium hyaluronate+PRP, sodium hyaluronate, autologous PRP and normal saline were given via the knee joint cavity in the latter four groups, respectively, once a week for 5 weeks. The control group received no treatment, as normal controls. At 1 week after treatment, ELISA assay was used to detect serum interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α levels, and changes of the articular cartilage were observed under a light microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were all increased in the other four groups (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were lowered significantly in the combined, sodium hyaluronate and PRP groups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and the most significant decline was in the combined group. Articular cartilage damage was severest in the model group and mildest in the combined group. Experimental findings indicate that intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate+PRP can reduce inflammation and protect the articular cartilage in knee osteoarthritis, which is better than a single drug injection. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Polyhydroxyalkanoate polymer carrying chondrocytes for repair of allogeneic laryngeal cartilage defects Wu Yan-ping, Wu Fang 2015, 19 (38):  6140-6144.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.013 Abstract ( 212 )   PDF (692KB) ( 207 )   Save BACKGROUND: Laryngeal cartilage defect has a higher incidence, mainly presenting with pain, swelling, and dysfunction after onset. Currently, surgical treatment is the most used in clinical treatment of laryngeal cartilage defect. Although conventional materials can effectively improve symptoms, there is a poor long-term efficacy. In recent years, there are many clinical studies on cartilage tissue engineering, but less about the actual use in the otorhinolaryngology department. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymer carrying chondrocytes on the repair of allogeneic laryngeal cartilage defects. METHODS: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHH) served as the extracellular matrix. Tissue engineering technology was used to prepare cell-material composite. Primary tissue-engineered cartilage tissue was transplanted directly into rabbit thyroid cartilage defect (experimental group A), or implanted into a more mature tissue-engineered cartilage for the repair of thyroid cartilage defect (experimental group B). In the experiment, PHBHH group and simple chondrocyte group were set as controls. Repairing effects on thyroid cartilage defect were evaluated through gross and histological observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chondrocytes in the primary tissue-engineered cartilage tissues were beaded under scanning electron microscope, and after 4 weeks of culture, a large amount of jelly-shaped substrates were visible. Findings from electron microscope observation showed that the cells were distributed on the surface of composite material and cavernous voids, displaying a plurality of small round projections. Surgical treatment was successful in all the rabbits, and there was no dyspnea and eating difficulties after surgery. One rabbit appeared to have brief wheezing in the experimental group A, two rabbits died of diarrhea in the experimental B group at 2 weeks after surgery. PHBHH composite carrying chondrocytes had certain hardness. At 4 weeks after subcutaneous implantation, mature cells were shaped as white sheets, and the material had elasticity. After 4 and 8 weeks, the space between repair zone and original cartilage tissue was smooth and plain, but the repair zone was colored yellow. In the simple PHBHH and chondrocyte groups, the repair zones were both depressed, only the connective tissues could be seen. Rabbits in the two experimental groups showed less adverse reactions compared with the two control groups (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that PHBHH composite carrying chondrocytes has better effects to repair allogeneic laryngeal cartilage defects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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PEEK external fixator is better for repair of tibial fractures Zhang Mi, Liu Yang, Tan Jun-feng, Mei Hong-jun, Zhang Hong-qi 2015, 19 (38):  6145-6149.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.014 Abstract ( 408 )   PDF (765KB) ( 271 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional external fixation of tibial fractures exhibits obvious stress shielding that delays fracture healing. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material has a similar elastic modulus to the bone, and it will be possible to address this clinical problem. OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcome of PEEK external fixator versus traditionally external fixator in the treatment of tibial fractures.  METHODS: Clinical data of 86 patients with tibial fractures, including 64 males and 22 females, aged 24-78 years (mean age of 56 years), were retrospectively reviewed. There were 30 cases of closed fractures and 56 cases of open fractures; 32 cases received flat-patient surgery and 54 cases underwent emergency surgery. All the patients were divided into two groups according to different fixation methods: PEEK group and traditional external fixator group. After operation, patients were checked regularly and at the last follow-up, functional recovery was evaluated according to Johner-Wruhs criteria.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the patients were followed up for 5-20 months. The mean fixator removal time of the PEEK group was 8.7 weeks and the mean duration of fracture healing was 4.2 months. The mean fixator removal time of the traditional external fixator group was 10.6 weeks and the mean duration of fracture healing was 6.1 months. At the last follow-up, in the PEEK group, 26 cases were assessed as excellent, 13 as good, 4 as poor; in the traditional external fixator group, 19 cases were assessed as excellent, 13 as good, 11 as poor. These findings indicate that PEEK external fixator for different types of tibial fractures can maintain the fracture stability, promote fracture healing and contribute to the functional recovery of the affected limbs.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sealing effects of two desensitizers on the dentinal tubule: a scanning electron microscope observation  Li Na, Zhu Li-jiang, Wang Xiang-lan, Zheng Zhao-jie 2015, 19 (38):  6150-6154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.015 Abstract ( 453 )   PDF (795KB) ( 578 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both Ms Coat and Green OrTM desensitizers can seal dentinal tubules effectively, isolate the dentinal tubule from external stimuli and also reduce the dentinal hypersensitivity. The scholars around the world have discussed their effects from the descriptive and qualitative view. OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively assess and compare the sealing effects of Ms Coat and Green OrTM desensitizers on dentine tubules. METHODS: Thirty fresh human third molar samples were made into 3-mm dentin specimens that were treated with 17% EDTA for 2 minutes and randomly divided into three groups: Ms Coat group, Green OrTM group and control group with no treatment. In the former two groups, MS Coat desensitizer and Green OrTM desensitizer were applied respectively on the dentin surfaces. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the dentin surface and longitudinal sections. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Surface observation: In the control group, all of the dentinal tubules were exposed; in the MS Coat group, it was observed that almost all the dentinal tubules were obliterated; in the Green OrTM group, the dentin tubules were covered with irregular crystalline substance and only a small number of exposed dentine tubules were visible but narrowed obviously. (2) Longitudinal profile observation: In the control group, the dentin tubules were strip-shaped and arranged in parallel without any blockage; in the MS coat group, the tubules were covered with dense sediments, and the dentinal tubules were basically closed; in the Green  OrTM group, there were scaly crystalline material deposited within the dentinal tubules. Dentinal diameter and number of dentinal tubules were ranked as follows: control group > Green OrTM group > MS Coat group (P < 0.05). Both Ms Coat and Green OrTM desensitizers can occlude the tubules effectively, and moreover, the MS Coat is superior to the Green OrTM.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of bioabsorbable miniplate versus miniature titanium fixation system on the stability of mandibular fractures Qiu Xun-ding 2015, 19 (38):  6155-6160.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.016 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (997KB) ( 249 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bioabsorbable miniplates have good achievements after implantation, which have similar effect to the miniature titanium fixation system. Due to its absorbability, the bioabsorbable miniplate cannot exist in the body for a long time, which cannot influence bone stresses, cannot result in bone tissue atrophy, and have fewer complications than traditional metal internal fixations. OBJECTIVE: To explore and analyze the effects of miniature titanium internal fixation system versus bioabsorbable miniplates on fracture stability in patients with mandibular fractures. METHODS: Ninety patients with mandibular fractures admitted at the Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital from January 2013 to May 2015 were enrolled. All the subjects were divided into two groups according to different internal fixations: miniature titanium group and bioabsorbable miniplate group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 3 months after internal fixation, the stability rate was significantly higher in the bioabsorbable miniplate group than the miniature titanium group. At 1 year after internal fixation, the range of motion of the processus condyloideus was significantly higher in the miniature titanium group than the bioabsorbable miniplate group. These findings suggest that the bioabsorbable miniplate and miniature titanium internal fixation system both have good clinical outcomes in the treatment of mandibular fractures. The miniature titanium internal fixation system is easy to use and has good stability; the bioabsorbable miniplate can reduce foreign body reaction and prevent osteoporosis, and it has an ideal stability in combination with intermaxillary traction. Therefore, what kind of internal fixations is selected should be determined based on the willingness and conditions of patients.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程   Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Color stability of carious incipient lesions in the enamel treated with resin infiltration  Li Xin, Gao Ping, Dai Xiao-hua 2015, 19 (38):  6161-6166.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.017 Abstract ( 317 )   PDF (972KB) ( 341 )   Save BACKGROUND: The resin infiltration technique for masking white spot lesions has obtained a result superior to the conventional remineralization. Up to now, few studies have evaluated the color of carious incipient lesions treated with the resin infiltration. OBJECTIVE: To assess the color change of caries incipient lesions in the enamel treated with resin infiltration. METHODS: Forty-eight extracted teeth were exposed to demineralizing solution for 4 weeks to establish artificial caries models. Then artificial caries models were treated with resin infiltration and randomized into four groups: these specimens were immersed in red wine, coffee, tea and artificial saliva for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. The base line color was evaluated by spectrophotometer. The variation in color (ΔE) was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All specimens underwent color and lightness changes, irrespective of immersion media. After 2 weeks of immersion, ΔE values were ranked as follows: red wine > coffee > tea > artificial saliva, and there were significant differences between four groups (P < 0.05). After 4 weeks of immersion, ΔE values were ranked as follows: red wine ≈ coffee > tea > artificial saliva, and there were significant differences between four groups (P < 0.05) but not between the red wine and coffee groups (P > 0.05). Significant changes in the color were found in the red wine and coffee groups at different time after immersion (P < 0.05). Immersed in red wine, coffee and tea, the ?E value was > 3.7, which is not acceptable in clinic. These findings indicate that the color stability of carious incipient lesions located in the enamel treated with resin infiltration is associated with the soak solution and soak time. In addition, immersion in red wine and coffee results in significantly increased color alteration (ΔE) compared with the artificial saliva. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fracture resistance of different post-and-core repair systems after warm gutta filling Qi Lu, Wang Xing, Ma Jun-yue, Wu Pei-ling 2015, 19 (38):  6167-6172.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.018 Abstract ( 348 )   PDF (836KB) ( 222 )   Save BACKGROUND: Due to the complexity and irregularity of bypass obturation of oval root canal and the particular stress of the post and core to the tooth, we have not yet found a reasonable post crown for dental restoration after bypass obturation of the oval root canal. OBJECTIVE: To compare the flexural capacity of the three kinds of post-and-core repair systems (cobalt-chromium cast post and core, zirconium oxide post andcore, and CAD/CAM-fabricated glass fiber post and core) after bypass obturation of the oval root canal warm gutta.  METHODS: Ninety mandibular first premolars were selected for bypass obturation of the root canal with Obtura II & System B, and then randomized into three groups that were respectively restored with cobalt-chromium cast post and core, zirconium oxide post and core and CAD/CAM-fabricated glass fiber post and core. After that, cobalt-chromium metal crown was used for full-crown restoration. Fracture strength and fracture type were recorded in different groups.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fracture resistance was higher in the cobalt-chromium cast post and core group and zirconium oxide post and core group than the glass fiber post and core group (P < 0.05), and the former two groups had no significant difference. Cobalt-chromium cast post and core was fractured at the root of tooth, and could not be repaired; the zirconium oxide post and core was fractured at the root neck and root of tooth, which was confirmed as reparative fracture; the glass fiber post and core was fractured at the tooth neck, which could be restored. These findings indicate that the cobalt-chromium cast post and core can bear greater occlusal force, but has a higher probability of root fracture; the CAD/CAM-fabricated glass fiber post and core exhibits a lower probability of root fracture 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles: a dose-dependent promotion of cell apoptosis Yu Xiao-xu, Bao Hui-jing, Xu Chen, Li Xue, Li Zhao-yang, Zhang Yue-xiang, Liu Yun-de, Wei Dian-jun 2015, 19 (38):  6173-6178.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.019 Abstract ( 413 )   PDF (1KB) ( 237 )   Save BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) show strong antibacterial effect and are not easy to have drug resistance. But the antibacterial mechanisms of AgNPs have not been well developed.  OBJECTIVE: To explain the antibacterial mechanisms of AgNPs. METHODS: We investigated the influence of Ti, TiO2 and TiO2 containing AgNPs on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by bacterial inhibition ring test. Escherichia coli was cultured in LB liquid medium with 0, 5, 10 mg/L AgNPs. We measured the absorbance value of bacterial culture. DNA gel electrophoresis was used to study the effect of AgNPs on Escherichia coli DNA. Then we researched the character of apoptosis on Escherichia coli by Annexin V and PI staining, using flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The inhibiting effect of Ti and TiO2 on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was not obvious. But the inhibition rings of TiO2 containing AgNPs to bacteria appeared. The absorbance value of Escherichia coli culture was reduced when Escherichia coli was co-cultured with AgNPs. And this decrease tendency was in direct proportion with AgNPs concentration. AgNPs reduced the amount of DNA of Escherichia coli and this tendency was directly proportional with AgNPs concentration. The Escherichia coli apoptosis rate induced by AgNPs was increased and this tendency was positively correlated to the AgNPs concentration. These results indicate that AgNPs can induce bacterial apoptosis to influence the growth of bacteria.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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5-Fluorouracil-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles have a killing effect on gastric cancer cell lines in vitro Li Xiao-li, Niu Min, Zhang Ming, Zhang Na-na, Shi Yao 2015, 19 (38):  6179-6183.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.020 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 264 )   Save BACKGROUND: 5-Fluorouracil occupies an important position in the treatment of gastric cancer, but its long-term use can easily induce adverse reactions such as myelosuppression and leukopenia. Polylactic acid and its copolymers have a higher biocompatibility, and their decomposer cannot gather in the body. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity mechanism of 5-fluorouracil-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles on gastric cancer cell lines. METHODS: Ten mice were selected in this study. 5-fluorouracil-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles (1×10-7, 1×10-6, 1×10-5, 1×10-4 mol/L) were prepared using ultrasonic emulsification method. Killing effect of polylactic acid nanoparticles on gastric cancer cell lines in vitro were detected. Then, the inhibition rate was calculated at different concentrations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Under the transmission electron microscope, 5-fluorouracil-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles had good shape and relatively evenly distributed with no adhesions. After drug administration, the drug concentration was 50% at 24 hours and 62.9% at 72 hours. After 48 hours co-culture with single 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorouracil-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles, the viability of gastric cancer cells showed a decrease trend with the increase of drug concentrations, and moreover, 5-fluorouracil-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles had a better cell inhibition ability than the single 5-fluorouracil (P < 0.05). The IC50 value of 5-fluorouracil-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles was significantly lower than that of 5-fluorouracil (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that polylactic acid nanoparticles as good drug carriers have a strong drug loading capacity and increase drug concentration in the body, but cannot reduce the biological activity of 5-fluorouracil, which provide new ideas for the treatment of gastric cancer. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Injectable nano/chitosan/bone morphogenetic protein-2 induces periodontal tissue regeneration Ba Ge-na, Chen Hua-rong, Li Ting, Xie Fu-qiang, Yu Ling-hui 2015, 19 (38):  6184-6189.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.021 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (929KB) ( 396 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chitosan hydrogel has good biocompatibility, biodegradability and antibacterial property, which can promote tissue healing and induce bone formation. As a scaffold carrying growth factors, it can ensure the efficient and slow release of exogenous growth factors. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of injectable nano/chitosan/bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite to promote periodontal tissue regeneration in rats. METHODS: Fifty-four Wistar rats were randomized into three groups, and then chronic periodontitis model of the second molar was established. After modeling, injectable nano/chitosan/bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite was implanted into the periodontal tissue of the second molar in the experimental group; injectable nano/chitosan hydrogel was implanted in the control grouop; and nothing was implanted in the blank group. At 3, 6, 9 weeks after surgery, gingival bleeding index, probing depth, and tooth mobility were detected. X-ray and histopathological observations were carried out. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 9 weeks after surgery, the probing depth and tooth mobility were both lower in the experimental group than the other two groups (P < 0.05). In the experimental group, the alveolar bone height was restored at the root bifurcations, bone trabeculae were arranged densely and evenly, the newly formed periodontal ligament and alveolar bone tissues were dense and equally distributed in the bone defect area at 9 weeks after surgery, indicating a better restoration effect than the control and blank groups. These findings suggest that the injectable nano/chitosan/bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite has an anti-inflammatory role and can guide periodontal tissue regeneration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low- and high-flux hemodialysis membranes in maintenance hemodialysis: permeability, adsorbability and biocompatibility Liu Zong-yang, Xie Yi, Chen Yan, Jiang Yan, Gu Fu-xi 2015, 19 (38):  6190-6194.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.022 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (853KB) ( 321 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dialysis membrane is the most important part of a dialyzer, which directly affects the therapeutic efficacy of hemodialysis. OBJECTIVE: To study the permeability, adsorbability and biocompatibility of high- and low-flux hemodialysis membrane in maintenance hemodialysis process. METHODS: Forty-six hemodialysis patients due to chronic renal failure were selected, including 24 males and 22 females, aged 26-78 years. These patients were randomized into two groups: FX8 and FX60 groups. Dialog+ dialyzer and bicarbonate dialysate (Braun, Germany) were used in the two groups, and polysulfone membranes FX8 and FX60 were respectively used in the two group. All the patients received hemodialysis three times per week, 4 hours once. After 4 months of dialysis, blood levels of toxins and inflammatory cytokines were detected in the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After dialysis, there were no differences in the blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, blood phosphorus levels between the two groups. The clearance rates of β2-microglobulin and parathyrin were significantly higher in the FX60 group than the FX8 group (P < 0.05); the plasma levels of albumin and hemoglobin were significantly higher in the FX60 group than the FX8 group (P < 0.05); but the serum levels of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-a were lower in the FX60 group than the FX8 group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that high-flux polysulfone membrane FX60 is superior to low-flux polysulfone membrane FX8 in the clearance of macromolecule toxins and biocompatibility.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Related Articles | Metrics

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CAD model design for three-dimensional printing of tissue-engineered tooth scaffold Zhang Jia-yu, Mi Xue, Liu Yi, He Hui-yu 2015, 19 (38):  6195-6199.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.023 Abstract ( 243 )   PDF (875KB) ( 269 )   Save  BACKGROUND: There are less reports on how to successfully build the internal spatial configuration of tissue-engineered tooth scaffolds. OBJECTIVE: To find a way to establish a series of three-dimensional digital modes for tissue-engineered tooth scaffold, such as CAD spatial configuration and Standard Template Library (STL) files.  METHODS: In order to get three-dimensional printing format of STL files, MICRO CT data of DICOM format were input into MIMICS and GEOMAGIC softwares, creating the outline of STL files. Then CATIA V5R17 software was used to create the three-dimensional digital mode of tissue-engineered tooth. Then, the overall model of the internal scaffold was obtained by arraying at the proper coordinates. Various overall scaffold configurations could be built rapidly by varying monomer configuration. The STL files of CAD model of three-dimensional printing tissue-engineered tooth were obtained by assembling the tooth outline mode and the internal scaffold. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The CAD model was constructed successfully, and this model could be directly used for three-dimensional printing rapid prototyping system to produce tissue-engineered tooth scaffolds. These findings indicate that the three-dimensional digital mode based on reverse engineering and positive engineering can be established, which can be used to quickly build a variety of internal spatial configurations of scaffold materials required for tissue-engineered teeth. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of different abutment angles and loads of the maxillary central incisor  Chen Xiao-xuan, Liu Guo-qiang, Xu Xin 2015, 19 (38):  6200-6204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.024 Abstract ( 254 )   PDF (789KB) ( 199 )   Save BACKGROUND: To optimize the oral implant design in the abutment angle has an important effect on bone resorption, and meanwhile, the high bite force from patients is also crucial to rebuild bone absorption. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the model design of the maxillary anterior teeth using Ansys Workbench 13.0 software and to investigate the stress size on the cortical and cancellous bone from different angled abutments and different loads of the central incisor. METHODS: A three-dimensional finite element model of the V-shaped cylindrical threaded implants in the maxillary bone. Abutment angle was set as 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, and the load stress was set as 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, 210 N. Occlusion of the central incisor was simulated on the implants, and then, buccolingual mechanical loads were loaded on the center of prostheses to observe the effects of different abutment angles and loads on the Von Mises peak stress of the maxilla and mandible. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the influence of a single factor, when the abutment angles acted as variables, the Von Mises peak stress of the cortical and cancellous bone was respectively increased by 60.60%  and 69.30% under labial or palatal loads; when the loading stress acted as variables, the Von Mises peak stress of the cortical and cancellous bone was increased by 68.74% and 69.30% under buccolingual loads. When the loading stress was less than 150 N and the abutment angle was less than 25°, the slop of tangent for the mandible Von Mises stress response curve was -1 to 0. It seems from the mechanical analysis that the stress of cancellous bone is more susceptible to abutment angle and load stress; the optimal abutment of screwed implant should be designed to an angle less than 25° and an bite force less than 150 N. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The development of an in vitro loading device for vascular tensile stress Lei Ya-nan, Ding Hao, Lan Hai-lian, Yang Qian, Liu Zhi-lin 2015, 19 (38):  6205-6210.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.025 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (1090KB) ( 206 )   Save BACKGROUND: After years of development, various in vitro loading devices for vascular tension stress have been created both at home and abroad, mainly including rectangular base stretching method, circular base deformation method and four-point bending beam load method. Although the circular base deformation method can well reflect the real situations in vivo such as the expansion of the alveoli and vascular pulsation, the strain on the membrane is actinomorphic. The four-point bending beam load method can just bring limited strain range and load time, along with a difficult strain regulation. OBJECTIVE: To develop an in vitro loading device for vascular tension stress using the rectangular base stretching method.  METHODS: This in vitro loading device for vascular tension stress developed according to mechatronics design consisted of power supply module, control module, drive module and data acquisition module. The device could  achieve the tensile control on silicon diaphragm by high-precision control of the motor rotation angle and rotational speed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Through tests and experiments, the device could meet the required range of parameters and simulate in vitro human tensile stress environment, which is preliminarily considered to develop successfully, achieving that: (1) two work patterns: stress mode and strain mode so as to solve the standardization of silicone substrate as loading device; (2) tensile stress can be adjusted in a range of 0-5×105 Pa; (3) tensile strain can be adjusted in 0-40% range; (4) stretching frequency can be in the regulation of 0-80 times/min and the stretching time can be controlled. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fabrication and functional characteristics of cardiac patches  Wang Ying-wei, Qin Zi-xi, Wu Zheng 2015, 19 (38):  6211-6216.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.38.026 Abstract ( 267 )   PDF (807KB) ( 196 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, a lot of studies have reported the feasibility and efficacy of transplanting seed cells via tissue-engineered cardiac patches into specific infarcted myocardial area, helping regeneration of damaged heart tissue and improving heart functions. OBJECTIVE: To review the methods and strategies of fabricating tissue-engineered cardiac patches and to analyze the structure and functional characteristics of cardiac patches prepared by different methods. METHODS: The first author retrieved relevant articles about the fabrication methods of tissue engineered cardiac patches by searching PubMed and Web of science data bases. The key words were “cardiac infarction, cell death”. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fabrication methods and strategies of tissue-engineered cardiac patches are as follows: (1) obtaining multi-layer cell sheets by overlapping monolayer cell sheets; (2) combing gelatin with cells to construct multi-layer cell sheets; (3) seeding cells on scaffolds; (4) homogeneous arrangement of cells. Recent studies about tissue-engineered cardiac patches have demonstrated that the biological activities of seed cells, such as retention, survival and paracrine effects, greatly influence the effect of cardiac patches on the repair and regeneration of infarcted myocardial tissues. Temperature-sensitive method is the most mature and wide-spread used constructing technique; besides, other strategies also successfully improve the biological activities of seed cells to different extents, and they also increase the mechanical strength and thickness of cell 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 References | Related Articles | Metrics