中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (13): 3402-3411.doi: 10.12307/2026.203

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

治疗性脂肪干细胞外泌体的负载方式

吉德民,马志红   

  1. 内蒙古医科大学附属医院整形美容烧伤科,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市   010000
  • 接受日期:2025-09-16 出版日期:2026-05-08 发布日期:2025-12-26
  • 通讯作者: 马志红,主任医师,内蒙古医科大学附属医院整形美容烧伤科,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市 010000
  • 作者简介:吉德民,男,1993年生,内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市人,汉族,硕士,主治医师,主要从事瘢痕及瘢痕疙瘩的研究。

Exosome loading mode of therapeutic adipose derived stem cells

Ji Demin, Ma Zhihong   

  1. Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • Accepted:2025-09-16 Online:2026-05-08 Published:2025-12-26
  • Contact: Ma Zhihong, Chief physician, Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • About author:Ji Demin, MS, Attending physician, Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

摘要:

文题释义:

治疗性脂肪干细胞外泌体:外泌体是直径在30-150 nm之间的膜性细胞外囊泡,由细胞内溶酶体微粒内陷形成多囊泡体,通过膜融合释放至胞外基质,外泌体广泛存在于血液、唾液、尿液、脑脊液、乳汁等体液中,并在组织间隙中发挥细胞间信号转导、遗传物质及蛋白质的跨细胞转移等生物学功能。脂肪干细胞源性外泌体具备良好的稳定性,能够实现异体移植,并且还能够跨越血脑屏障,其内部包含大量具有功能活性的生物分子,特别是富含蛋白质与非编码RNA,在众多疾病治疗领域的应用前景广阔。
生物材料负载外泌体:外泌体作为天然的细胞间通讯载体,在再生医学中展现出巨大潜力,但其临床应用常受限于体内快速清除及靶向性弱等特性。将外泌体与生物材料(如水凝胶、金属有机框架、人工合成高分子聚合物支架)结合,通过精准锚定,显著延长了外泌体在损伤部位的滞留时间,提升了生物利用度。

摘要
背景:脂肪干细胞分泌的外泌体是直径30-150 nm的膜性囊泡,内含蛋白质、非编码RNA(miRNA、长链非编码RNA)及脂质等生物活性分子。近年来研究发现,脂肪干细胞外泌体通过介导细胞间通讯,在组织修复、免疫调节及血管生成等病理生理过程中发挥关键作用。然而,外泌体在循环系统中易被快速清除的特性限制了其临床应用,通过开发新型负载技术优化外泌体递送系统,成为提升外泌体治疗效能的重要策略。
目的:综述脂肪干细胞源性外泌体不同负载递送系统的研究进展。
方法:检索中国知网、PubMed数据库收录的相关文献,检索时限为数据库建库至2025年。中文检索词为“脂肪干细胞,外泌体,递送系统,水凝胶,金属有机框架,人工合成高分子聚合物支架”,英文检索词为“adipose derived stem cells,exosomes,delivery system,hydrogel,metal-organic framework,synthetic polymer scaffolds”,最终选择了50篇文献进行归纳与总结。
结果与结论:通过水凝胶、金属有机框架及人工合成高分子聚合物支架等负载材料,显著提升了脂肪干细胞外泌体的稳定性、靶向性及治疗效能。天然水凝胶的生物相容性与智能水凝胶的环境响应性相结合,实现了外泌体的可控缓释与精准递送;金属有机框架的多孔结构与外泌体的协同作用,在骨再生和抗炎领域展现出独特优势;而人工合成高分子聚合物支架的功能化设计则为复杂组织修复提供了仿生微环境,但目前研究仍局限于细胞及动物实验阶段,还需更多实验来证实其安全性及有效性。未来研究需进一步优化材料的生物相容性与负载效率,探索多模态递送系统的协同效应,并加强长期安全性评估,以推动脂肪干细胞外泌体负载技术从实验室向临床的跨越,为再生医学和个性化治疗提供新范式。

关键词: 脂肪干细胞, 外泌体, 递送系统, 水凝胶, 金属有机框架, 人工合成高分子聚合物支架

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Exosomes secreted by adipose derived stem cells are membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm, containing bioactive molecules such as proteins, noncoding RNAs (miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs) and lipids. In recent years, studies have found that exosomes secreted by adipose derived stem cells play a key role in tissue repair, immune regulation, angiogenesis and other pathophysiological processes by mediating intercellular communication. However, the characteristics of exosomes that are easy to be rapidly cleared in the circulatory system limit their clinical application. Optimizing exosome delivery system by developing new loading technology has become an important strategy to improve its therapeutic efficacy.
OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of different loading delivery systems of therapeutic adipose stem cell-derived exosomes.
METHODS: The relevant articles included in CNKI and PubMed were retrieved from database inception to 2025. Chinese and English search terms were “adipose derived stem cells, exosomes, delivery system, hydrogel, metal-organic framework, synthetic polymer scaffolds.” Finally, 50 articles were selected for summary. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The stability, targeting and therapeutic efficacy of exosomes have been significantly improved through the innovation of loading materials such as hydrogels, metal organic frameworks and synthetic polymer scaffolds. The biocompatibility of natural hydrogels combined with the environmental responsiveness of smart hydrogels realized the controlled release and precise delivery of exosomes. The synergistic effect of the porous structure of metal organic frameworks and exosomes shows unique advantages in the field of bone regeneration and anti-inflammation. The functional design of synthetic scaffolds provides a biomimetic microenvironment for complex tissue repair. However, current research is still limited to the cell and animal experiment stage, and more experiments are needed to confirm its safety and effectiveness. Future research needs to further optimize the biocompatibility and loading efficiency of materials, explore the synergistic effect of multimodal delivery system, and strengthen the long-term safety evaluation, so as to promote the transition of loading technology of exosomes secreted by adipose derived stem cells from laboratory to clinic, and provide a new paradigm for regenerative medicine and personalized treatment.

Key words: adipose derived stem cell, exosome, delivery system, hydrogel, metal-organic framework, synthetic polymer scaffold

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