中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (20): 5214-5228.doi: 10.12307/2026.691

• 水凝胶材料Hydrogel materials • 上一篇    下一篇

含万古霉素的猪皮脱细胞外基质水凝胶促进皮肤感染创面愈合

许艺璇1,姚  俊2,刘旭璐1,李新莲1,刘志雄1,张志红1   

  1. 1西南医科大学附属医院全科医学科,四川省泸州市  646000;2绍兴市中心医院脊柱外科,浙江省绍兴市  312000
  • 接受日期:2025-05-28 出版日期:2026-07-18 发布日期:2025-11-27
  • 通讯作者: 张志红,博士,副教授,西南医科大学附属医院全科医学科,四川省泸州市 646000
  • 作者简介:许艺璇,女,1994年生,四川省成都市人,汉族,西南医科大学附属医院全科医学科在读硕士,主要从事基层创面护理及糖尿病足方面的研究。

Vancomycin-containing porcine skin acellular extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes wound healing in skin infections

Xu Yixuan1, Yao Jun2, Liu Xulu1, Li Xinlian1, Liu Zhixiong1, Zhang Zhihong1   

  1. 1Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China; 2Department of Spine Surgery, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
  • Accepted:2025-05-28 Online:2026-07-18 Published:2025-11-27
  • Contact: Zhang Zhihong, MD, Associate professor, Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
  • About author:Xu Yixuan, Master candidate, Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China

摘要:

文题释义:
脱细胞外基质:通过去除组织细胞成分保留的天然细胞外基质(含胶原、糖胺聚糖等),具有低免疫原性和生物活性,可作为三维支架促进细胞生长与组织修复,广泛用于再生医学研究。
水凝胶:为亲水性高分子通过物理或化学交联形成的三维网络结构材料,可吸收大量水分(含水量达90%以上)并保持固态特性,具有可调节的力学性能和生物相容性,广泛应用于组织工程研究。

背景:针对感染性皮肤创面,临床上常使用药物比如聚维酮碘乳膏和夫西地酸乳膏以控制感染为主,但忽略了创面微环境如炎症的调节,因此,需要开发一种有效抗菌并能调节炎症以促进皮肤愈合的生物材料。
目的:探讨万古霉素-猪皮脱细胞外基质水凝胶的抗菌、抗炎性能以及治疗皮肤感染性创面的效果。
方法:①制备含0,1,2,4 mg/mL万古霉素的猪皮脱细胞外基质水凝胶,分别记为PAEH、VA-PAEH1、VA-PAEH2、VA-PAEH4,检测各组水凝胶的药物包封率与药物释放性能。将小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞NIH-3T3分别与4组水凝胶非接触共培养,通过活死染色检测水凝胶的细胞毒性;将小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞NIH-3T3分别与4组水凝胶浸提液共培养,通过 CCK-8法检测细胞活力。将4组水凝胶分别与大鼠红细胞悬液共培养,检测溶血率。将耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分别与4组水凝胶共培养,检测水凝胶的抗菌性能。综合上述实验结果,筛选出性能优异的VA-PAEH1水凝胶进行后续实验。表征VA-PAEH1水凝胶的微观形貌、溶胀性能、降解性能与流变学特性。②将PAEH水凝胶、VA-PAEH1水凝胶、壳聚糖水凝胶分别与耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(或大肠杆菌)共培养,通过琼脂平板涂布实验、抑菌圈实验、扫描电镜观察评估水凝胶的抗菌性能。 将小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7分5组培养:空白组不进行任何处理,对照组加入脂多糖诱导炎症反应,其余3组加入脂多糖24 h后分别加入PAEH水凝胶、壳聚糖水凝胶和VA-PAEH1水凝胶,继续培养24 h后进行CD86(M1型巨噬细胞标记物)、CD206(M2型巨噬细胞标记物)免疫荧光染色。将PAEH水凝胶、壳聚糖水凝胶和VA-PAEH1水凝胶分别与小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞NIH-3T3非接触共培养,通过EdU染色检测细胞增殖,划痕实验和Transwell实验检测细胞迁移。③在28只SD大鼠背部制作1个直径12 mm全层皮肤缺损创面,随后滴加耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌液模拟感染,随机分4组干预:对照组(n=7)创面注射生理盐水,PAEH组(n=7)、壳聚糖水凝胶组(n=7)和VA-PAEH1组(n=7)创面注射对应的水凝胶,观察创面愈合情况。术后3 d取材,进行髓过氧化物酶和CD206免疫组化染色;术后14 d取材,进行苏木精-伊红与Masson染色。
结果与结论:①VA-PAEH1、VA-PAEH2和VA-PAEH4水凝胶的药物包封率分别为98.34%,98.15%和97.68%,3种水凝胶均具有良好的药物缓释效果,但VA-PAEH2和VA-PAEH4水凝胶药物累计释放量可能存在安全隐患。CCK-8检测与活死染色显示PAEH、VA-PAEH1水凝胶无明显的细胞毒性,具有良好的细胞相容性。溶血实验显示PAEH、VA-PAEH1水凝胶的溶血率在安全范围内,具有良好的血液相容性。VA-PAEH1、VA-PAEH2、VA-PAEH4均具有良好的抗菌性能。VA-PAEH1水凝胶由互相交织的纤维组成,具有良好的溶胀性能、降解性能与流变学特征。②琼脂平板涂布实验、抑菌圈实验、扫描电镜观察结果显示,相较于PAEH水凝胶、壳聚糖水凝胶,VA-PAEH1水凝胶可有效抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌的生长繁殖。与壳聚糖水凝胶相比,PAEH、VA-PAEH1水凝胶可促进巨噬细胞从M1型向M2型转化,具有良好的抗炎能力。与壳聚糖水凝胶相比,PAEH、VA-PAEH1水凝胶可促进NIH-3T3细胞增殖与迁移。③与其他3组比较,VA-PAEH1组创面愈合最快。苏木精-伊红与Masson染色显示VA-PAEH1组创面炎症细胞浸润较轻、胶原组织致密,创面愈合质量最高。髓过氧化物酶免疫组化染色显示,相较于PAEH水凝胶、壳聚糖水凝胶,VA-PAEH1水凝胶可明显减轻细菌引起的炎症细胞浸润;CD206免疫组化染色显示,相较于PAEH水凝胶、壳聚糖水凝胶,VA-PAEH1水凝胶可提升M2巨噬细胞比例,促进创面愈合。
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6428-954X(许艺璇)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:生物材料;骨生物材料;口腔生物材料;纳米材料;缓释材料;材料相容性;组织工程

关键词: 感染皮肤创面, 脱细胞外基质, 水凝胶, 抗感染, 抗炎, 组织修复, 生物工程材料

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinically, drugs such as povidone-iodine cream and fusidic acid cream are commonly used to control infection in infected skin wounds, but regulation of the wound microenvironment, such as inflammation, is neglected. Therefore, it is necessary to develop biomaterials that are effective in antibacterial and can modulate inflammation to promote skin healing.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the vancomycin-porcine acellular extracellular matrix hydrogel, as well as its therapeutic effects on the healing of infected skin wounds.
METHODS: (1) Porcine skin acellular extracellular matrix hydrogels containing 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL vancomycin were prepared and designated PAEH, VA-PAEH1, VA-PAEH2, and VA-PAEH4, respectively. The drug encapsulation efficiency and drug release properties of each hydrogel were tested in each group. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) were co-cultured with the four groups of hydrogel extracts. The cytotoxicity of the hydrogels was assessed by live-dead staining. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) were co-cultured with the four groups of hydrogel extracts. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. The four groups of hydrogels were co-cultured with rat red blood cell suspensions to detect the hemolysis rate. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was co-cultured with the four groups of hydrogels to detect the antibacterial properties of the hydrogels. Based on the above experimental results, the VA-PAEH1 hydrogel with excellent performance was screened for subsequent experiments. The micromorphology, swelling properties, degradation properties and rheological properties of the VA-PAEH1 hydrogel were characterized. (2) PAEH hydrogel, VA-PAEH1 hydrogel, and chitosan hydrogel were co-cultured with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (or Escherichia coli) respectively. The antibacterial properties of the hydrogels were evaluated by agar plate coating test, inhibition zone test, and scanning electron microscopy. Mouse mononuclear macrophage RAW264.7 cells were cultured in five groups. A blank group received no treatment. A control group received lipopolysaccharide to induce an inflammatory response. The remaining three groups received lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours followed by the addition of PAEH hydrogel, chitosan hydrogel, and VA-PAEH1 hydrogel, respectively. After an additional 24 hours of culture, immunofluorescence staining for CD86 (a marker of M1 macrophages) and CD206 (a marker of M2 macrophages) was performed. PAEH hydrogels, chitosan hydrogels, and VA-PAEH1 hydrogels were co-cultured with mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH-3T3 cells in a non-contact manner. Cell proliferation was assessed by EdU staining. Cell migration was assessed by wound healing assay and Transwell assay. (3) A 12 mm diameter full-thickness skin defect was created on the back of 28 SD rats. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus solution was then dripped onto the rats to simulate infection. The rats were randomly divided into four intervention groups. A control group (n=7) received normal saline injection, while the PAEH group (n=7), chitosan hydrogel group (n=7), and VA-PAEH1 group (n=7) received injections of the corresponding hydrogels. Wound healing was observed. Skulls were harvested 14 days postoperatively for hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining, and 3 days postoperatively for myeloperoxidase and CD206 immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The drug encapsulation efficiencies of VA-PAEH1, VA-PAEH2, and VA-PAEH4 hydrogels were 98.34%, 98.15%, and 97.68%, respectively. All three kinds of hydrogels exhibited good sustained drug release, but the cumulative drug release from the VA-PAEH2 and VA-PAEH4 hydrogel might pose a safety risk. CCK-8 assay and live/dead staining revealed that PAEH and VA-PAEH1 hydrogels exhibited no significant cytotoxicity and demonstrated good cytocompatibility. Hemolysis assay revealed that the hemolysis rates of PAEH and VA-PAEH1 hydrogels were within a safe range, demonstrating good hemocompatibility. VA-PAEH1, VA-PAEH2, and VA-PAEH4 all exhibited excellent antibacterial properties. VA-PAEH1 hydrogels were composed of interwoven fibers and exhibited excellent swelling, degradation, and rheological properties. (2) Agar plate coating experiments, inhibition zone assays, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that VA-PAEH1 hydrogels effectively inhibited the growth and reproduction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli compared with PAEH and chitosan hydrogels. Compared with chitosan hydrogels, PAEH and VA-PAEH1 hydrogels promoted the transformation of macrophages from the M1 to M2 phenotype, demonstrating excellent anti-inflammatory properties. Compared with chitosan hydrogels, PAEH and VA-PAEH1 hydrogels promoted NIH-3T3 cell proliferation and migration. (3) Compared with the other three groups, the VA-PAEH1 group showed the fastest wound healing. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining revealed that the VA-PAEH1 group had less inflammatory cell infiltration, denser collagen tissue, and the highest wound healing quality. Myeloperoxidase immunohistochemical staining showed that VA-PAEH1 hydrogel significantly reduced bacterial-induced inflammatory cell infiltration compared with PAEH and chitosan hydrogels. CD206 immunohistochemical staining showed that VA-PAEH1 hydrogel increased the proportion of M2 macrophages compared with PAEH and chitosan hydrogels, promoting wound healing. 

Key words: infected skin wound, acellular extracellular matrix, hydrogel, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory, tissue repair, bioengineered material

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