中国组织工程研究 ›› 2018, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (7): 1126-1132.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0128

• 骨与关节综述 bone and joint review • 上一篇    下一篇

髓内钉治疗胫骨近端骨折:解剖学、生物力学及钉的设计原理

赵志辉,任琳慧,李 毅,卢锋成,Kifayat Ullah,Basanta Sapkota,王永清   

  1. 天津市第四中心医院,天津市 300140
  • 出版日期:2018-03-08 发布日期:2018-03-08
  • 通讯作者: 王永清,博士,主任医师,教授,天津市第四中心医院,天津市300140
  • 作者简介:赵志辉,男,1981年生,河北省灵寿县人,2016年天津医科大学毕业,硕士,主治医师,主要从事关节、运动损伤、创伤方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:

    天津市卫生行业重点攻关项目(15KG122),课题名称:可吸收锁钉鞘预防带锁髓内钉应力遮挡的研究

Intramedullary nailing for proximal tibial fractures: anatomy, biomechanics and design principles of the nail 

Zhao Zhi-hui, Ren Lin-hui, Li Yi, Lu Feng-cheng, Kifayat Ullah, Basanta Sapkota, Wang Yong-qing   

  1. Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
  • Online:2018-03-08 Published:2018-03-08
  • Contact: Wang Yong-qing, M.D., Chief physician, Professor, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
  • About author:Zhao Zhi-hui, Master, Attending physician, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
  • Supported by:

     the Key Research Project in Health Industry of Tianjin City, No. 15KG122

摘要:

文章快速阅读:



文题释义:
胫骨近端骨折:胫骨按 Carr-Sobba-Bear胫骨分区法分为6个解剖区:Ⅰ区:胫骨头区;Ⅱ区:胫骨结节区;Ⅲ区:近侧中段骨干区;Ⅳ区:中段骨干区;Ⅴ区:远侧中段骨干区;Ⅵ区:踝上区。临床上胫骨近端常指Ⅰ-Ⅲ区。该部位骨折多由较大暴力导致,常合并严重软组织损伤,治疗困难。但由于距离膝关节较近,损伤后对复位固定的要求较高。
多功能胫骨髓内钉:髓内钉是骨科内固定器械,具有微创置入、血运破坏小、抗旋转能力强、固定牢固、应力分散等优点,是骨干骨折的首选内固定器械。随着髓内钉技术的发展,适应胫骨干骺端骨折固定的需要,逐渐改进髓内钉结构设计,增加远、近端锁定螺钉数量,改变螺钉固定角度,设计出了多功能胫骨髓内钉,其能够增加对胫骨干骺端骨折的固定强度。
 
摘要
背景:因为胫骨近端解剖结构的特殊性,使用髓内钉作为内固定器械治疗时存在一定困难,早期报道并发症发生率较高。随着胫骨髓内钉结构设计的不断进步,以及髓内钉固定技术的不断发展,临床报道应用该技术治疗的优良率也在逐渐增高,使用髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨近端骨折有逐渐增多的趋势。
目的:对髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨近端骨折的最新进展进行综述。
方法:以“proximal tibial fracture”,“intramedullary nail”,“胫骨近端骨折”,“髓内钉内固定”为关键词。在PubMed、Web of science、万方、中国知网等数据库进行检索,共查阅文献742篇,通过阅读文献题目及摘要,判断是否与胫骨近端骨折髓内钉内固定有关,排除文献685篇,最终纳入57篇文献进行分析。
结果与结论:①胫骨近端解剖结构不同于胫骨干,受传统髓内钉固定技术及髓内钉结构的限制,当其用于治疗胫骨近端骨折时并发症发生率较高;②髓内钉治疗技术不断发展,新型髓内钉出现,增加了近端锁钉,并改进锁钉的位置和方向,对近端骨折块的把持力更强;③联合钢板固定、Poller钉的应用、入路的改进等髓内钉固定技术的发展,也增加了该技术对胫骨近端骨折固定的强度;④经多项生物力学测试,表现优于其他内固定方式,且临床应用中体现出了髓内钉固定技术的创伤小、血运破坏少、固定牢固、术后早期活动、骨折愈合时间短等优势,尤其对于胫骨近端骨折合并胫骨干骨折,近端软组织损伤重的患者,更加适合;⑤但在临床应用该技术时,术者必须对胫骨近端解剖特点有足够的了解,并能熟练掌握髓内钉技术及各种辅助技术,才能够取得满意的临床疗效。

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程
ORCID: 0000-0002-8160-9365(赵志辉)

关键词: 胫骨骨折, 胫骨近端骨折, 髓内钉, 多功能髓内钉, 生物力学, 骨折固定术, 骨科植入物

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: The complexity of the anatomic structure of proximal tibia made it difficult for treatment with intramedullary nailing and rate of complications was high. With the improved design and fixation technique of the intramedullary nails, the excellent and good rate of application of this technique is also increasing. Using intramedullary nailing to treat proximal tibial fractures is getting popular.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest techniques of intramedullary nailing for proximal tibial fractures.
METHODS: 742 literatures were retrieved with keywords of “proximal tibial fracture” and “intramedullary nail” in English and Chinese respectively from PubMed, Web of science, WanFang and CNKI database. By analyzing their titles and summaries, based on the relevance to the subject, 57 articles were selected for this review after excluding 685 articles.
RESULTS and CONCLUSION: (1) Due to the complexity of the anatomic structure of the proximal tibia and the limitations of both the fixation techniques and the structure of traditional intramedullary nails, rates of complications were high when intramedullary techniques were used to treat proximal tibial fractures. (2) With the development of intramedullary nail technique, newly designed intramedullary nails appeared, which increased proximal intramedullary nails, improved the position and direction of lock pin. Holding power was strong on the proximal fracture blocks. (3) The introduction of techniques such as combining with plates, Poller screws and improved approval increased the strength of the fixation of proximal tibial fractures. (4) Most of the biomechanical tests have proven that compared to other techniques, intramedullary nailing provides better stability. The intramedullary nailing has advantages of being minimal invasion, less blood transport damage, strong fixation, early postoperative activity and short healing time. It is especially effective for multi-level tibial fractures and proximal tibial fractures with severe soft tissue damages. (5) Deep knowledge of the anatomic structure of the proximal tibia and nailing procedure can help surgeons achieve satisfactory clinical results.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

Key words: Tibial Fractures, Internal Fixators, Biomechanics, Fracture Fixation, Tissue Engineering

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