骨骼肌肥大的核糖体生物发生机制及其运动适应

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2755

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

文题释义：

核糖体生物发生：是一个高度复杂的过程，涉及核糖体的从头合成，是细胞必不可少的活动过程，主要包括3个关键步骤：①rDNA转录；②新合成的47S pre-rRNA加工；③核糖体蛋白与各自核糖体亚基组装后的亚基成熟。核糖体生物发生在细胞生长中有着重要作用，在肌肉肥大过程中细胞大小增加需要核糖体生物发生的增加。骨骼肌收缩活动可以诱发核糖体生物发生，从而对骨骼肌质量的控制起重要作用。

骨骼肌肥大：在各种外部和内部刺激下，骨骼肌细胞外基质重塑，蛋白质合成代谢和分解代谢加强，但合成代谢远强于分解代谢，使蛋白质净合成增加，肌纤维增粗、肌肉质量增加、骨骼肌肥大。骨骼肌是重要的内分泌器官，与人体的新陈代谢密切相关，骨骼肌肥大除可提高人体的运动表现外，还能减少疾病和损伤的发生、提高生活质量。抗阻训练结合营养补充是诱导骨骼肌肥大、增强肌肉力量的最常用方法。

背景：研究证据表明，骨骼肌收缩活动可以诱发核糖体生物发生，从而对骨骼肌质量的控制起重要作用。

目的：概述骨骼肌肥大与核糖体生物发生的主要机制，骨骼肌核糖体生物发生的上游调控信号，以及运动对核糖体生物发生的影响，探讨运动诱导骨骼肌肥大的核糖体生物发生机制。

方法：检索CNKI、万方、PubMed等数据库关于运动、骨骼肌肥大及核糖体生物发生的相关研究，中文检索词为“运动，抗阻训练，骨骼肌肥大，蛋白质合成，核糖体生物发生”等；英文检索词为“exercise，resistance training，skeletal muscle hypertrophy，protein synthesis，ribosome biogenesis”等，检索时限为1999至2019年，按照纳入标准和排除标准对搜索文献进行筛选。

结果与结论：①核糖体生物发生作为翻译能力的主要来源，在肌肉生长中起着重要的作用；②单次的抗阻运动就可以对骨骼肌核糖体生物发生产生影响；长期抗阻运动会增加成熟核糖体RNA的丰度，导致总RNA的浓度增加，从而促进骨骼肌的生长；③核糖体生物发生可能是调节抗阻训练诱导的骨骼肌肌肉肥大的关键分子机制；④中等运动量抗阻训练就可以诱导骨骼肌肥大的适应性增强，这种肥大与总RNA量的依赖性调节有关，表明核糖体的生物发生调节了训练量与肌肉肥大的量效关系。

ORCID: 0000-0001-6938-5111(杨军)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程

关键词: 运动, 抗阻训练, 骨骼肌肥大, 蛋白质合成, 核糖体生物发生

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Research evidence shows that skeletal muscle contractile activity can induce ribosomal biogenesis, which plays an important role in the control of skeletal muscle mass.

OBJECTIVE: To review the main mechanism of ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, upstream regulatory signals of ribosomal biogenesis in skeletal muscle, and effect of exercise on ribosomal biogenesis, and to explore the ribosome biogenesis mechanism of exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

METHODS: Relevant studies about exercise, skeletal muscle hypertrophy and ribosome biogenesis in CNKI, Wanfang, and PubMed databases were searched. The key words were “exercise, resistance training, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis” in English and Chinese. Relevant literatures published from 1999 to 2019 were searched and screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Ribosome biogenesis as a main source of translational capacity plays an important role in muscle growth. (2) A single bout of resistance exercise can promote the ribosome biogenesis. However, cumulative bouts of resistance exercise eventually lead to the accumulation of mature rRNAs, leading to increased concentration of total RNA, which promote the growth of skeletal muscle. (3) Ribosome biogenesis may be the key molecular mechanism for the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training. (4) Moderate-volume resistance training led to adaptations to resistance training. This hypertrophy was associated with volume-dependent regulation of total RNA. This suggests that ribosomal biogenesis regulates the dose-effect relationship between training volume and muscle hypertrophy.

Key words: exercise, resistance training, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis

中图分类号:

杨军, 张少生. 骨骼肌肥大的核糖体生物发生机制及其运动适应[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2020, 24(27): 4383-4388.

Yang Jun, Zhang Shaosheng. Mechanism of ribosome biogenesis and exercise adaptation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2020, 24(27): 4383-4388.

图/表（结果） 1

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引言

骨骼肌在提升运动表现、促进代谢健康(如血糖控制、能量代谢)和维持生活质量(对抗衰老和疾病导致的肌萎缩)等方面都具有重要的作用。抗阻训练是促进骨骼肌肥大和肌肉力量的最有效手段。从近年来国内外文献报道看，对骨骼肌肥大的研究多集中在单个细胞因子或基因对骨骼肌肥大的作用，对骨骼肌肥大的深层机制研究仍显不足。除了所熟知的肌卫星细胞、Akt/mTOR蛋白质合成信号通路参与调节骨骼肌肥大过程外，还有多种肌源性祖细胞、基质金属蛋白酶、钙调磷酸酶、微小RNA、联丝蛋白和辣椒素等参与骨骼肌肥大过程^[1]。在蛋白质合成过程中，蛋白质翻译在决定蛋白质合成量方面起着核心作用。因此翻译能力和效率在运动诱导的蛋白质合成增加中起着重要作用。然而，目前大多数研究都集中在控制翻译效率的机制上(例如，通过雷帕霉素靶蛋白C1信号通路激活核糖体)，而不是“翻译能力”的贡献^[2]。翻译能力取决于每单位体积细胞的中核糖体，转移RNA分子和翻译因子的数量，特别是细胞中存在的核糖体的数量被认为是翻译能力的主要决定因素^[2]。因此，核糖体的生物发生可能在蛋白质合成和细胞生长的控制中具有重要作用^[3]。核糖体生物发生参与了心肌的生长，但对核糖体生物发生对骨骼肌肥大的作用知之甚少。然而，最近有研究证据表明骨骼肌收缩活动可以诱发核糖体生物发生，从而对骨骼肌质量的控制起重要作用^[4]。文章概述骨骼肌肥大与核糖体生物发生的主要机制、骨骼肌核糖体生物发生的上游调控机制以及运动诱导骨骼肌核糖体生物发生的机制。

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程