[1] Lecker H, Goldberg L,Mitch E. Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.2006;17:1807-1819. [2] Gomes D, Lecker H, Jagoe T, et al. Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2001;98:14440-14445. [3] Sacheck M, Hyatt P, Raffaello A, et al. Rapid disuse and denervation atrophy involve transcriptional changes similar to those of muscle wasting during systemic diseases. FASEB J. 2007;21:140-155. [4] Bodine C, Latres E, Baumhueter S, et al. Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science.2001; 294: 1704-1708. [5] Bonaldo P, Sandri M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy. Disease Models and Mechanisms. 2013;6:25-39. [6] Cohen S, Zhai B, Gygi P,et al. Ubiquitylation by Trim32 causes coupled loss of desmin, Z-bands, and thin filaments in muscle atrophy. J Cell Biol. 2012;198:575-589. [7] Mizushima N, Levine B, Cuervo AM, et al. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature.2008;451(7182): 1069-1075. [8] Holton JL, Beesley C, Jackson M,et al. Autophagic vacuolar myopathy in twin girls. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2006;32(3): 253-259. [9] He C, Bassik MC, Moresi V, et al. Exercise-induced BCL2- regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis. Nature.2012;481(7382):511-515.?[10] Nystrom G, Pruznak A, Huber D, et al. Local insulin- like growth factor I prevents sepsis- induced muscle atrophy. Metabolism. 2009;58(6):787-797. [11] Durham WJ, Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M. Inflammatory burden and amino acid metabolism in cachexia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12:72-77. [12] Léger B, Cartoni R, Praz M, et al. Akt signalling through GSK- 3beta, m TOR and Foxo1 is involved in human skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. J Physiol.2006;576(Pt 3):923-933. [13] Peterson M, Bakkar N,Guttridge C. NF-κB signaling in skeletal muscle health and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol. , 2011;96:85-11. [14] Ladner KJ, Caligiuri MA, Guttridge DC. Tumor Necrosis Factor-regulated Biphasic Activation of NF-kB Is Required for Cytokine-induced Loss of Skeletal Muscle Gene Products. J Biol Chem.2003;278:2294-2303. [15] Moylan JS, Smith JD, Chambers MA, et al. TNF induction of atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA depends on Foxo4 expression but not AKT-Foxo1/3 signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2008;295: C989-993. [16] Coletti D, Moresi V, Adamo S, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene transfer induces cachexia and inhibits muscle regeneration. Genesis.2005;43:120-128. [17] Gregory J. Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(4):433-442.[18] Ticinesi A, Lauretani F, Milani C, et al. Aging Gut Microbiota at the Cross-Road between Nutrition, Physical Frailty, and Sarcopenia: Is Therea Gut–Muscle Axis? . Nutrients.2017;9(12):1303. [19] Cronin O, O'Sullivan O, Barton W, et al. Gut microbiota: implications for sports and exercise medicine. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(9):700-701. [20] Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412-423. [21] Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body com- position and functional capacity. J Nutr.1993;123: 465-468. [22] Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56(3):M146-156.. [23] Marcus RL, Addison O, Dibble LE, et al. Intramuscular adipose tissue, sarcopenia, and mobility function in older individuals. J Aging Res. 2012;2012:629637. [24] Goodpaster BH, Thaete FL, Simoneau JA, Kelley DE. Subcutaneous abdominal fat and thigh muscle composition predict insulin sensitivity independently of visceral fat. Diabetes. 1997;46:1579-1585. [25] Akito Y, Takashi K, Hiroki S. Effects of 24 Months Resistance and Endurance Training On Muscle Quality. Quantity and Physical Functions In Elderly With Long-term Care. [26] Hiroshi A, Keitaro K, Hiroaki K, et al. Leg-press resistance training during 20 days of 6° head-down-tilt bed rest prevents muscle deconditioning. Eur J Appl Physiol.2000;82:30-38. [27] Akito Y, Takashi K, Hiroki S, et al. Effect of 12-month resistance and endurance training on quality, quantity, and function of skeletal muscle in older adults requiring long-term care. Experimental Gerontology.2017;98:230-237. [28] Norheim KL, Cullum CK, Andersen JL, et al. Inflammation Relates to Resistance Training–induced Hypertrophy in Elderly Patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(6):1079-1085. [29] Koun Y, Akito Y, Shigetoshi S. Muscle atrophy and recovery of individual thigh muscles as measured by magnetic resonance imaging scan during treatment with cast for ankle or foot fracture. J Orthop Surg. 2017;25(3):1-10. [30] Lantto I, Heikkinen J, Flinkkila T, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing surgical and nonsurgical treatments of acute Achilles ten- don ruptures. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(9): 2406-2414. [31] Heikkinen J, Lantto I, Flinkkila T. Soleus Atrophy Is Common?After the Nonsurgical Treatment?of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(6):1395-1404. [32] Jessee MB, Buckner SL, Mattocks KT. Very Low Load Resistance Exercise Is Augmented By Blood Flow Restriction In The Lower Body. MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE® ACSM, 2018;49(5):S240. [33] Douris PC, Donoghue J. Blood Flow RestrictionTraining and Functional Improvements in a Single Subject with Parkinson Disease. MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE® ACSM, 2018;49(5):S44. [34] Pellegrinelli V, Rouault C, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, et al. Human Adipocytes Induce Inflammation and Atrophy in Muscle Cells During Obesity. Diabetes.2015;64(9):3121-3134. [35] Sullivan BP, JA. Weiss JA, Garner RT. Altered Skeletal Muscle IGF-1 and miR-206 at Rest and Following Resistance Exercise in Obese Humans. MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE® ACSM, 2018;49(5):S98. |