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21 May 2013, Volume 17 Issue 21 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with platelet gel for repair of intervertebral disc degeneration in rats Meng Fan-xing, Li Fang, Ye Chao-qun, Yin Yan-bin, Gao Yang 2013, 17 (21):  3801.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.001 Abstract ( 317 )   PDF (2255KB) ( 503 )   Save BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma gel serves as a three-dimensional scaffold in which stem cells can exhibit a three-dimensional growth. Meanwhile, platelet-rich plasma gel can release large amounts of growth factors to promote the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. OBJECTIVE: To explore the repair effect of injection of autologous platelet rich plasma-adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells complex on rabbit intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS: Rabbit arterial blood was extracted to prepare autologous platelet-rich plasma using secondary centrifugal method, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from the fat tissue of rabbit scapular area. Then, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-platelet-rich plasma gel complex was prepared. New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into control group, model group, platelet-rich plasma gel group and complex group (adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-platelet-rich plasma gel complex). Intervertebral disc degeneration model was made in the latter three groups using puncture method. At 2 weeks after modeling, corresponding materials were injected into the disc in the four groups, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After intervertebral disc degeneration in rabbits, the intervertebral gap was significantly reduced, the nucleus pulposus signal was obviously decreased, nucleus pulposus matrix appeared to have a high density and to be deeply stained. The symptoms above mentioned were improved significantly after intervention with the platelet-rich plasma gel or the complex of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-platelet-rich plasma gel, while the latter was better in curative effects. Injection of platelet-rich plasma gel and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-platelet-rich plasma gel complex can reduce the influence of disc degeneration, and the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-platelet-rich plasma gel complex is more outstanding. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth factor genetic modification and nano-hydroxyapatite composite for repair of alveolar bone defects Zhu Jian-hua, Yuan Xu, Wei Jia-jia, Liu Ji-guang 2013, 17 (21):  3809.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.002 Abstract ( 397 )   PDF (1946KB) ( 390 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have found that the osteoblasts can promote the formation of the alveolar bone, and platelet-derived growth factor A genetic modification effect on osteoblasts to promote alveolar bone   formation is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To implant platelet-derived growth factor A recombinant plasmid and nano-hydroxyapatite composite into bone defects, and then to observe the effects on bone defect repair. METHODS: Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into experimental and control groups. Bilateral mandibular defects of 10 mm×6 mm×4 mm were prepared. Platelet-derived growth factor A-transfected osteoblasts and nano-hydroxyapatite composite material was implanted into the experimental group, while nano-hydroxyapatite was implanted into the control group. Gross observation, cone beam CT, histological observation and scanning electron microscope observation were performed at postoperative 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At different time points after implantation, new bone formed at defect sites. Experimental group was superior to the control group in the following aspects: osteoblasts, trabecular bone, lacunae, neovascularization repair, as well as osseointegration between implant material and alveolar bone    (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that platelet-derived growth factor A transfected osteoblasts and nano-hydroxyapatite composite can generate a new material with better biocompatibility, which can accelerate the regeneration of bone tissue and promote bone defect repair. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth factor delivery system with nanoscaffold materials repairs canine mandibular defects   Zhou Qing-mei, Sun Jian, Li Ya-li, Chen Li-qiang, Xu Yao-xiang 2013, 17 (21):  3816.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.003 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (2130KB) ( 595 )   Save BACKGROUND: Scaffold materials are combined with cytokines to construct tissue-engineered bone, which cannot be limited by vascularization and cell culture. This reconstruction mode is able to induce a large-scale practical tissue-engineered bone. OBJECTIVE: To observe the ability of chitosan microsphere/nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold with slow-released growth factors to repair critical mandibular defects in a dog. METHODS: Animal models of bilateral critical mandibular bone defects were established in 12 hybrid dogs. One side was implanted a chitosan microsphere/nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold with bone morphogenetic protein 2, transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (experimental group); and the other side was implanted a chitosan microsphere/nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). Manbidular specimens were harvested at postoperative weeks 4, 8 and 12 to carry out X-ray, histological and immunohistochemical examinations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After surgery, the X-ray gray value and osteocalcin integral absorbance value in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group at different time points (P < 0.05), showing that the osteogenic ability of the compound growth factor scaffold is superior to the scaffold without growth factor in the repair of bone defects. Histological observation results showed that the ossification time and effect in the experimental group were better than those in the control group at different time point after surgery, indicating that the chitosan microsphere/nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold with bone morphogenetic protein 2, transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 can be faster and more effective to promote bone defect repair. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Polymethyl methacrylate cement injection in vertebroplasty Hu Cheng-dong, Liu Xi, Zhou Yu-jun, Liu Fa-jing, Li Dong-feng, Huo Xi-wei, Li Hai-tao, Liu Ji-xiang 2013, 17 (21):  3823.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.004 Abstract ( 521 )   PDF (934KB) ( 462 )   Save BACKGROUND: Percutaneous vertebroplasty can embolize vertebral hemangioma, strengthen vertebral strength, and has analgesic effect. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effects of percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of symptomatic cervical, thoracic, and lumbar hemangiomas. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 25 patients who had single cervical (n=3), thoracic (n=12) or lumbar (n=10) vertebral hemangioma and accepted percutaneous vertebroplasty via polymethyl methacrylate cement injection under C-arm X-ray guidance. Ordinary radiographs were performed to observe the changes of the vertebral height and distribution and leakage of bone cement postoperatively. The local pain was measured by visual analogue scale and Oswesty functional scores preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No spinal cord and nerves injury occurred during the operation. The visual analogue scale and Oswesty scores had a significant decrease 3 days after operation and at the final follow-up   (P < 0.05). During the follow-up periods, there was no significant vertebral height loss (P > 0.05), and no vertebral hemangioma recurrence happened. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an effective therapeutic option for symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas, which has the characteristics of minimally invasive, low-risk, short recumbent period, and rapid pain relief. However, more attention should be paid in cortex deficiency cases to avoid bone cement leakage. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with different fracture periods Zhang Qi-liang1, Wang Jun2, Lin Yong1 2013, 17 (21):  3831.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.005 Abstract ( 509 )   PDF (721KB) ( 455 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, the technique of percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures is gradually developed, but there is a controversy of the  clinical effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with different fracture periods. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with different fracture periods METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to review 91 cases receiving percutaneous vertebroplasty on 127 vertebral compression fractures. The patients were divided into three groups according to the time from fracture or pain occurrence to surgery: < 3 weeks group, 3 weeks-6 months group, ≥ 6 months group. The visual analogue scale, the Activity of Daily Living Scale and the height of vertebras were recorded and analyzed in the three groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Pain was relieved significantly in the three groups with time going (P < 0.01). The pain relief was superior in the < 3 weeks group and 3 weeks-6 months group as compared with ≥ 6 months group (P < 0.01), but there was no difference between the former two groups. (2) Scores on the Activity of Daily Living Scale were all increased in the three groups after treatment, and gradually increased with time going     (P < 0.01). The scores in the three groups were ranked from top to bottom as follows: < 3 weeks group, 3 weeks- 6 months group, and ≥ 6 months group (P < 0.01). (3) No difference in anterior and middle vertebral height was found among the three groups before treatment. At 3 days after treatment, the anterior and middle vertebral height was arranged from top to bottom as follows: 3 weeks group, 3 weeks-6 months group, and ≥ 6 months group (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the posterior vertebral height among three groups prior to treatment and at 3 days after treatment. Results show that the clinical effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures more than 6 months is worse. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Concentrated red bone marrow/platelet-rich fibrin compound with an autologous periosteum debris scaffold for repair of mandibular defects Guo Ling-yu, Liu Kai, Liu Shu-fa 2013, 17 (21):  3839.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.006 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (677KB) ( 431 )   Save BACKGROUND: The platelet-rich fibrin scaffold structure is conducive to the growth of red bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and various growth factors, promoting final osteogenesis.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of the concentrated red bone marrow/platelet-rich fibrin compound with the autologous periosteum debris scaffold for repair of rabbit mandibular defects. METHODS: Bilateral mandibular bone defect models were prepared in New Zealand white rabbits using self-control method. The left side was the experimental side, and implanted with the concentrated red bone marrow/platelet-rich fibrin compound with the autologous periosteum debris scaffolds; the right side was the control side, and implanted with periosteum fragments and nano-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds. All experimental animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks to prepare tissue samples for general observation, imaging analysis, hematoxylin-eosin staining and scanning electron microscope detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The imaging examination and histological staining showed that the experimental side was superior to the control side in the aspects of bone healing, osteogenesis speed and quality. Under the scanning electron microscope, the experimental side had better compatibility with surrounding tissues and no inflammation reaction. The data of the tooth CT and evidence of new bone formation showed the bone density and new bone area of the experimental side were significantly higher than that of the control side (P < 0.05). These data indicate that concentrated red bone marrow/platelet-rich fibrin compound with the autologous periosteum debris scaffolds has an obvious osteoinductive role, which is expected to be a new-type material for clinical repair of mandibular defects. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Release effect of epirubicin hydrochloride nano-targeted delivery Tang Jia-ming, Zhao Xiu-hua, Zu Yuan-gang 2013, 17 (21):  3846.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.007 Abstract ( 470 )   PDF (1034KB) ( 1019 )   Save BACKGROUND: Epirubicin hydrochloride is a kind of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and the disadvantages in the clinical application are faster drug release and low drug concentrations of target tissue. Epirubicin hydrochloride can widely distribute in various organs after intravenous administration with obvious side effects. OBJECTIVE: To prepare the epirubicin hydrochloride nano-targeted delivery according to the shortages of epirubicin hydrochloride in the clinical application. METHODS: The epirubicin hydrochloride nano-targeted delivery was prepared with the carrier of folate-conjugated epirubicin hydrochloride albumin nanoparticles by the method of emulsification-high pressure homogenization. Particles size, distribution and Zeta potential were detected by laser particle size analyzer. The morphology of epirubicin hydrochloride nanoparticles was observed by scanning electron microscope．In addition, encapsulation capability, loading content and drug release of the folate-conjugated epirubicin hydrochloride albumin nanoparticles were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography． RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results showed that the nanoparticles were spherical and well distributed. The mean particle size was (157.73±0.4) nm, and mean Zeta potential was (-30.85±0.43) mV. The encapsulation efficiency was 96.24% and the loading content was 22.78%. The results of simulate drug releasing results showed that the drug release curve could be divided into two phases, microspheres release in the burst release phase could reach 42.6% at 24 hours, nanoparticles release could be lasted for a long time in the sustained-release stage, and the drug release could reach to 84.1% at 112 hours. The drug release rate of the drug-loaded nanoparticles remained stable. The epirubicin hydrochloride nano-targeted delivery prepared with emulsification-high pressure homogenization has uniform particle size, narrow size distribution, high encapsulation efficiency and loading content, and has certain release effect. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Histocompatibility of new nano-scaffolds for spinal tissue engineering Zhou Ji-hui1, Yao Meng, Wang Yan-song, Sui Fu-ge, Liu Yu-gang, Zhao Cong-ran,Tian Fei-peng 2013, 17 (21):  3854.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.008 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (2446KB) ( 418 )   Save BACKGROUND: The properties of tissue engineering materials have been improved obviously with the rise and development of nanotechnology, the prospect of which is broad in spinal cord tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE: To observe the histocompatibility of new nano-scaffolds for spinal tissue engineering. METHODS: Electrospun aligned and randomly oriented nano?brous scaffolds were made of collagen. Spinal cord derived neural progenitor cells from Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured and identified, and then the cells were cultured on the aligned and randomly oriented collagen nano?brous scaffolds. Neural stem cells under normal culture served as controls. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the cells’ adhesion and generation on the scaffold surface, and cell histocompatibility was determined with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Histocompatibility and degradation of nano?brous scaffolds in vivo were determined through histological observation. The survival and movement of neural stem cells in the body were determined by immunohistochemistry experiments. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Superficial morphous of electrospun aligned and randomly oriented collagen nano?brous scaffolds were in accordence with contrivable requisition. The cell adhesion and proliferation on the surface of the collagen nano?brous scaffolds was perfect. Results from 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that the cellular compatibility of nano-scaffolds was good. Nano?brous scaffolds degraded well and their histocompatibility in vivo was good. The 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled cells in vivo survived and migrated well. Histocompatibility of new nano-scaffolds for tissue engineering is satisfactory. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nano decalcified bone matrix promotes bone fusion Huang Kai, Chen Xiong-sheng, Jia Lian-shun, Zhu Wei, Fang Lei 2013, 17 (21):  3862.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.009 Abstract ( 466 )   PDF (1785KB) ( 491 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nano decalcified bone matrix has a bigger surface area/volume ratio. Irregular nano-cannelure will appear on the surface when nanoparticles are agglomerated, thereby promoting osteoblasts to grow and excrete matrix on the surface. OBJECTIVE: To assess the bone graft and fusion of nano decalcified bone matrix as a bone graft substitute. METHODS: The completely decalcified bone matrix was produced by improved Urist method, and the nano decalcified bone matrix was produced by liquid nitrogen frozen ball mill equipment and MICROS super fine mill. Nano decalcified bone matrix, decalcified bone matrix and autogenous bone were, respectively, implanted into the bilateral lumbar laminae and transverse process of rabbits undergoing removal of cortical bone on the surface of the bilateral lumbar laminae and transverse process. Fusion level at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after operation was observed through iconography and histology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: X-ray and CT manifestations: 12 weeks after operation, the lumbar lamina of nano decalcified bone matrix group gained favorable bony fusion, the laminar space disappeared completely, and the bone mineral density of new bone and fusion bed was uniformity. There was a small amount of new bone tissues on the implanted region of decalcified bone matrix group, and the new bone did not gain favorable bony fusion. Autologous bone graft gained good bony fusion. Histological results: 12 weeks after operation, show that nano decalcified bone matrix was replaced by new bone, forming a bony connection with the lumbar lamina. A great quantity of osteocytes could be seen in the new bone after nano decalcified bone matrix grafting similar to autologuos bone grafting. The groups of decalcified bone matrix and autologous bone also gained bony fusion. In the decalcified bone matrix group, lamellar bone and neoplastic bone were visible in the new bone. Nano decalcified bone matrix possesses a better capacity of osteogenic induction, which is an outstanding substitute for autogenous bone. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioactive glass effects on remineralization of early artificial enamel caries Wang Yin, Wang Yu, Dong Bo, Zhang Ting, Chen Si-jie, Qu Yuan-yuan 2013, 17 (21):  3870.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.010 Abstract ( 532 )   PDF (1821KB) ( 577 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bioactive glass has good biocompatibility and could control oral bacteria and protect against dentin hypersensitivity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate remineralization effect of bioactive glass on early artificial enamel caries. METHODS: Thirty bovine incisors fresh were made to artificial caries models, and were placed in a container with demineralization iquid at 37 ℃ for 72 hours. Micro hardness tester was used to detect hardness value after demineralization, and the enamel surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope. Then, the samples were randomly divided into three groups, 10 in each group. Using pH cycle way method, the oral environment of human beings was copied. Samples were respectively soaked in bioactive glass solution, sodium fluoride solution and artificial saliva solution, three times a day and 10 minutes each. These three groups were dipped circularly into an artificial cariogenic solution and an artificial saliva solution for 20 days. The scanning electron microscope was used to observe demineralization and remineralization on the enamel surface. Micro hardness tester was employed to detect enamel hardness. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The enamel surface in the experiment group was smoother than the other two control groups. The micro hardness of the experiment group was higher than that of the two control groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, bioactive glass can promote remineralization of early artificial enamel caries in vitro. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Magnesium alloy modified by micro-arc oxidation can influence tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 production in macrophages Zhuang Yan, Wu Feng, Meng Gai-li, Li Xiao-hui 2013, 17 (21):  3877.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.011 Abstract ( 431 )   PDF (755KB) ( 433 )   Save BACKGROUND: Micro-arc oxidation treatment can improve the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy and delay the degradation rate. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of magnesium alloy with micro-arc oxidation treatment on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 expression in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. METHODS: Extracts of magnesium alloy, magnesium alloy with micro-arc oxidation treatment or RPMI-1640 medium were added to RAW24.7 cells at 1 hour prior to lipopolysaccharide treatment for 24 hours. Then culture supernatants were collected for measuring the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, and cell proliferation were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Lipopolysaccharide could significantly increase RAW264.7 cell viability. However, there was no significant difference in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cell viability among the three groups (P > 0.05). But the cell viability in the blank control group was significantly increased after lipopolysaccharide treatment (P < 0.01). The highest viability of RAW264.7 cells without lipopolysaccharide stimulation was determined by magnesium alloy treatment, followed by magnesium alloy modified by micro-arc oxidation treatment and RPMI-1640 medium treatment (P < 0.05). Interleukin-6 level of lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells with magnesium alloy treatment appeared to be increased compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). Unlike interleukin-6 response in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, there was no significant difference in tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels among these three groups (P > 0.05). These data suggested magnesium alloy with micro-arc oxidation treatment has no significant effect on RAW264.7 cell viability, and at the same time, reduces the inflammatory reaction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Light-cured glass ionomer versus resin reinforced glass ionomer for dental restoration Liu Yan, Chen Hui 2013, 17 (21):  3885.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.012 Abstract ( 1129 )   PDF (829KB) ( 542 )   Save BACKGROUND: Glass ionomer cement is a kind of new dental material. It has strong adhesiveness, low irritating, which is perfect to prevent dental caries. Currently, glass ionomer cement has been widely used in dental filling, adhesive, hole-lining, dentin hypersensitivity and temporary sealing. OBJECTIVE: To compare the repair effects of light-cured glass ionomer and resin reinforced glass ionomer on dental restoration. METHODS: Forty-eight dental caries patients were randomly divided into two groups: one group was repaired by light-cured glass ionomer and the other by resin reinforced glass ionomer. A follow-up of 6 months to 2 years was performed by comparison of integrityof the prosthesis, edge sealing, secondary caries and periodontal and endodontic lesions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The follow-up of 6 months showed that the successful rate was 97% in the light-cured glass ionomer group and 99% in the resin reinforced glass ionomer group was 99%. There were no significant difference between the successful rates of the two groups after follow-up for 6 months (P > 0.05). The follow-up of 2 years showed that the successful rate was 74% in the light-cured glass ionomer group and 92% in the resin reinforced glass ionomer group, and a significant difference occurred between the two groups (P < 0.05). The follow-up results displayed that the resin reinforced glass ionomer restoration is characterized as longer time to keep the integrity, better sealing, lower incidence rate of cervical caries and pulp and periodontal lesions. The material of resin reinforced glass ionomer is more convenient for the clinical use. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influences of cobalt-chromium alloy versus silver-palladium alloy porcelain crown on periodontal tissues Li Hong-yang, Zhong Li-fang, Liu Bing, Cai Hong-dan 2013, 17 (21):  3893.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.013 Abstract ( 763 )   PDF (806KB) ( 592 )   Save BACKGROUND: Metal porcelain crown is the most commonly used method of repair of dental defects, and periodontal problems are the most common causes of repair failure.  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of cobalt-chromium alloy and silver-palladium alloy as the materials of inner crown on periodontal tissue. METHODS: Totally 189 clinical diseased teeth from 75 patients were chosen in this study. 106 teeth were repaired with cobalt-chromium alloy porcelain crown, and 83 were repaired with silver-palladium alloy porcelain crown. The changes in periodontal sulcus bleeding index and amount of gingival crevicular fluid were observed. Interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and the positive rates of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia in the gingival crevicular fluid were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the cobalt-chromium alloy porcelain crown group, there were significant differences in periodontal sulcus bleeding index, the amount of gingival crevicular fluid, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha as well as the positive rates of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia in the gingival crevicular fluid prior to and 12 months post-restoration   (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the positive rate of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (P > 0.05). In the silver-palladium alloy porcelain crown group, there were significant differences in periodontal sulcus bleeding index and the amount of gingival crevicular fluid    (P < 0.05), but no differences in interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and the positive rates of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia in the gingival crevicular fluid prior to and 12 months post-restoration (P > 0.05). The cobalt-chromium alloy porcelain crown may have an adverse effect on periodontal tissue to a certain degree, while the silver-palladium alloy is an ideal substrate material of porcelain fused to metal crown. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Silver-zirconium phosphate impacts the vitality of 293T cells in vitro Liu Jing, Sun Ying-chun, Zeng Fei-fei 2013, 17 (21):  3901.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.014 Abstract ( 475 )   PDF (802KB) ( 453 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that silver-zirconium phosphate in the six kinds of well-known brands of oral nanosilver inorganic antibacterial agents has the best sterilization and safety.   OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of silver-zirconium phosphate antimicrobial agent FUMAT T200-4 on the cell growth, morphology, ultrastructure, insulin-like growth factor 1 expression and secretion of 293T cells in vitro. METHODS: FUMAT T200-4 was prepared into diluents of 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 g/L mass concentration. Cell Counting Kit-8 was employed to detect the impact on 293T cells proliferation with diluents of variousc oncentrations. After 293T cells were treated with1.25 g/L FUMAT T200-4, the cell morphology was observed using inverted phase contrast microscope. And further transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of 293T cells. In addition, reverse transcription-PCR was used to investigate cellular insulin-like growth factor mRNA expression and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the content of insulin-like growth factor protein in the supernatant solution.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 293T cells were treated with FUMAT T200-4 for 48 hours, the cytotoxicity of 293T cells was graded as II for of 1.25 g/L showing mild cytotoxicity and I for the other concentrations showing no toxicity. The images of inverted phase contrast microscope showed that the cell shape after treated with    1.25 g/L for 24, 36, and 48 hours became abnormal which showed mild cell toxicity, especially after 48 hours. The ultrastructure images of transmission electron microscope showed nanoparticles entered 293T cells and damaged cell membrane. There was no significant deviation in cellular insulin-like growth factor 1 mRNA and protein expression after treated with 1.25 g/L for 48 hours in contrast to the control group (P > 0.05). Silver-zirconium phosphate can influence 293T cells proliferation and growth, exhibiting certain cytotoxicity to 293T cells, and its application in dental materials still needs further study. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Antibacterial activities of modified dentin adhesive agent against Streptococcus mutans Liu Mei-tian, Nie Hong-bing, Zhang Jin-ting, Zhou Hai-jing 2013, 17 (21):  3907.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.015 Abstract ( 507 )   PDF (840KB) ( 450 )   Save BACKGROUND: During the treatment of dental caries with bonding repair technique, residual bacteria following the preparation of cavities can survive a long time between the tooth structure and dental prosthesis, which can cause secondary caries or chronic inflammation of the pulp. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of resin-based adhesive modified with the antibacterial monomer 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide against Streptococcus mutans. METHODS: Experimental antibacterial adhesive specimens (GLUMA Comfort Bond) covered with different concentrations of antibacterial monomers (0 as negative control, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide) were prepared, and their antibacterial effects were investigated by the measurement of bacteria liquid absorbance, pH value which contained experimental antibacterial adhesive specimens after 18-hour culture. Clearfil Protect Bond was used as positive control. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was statistical difference in antibacterial effects between the negative control and positive control. The experimental adhesive specimens incorporated with 1% and 2% monomers showed antibacterial activities against Streptococcus mutans similar as the negative control (P > 0.05). There was no statistical difference in antibacterial effects between the positive control and experimental adhesive specimens incorporated with 3% and 4% monomers (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that experimental adhesive specimens containing 3% and 4% 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide monomers showed better antibacterial activities. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of intraocular lens via oxygen plasma treatment Xia Rui-jing, Xu Xu, Luo Li, Li Ling-li, Chen Hao 2013, 17 (21):  3915.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.016 Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (2460KB) ( 501 )   Save BACKGROUND: Oxygen plasma treatment can greatly improve the hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of bicomponent room temperature vulcanized polydimethylsiloxane intraocular lens. However, plasma-aggravated thin film may curl, rupture or dissect due to binding with matrix noncovalent bond, thus affecting the physicochemical properties and optical performance of the material. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility of bicomponent room temperature vulcanized polydimethylsiloxane intraocular lens materials after oxygen plasma processing. METHODS: Oxygen plasma treatment was employed to optimize the surface of intraocular lens materials using the surface modification technique. The power and duration were 20 W, 50 W, 100 W, and 30 seconds, 1 minute, 10 minutes, respectively. Water contact angle, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy analysis were adopted to analyze the hydrophilicity and the surface chemical composition of the material. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscope were used to observe the surface morphology. Cellular adhesion was performed by seeding human lens epithelial cells onto the surface of the materials to evaluate the effect of surface modification on its biocompatibility. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The surface modification of intraocular lens materials by oxygen plasma treatment under optimal conditions (100 W, 30 seconds, 20 mL/min, 40 Pa) could improve the surface hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of the material without etching effect. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of bone morphogenetic protein-2/injectable calcium sulfate cement slow-release carriers Chen Chen, Xu Xiao-feng 2013, 17 (21):  3921.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.017 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (1993KB) ( 429 )   Save BACKGROUND: The calcium sulfate is mostly used as carriers for antibiotics and osteogenic factors by now.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the in vitro delivery effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2/injectable calcium sulfate cement slow-release system and the in vitro biocompatibility with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: Bone morphogenetic protein-2/injectable calcium sulfate cement slow-release scaffold was prepared and its release properties were detected. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats were induced, cultured and proliferated in vitro, and then, the cells were seeded onto the bone morphogenetic protein-2/injectable calcium sulfate cement scaffolds (experimental group) or single injectable calcium sulfate cement scaffolds (control group). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The release of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on the scaffolds of experimental group could last for 31 days. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells had a good biocompatibility with the bone morphogenetic protein-2/injectable calcium sulfate cement scaffolds. The adhesive rate, cell number and alkaline phosphatase activity at the same time point in the scaffolds of experimental group were significantly greater than those of the control group. Cells could be observed on each scaffold under a scanning electron microscope. In the experimental group, interconnected cell processes were fused, extracellular matrix was visible in the dense area, and the scaffold was surrounded by a large number of cells. The cells in experimental group grew better than the control group. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of a novel injectable and degradable calcium phosphate cement Duan Xin, Liao Hong-xing, Zou Hua-zhang, Zhang Zi-ji, Zhang Hao, Zhang Zhi-qi, 2013, 17 (21):  3928.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.018 Abstract ( 859 )   PDF (2399KB) ( 901 )   Save BACKGROUND: A novel calcium phosphate bone cement has been proved to have good injectability, biomechanical properties, anti-collapsibility and in vitro degradability. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biocompatibility of a novel injectable and degradable calcium phosphate cement. METHODS: (1) In acute toxicity test, cement extracts were applied to mice by tail vein injection. (25) In pyrogen test, extracts were applied to rabbits by mainline. (3) In hemolysis test, extracts were added in the fresh anticoagulant blood of rabbits. (4) In delayed-type hypersensitivity test, two steps, induced and aroused were applied to guinea pigs. (5) In cytotoxicity test in vitro, extracts of cement, polyethylene, and phenol were added in L929 cells to evaluate cytotoxicity. (6) In mammal micronucleus test, extracts, normal saline and cyclophosphamide were applied to mice by intraperitoneal injection. (7) In muscular implantation test, muscle specimens were histologically evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cement-extracted liquid induced no acute toxicity in mice, no pyrogenic reaction in rabbits, no genetic toxicity in mice or allergic reaction in guinea pigs. This novel cement had a great biocompatibility and biological safety. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytotoxicity of the magnetic bone cement in vitro Tang Zheng-hai, Wang Xiao-wen, Zhang You-ren, Pan Lin, Tang Jin-tian, Yue Bing-fei 2013, 17 (21):  3937.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.019 Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (769KB) ( 481 )   Save BACKGROUND: Magnetic bone cement has been used as a new kind of material for bone metastasis, and it can repair bone defects and cure bone tumors with temperature rising under an alternating magnetic field. OBJECTIVE: To test the magnetic bone cement effects on cytotoxicity and cell proliferation of mouse L929 cells. METHODS: The cytotoxicity of magnetic calcium phosphate cement and polymethylmethacrylate bone cement leaching liquors, respectively, containing 0, 10%, 20% Fe3O4, to L929 cells at logarithmic growth phase was detected using Cell Count Kit-8 assay. Two kinds of leaching liquors were prepared to two concentration gradients, 50% and 100%. Mouse L929 cells cultured in normal culture medium were considered as control group.          RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under 100% concentration gradient: Cells grew well in polymethyl methacrylate bone cement groups containing 0, 10% Fe3O4 except for 20% Fe3O4. Magnetic calcium phosphate cement containing 10% Fe3O4 showed mild cell toxicity, graded as 2, after culture for 24 hours. During 24-     72 hours, polymethylmethacrylate bone cement containing 20% Fe3O4 exhibited mild or moderate cell toxicity and the toxicity was graded as 2 or 3. (2) Under 50 concentration gradient: Cells grew well in all groups. The cell toxicity was graded as 0 or 1. Magnetic polymethylmethacrylate bone cement has mild or moderate cell toxicity and magnetic calcium phosphate cement exhibits a good biocompatibility with no cell toxicity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vascularization of heparin-chitosan-coated acellular bone matrix combined with vascular bundles in repair of segmental bone defects Zhang Chun-mei, Tian Hong-ling, Zhao Jie, Teng Yun, Yu Shao-fen, Sun Xin-jun 2013, 17 (21):  3944.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.020 Abstract ( 575 )   PDF (928KB) ( 642 )   Save BACKGROUND: Preliminary studies have shown that heparin-chitosan-coated acellular bone matrix implantation can significantly improve the blood supply of bone defect region. Then, large-volume anticoagulant material implantation into vascular bundles can improve blood perfusion and vascularization processes or not? OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of heparin-chotisan-coated acellular bone matrix implantation combined with vascular bundles on hemoperfusion and vascularization in the early period of bone defects. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy New Zealand white rabbits were selected to prepare 20 mm long bone defect models of the bilateral radii. Heparin-chotisan-coated acellular bone matrix combined with vascular bundles (experimental group) was implanted into the right radius, and acellular bone matrix combined with vascular bundles (control group) was implanted into the left radius. CT perfusion imaging and histological observation were done at postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Blood volume and blood flow were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group from postoperative day 1 till day 28 (P < 0.05). Blood perfusion at the center of implant material and blood infiltration around the implant were found in the experimental and control groups, respectively. A large amount of red blood cells and nucleated cells within the composite material were visible in the experimental group, while permeated liquid was mainly seen in the control group at 1 day postoperatively. Within 3-7 days after implantation, new vessels appeared in the micropores of the experimental group and then increased gradually; in the control group, vascular thrombosis and luminal occlusion formed in the implanted vessels, wrapped with fibrotic surrounding tissues. The number of vessels within the implant was higher in the experimental group than the control group at each time point (P < 0.05). It indicates that implantation of heparin-chitosan-coated acellular bone matrix scaffold combined with vascular bundles can promote blood perfusion and early vascularization process. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Copper-taurine regulates vascular endothelial growth factor A expression during infected wound healing process in rats Wang Shou-yu, Tian Xi-liang, Lü De-cheng 2013, 17 (21):  3952.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.021 Abstract ( 473 )   PDF (970KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: Copper has a broad spectrum bactericidal characterization and plays an important role in wound healing. Authors’ previous study has obtained copper-taurine organic compound which provides a better bioavailability to the human body. OBJECTIVE: To detect the antibacterial activity of copper-taurine and study its effect on vascular endothelial growth factor A expression during infected wound healing. METHODS: (1) 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to examine the minimum inhibitory concentration of copper-taurine against Staphylococcus aureus. (2) Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into copper-taurine and normal saline groups. A 1.5-cm Staphylococcus aureus infected wound was made on the back of rats. Copper-taurine group was topically treated with copper-taurine liquor 1 mL per wound, and normal saline group treated with normal saline 1 mL per wound. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The minimum inhibitory concentration of the copper-taurine against Staphylococcus aureus was 4 g/L. (2) On days 7 and 10, the percent wound contraction of the copper-taurine group was higher than that of the normal saline group (P < 0.05). Wounds in two groups healed until day 21.     (3) Histological observation: On days 7 and 10, in the copper-taurine group, the granulation was matured showing capillary vertically oriented, robust fusiform fibrocytes and moderate well-arranged collagen.                  (4) Immunohistochemical examination of vascular endothelial growth factor A expression: On day 3, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A was significantly higher in the copper-taurine group compared with the normal saline group (P < 0.01). On days 7 and 10, the copper-taurine group still expressed higher vascular endothelial growth factor A than the normal saline group (P < 0.05). There was no difference at other time points (P > 0.05). In conclusion, topically applied copper-taurine on rat infected cutaneous wound can reduce the quantity of microbe, improve vascular endothelial growth factor A expression during wound healing, thus improving the quality of wound healing. Key Words: biomaterials; basic experiments of biomaterials; taurine; copper; antibacterial; wound healing; vascular endothelial growth factor A; Staphylococcus aureus; infection; endothelial cells; fibroblasts; scar; National Natural Science Foundation of China Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of artificial dura on inflammation factor concentrations in blood and drainage fluid after lumbar surgery Yin Yan-bin, Li Fang, Zhao Guang-min, Zhang Chang-meng 2013, 17 (21):  3960.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.022 Abstract ( 410 )   PDF (946KB) ( 454 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research has shown that artificial dura applied for prevention and reduction of lumbar postoperative scarring has achieved good results, but whether it can reduce the releasing of inflammatory cytokines after lumbar surgery is not clear at present. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of artificial dura on concentration of inflammation factors in blood and drainage fluid after lumbar surgery. METHODS: A total of 40 patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc and lumbar spinal stenosis in the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA between March and July 2012, who underwent posterior lumbar decompression, intervertebral disk removal and intervertebral fusion internal fixation, were selected. They were randomly assigned to two groups. Patients using the artificial dura were considered as the experimental group, while the others were considered as the control group. In addition, an additional 10 healthy volunteers were tested as the blank control group. The concentrations of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the blood samples were determined before surgery, at 2 and 3 days following surgery in the three groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure mass concentrations of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in drainage fluid at 1, 2 and 3 days after surgery in the experimental and control groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Drainage fluid: the concentration of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α at different time points in experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and there were no fever, allergies or foreign body rejection in the experimental group. Patients in experimental group had a less oozing compared with the control group (P < 0.05). (2) Blood: the concentrations of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly lower in the experimental group than those in the control group at 3 days (P < 0.05). The concentrations of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the experimental and control groups were significantly higher than those in the blank control group at various time points (P < 0.05). These results suggested that artificial dura can reduce the concentrations of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α after lumbar surgery in fluid drainage, and slightly decrease the concentrations of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prosthetic titanium mesh simultaneous implantation for the treatment of orbital facial defects after maxillectomy Wen Li-ting, Qiao Li, Chen Fu-quan, Chen Xiao-dong, Shi Zhao-hui 2013, 17 (21):  3968.  Abstract ( 448 )   PDF (958KB) ( 490 )   Save BACKGROUND: Facial bone defects may occur after maxillary trauma or tumor resection, which may influence the appearance and the life quality of the patients, so the early repairing has great significance to the patients.    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term effect of prosthetic titanium mesh simultaneous implantation for the treatment of orbital facial defect after maxillectomy. METHODS: Twenty-one maxillary sinus malignancy patients received maxillectomy, and the maxillary sinus malignancy patients treated with titanium mesh simultaneous implantation to repair orbital floor and anterior maxillary sinus wall bone defects in the Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University of PLA from June 2009 to January 2013 were selected. Among the 21 patients, four cases received partial resection of maxilla, 11 cases received maxillectomy, and six cases received maxillary extended resection. The effect of titanium mesh on the repair of midface and orbital defects after maxillectomy was observed during follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the patients obtained one stage healing after titanium mesh simultaneous implantation with symmetrical facial contour and normal eyeball function, and the patients were basically satisfied with the facial appearance. All the patients could eat soft diet and had clear language after treated with prosthetic titanium mesh implantation; two cases had partial titanium mesh implant exposure after adjuvant radiotherapy, and healed after nearby flap transplantation. The results show that titanium mesh can be used for facial repair and reconstruction in the maxillary defect patients, and has significant effect in restoring facial appearance, preventing diplopia occurrence, repairing late function and improving life quality. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nano drug delivery system in targeted therapy for tumor Zhang Peng, Chen Yong-zhong, Zhou Qing-bi, Bai Jing-ping, Xilin Baoleri 2013, 17 (21):  3975.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.024 Abstract ( 523 )   PDF (764KB) ( 592 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nano drug delivery system is an ideal drug container for targeted therapy of tumor. OBJECTIVE: To search the ClinicalTrial.gov and Web of Science database and to perform literature metrological analysis on the clinical trials of nano drug delivery system in targeted therapy of tumor. METHODS: The ClinicalTrial.gov was searched with the key words of “nanoparticle, cancer, drug delivery system, nanotube, nanosphere” for the clinical trials regarding nano drug delivery system in targeted therapy of tumor. At the same time, the Web of Science was searched using key words of “nanoparticle, cancer, drug delivery system, nanotube, nanosphere” for articles indexed between 2000 and 2012. According to inclusive and exclusive criteria, the search results were transferred into excel with items of National Clinical Trial number, title, recruitment, interventions, sponsor/collaborators, as well as diseases.  RESUTLS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There are 489 clinical trial registration projects related to nano drug delivery system in targeted therapy of tumor in the ClinicalTrial.gov, and 429 registration projects were included in the analysis. The United States registered 112 projects, which is greater than other countries. Canada ranked second with 24 projects. China, with 22 projects, listed the third. The registration projects begin from 1997, increased slowly, and down to a valley at 2003, with 5 projects. After that, it increased sharply, and reached a peak at 2008. (2) The sample sizes of registration projects ranked from 1 to 2 000, which mainly focuses on smaller sample size (less than 50). The most conditions of research were breast cancer, followed by endocrine gland neoplasms and lymphoma. (3) The number of literatures on nano drug delivery system in targeted therapy of tumor indexed from 2003 to 2012 in the Web of Science database was 4 497, and the amount of literatures published by the United States is accounted for the largest proportion of the total number (2 987 articles, 66.42%). The highly cited papers are mainly published on the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Root canal filling material added with tea polyphenols inhibits the generation of Candida albicans biofilm Xu Ying, Lü Qing, Kang Liang, Zhang Hui-ming 2013, 17 (21):  3983.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.21.025 Abstract ( 455 )   PDF (915KB) ( 504 )   Save BACKGROUND: Candida albicans biofilms can influence the prognosis of root canal filling, and tea polyphenols can in vitro inhibit the Candida albicans biofilm, while the antibacterial mechanism may play the role through influencing or interfering the expression of resistance gene. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of root canal filling material added with tea polyphenols on Candida albicans biofilm. METHODS: Constant broth dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of tea polyphenols in vitro inhibited Candida albicans biofilms, in order to identify the inhibitory effect. Then the expressions of Candida albicans resistance genes CDR1, CDR2 and MDR1 were detected with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction after inhibited with tea polyphenols. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The minimum inhibitory concentration of tea polyphenols used to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm was 11.5 mg/mL. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction results showed that expressions of related resistance genes CDR1 and CDR2 were decreased with the gradient increasing of drug concentration, and when the concentration reached to 25 mg/mL or above, the mRNA expression level was completely inhibited, while the concentration of the resistance drug has less effect on the expression of resistance drug MDR1. Tea polyphenols has inhibitory effect on Candida albicans biofilm, and has significant inhibitory effect on the expressions of experimental selected resistance genes CDR1 and CDR2. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics