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28 September 2019, Volume 23 Issue 27 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Evaluation of the number of roots and root canal morphology and distribution in Chinese children's mandibular first deciduous teeth by cone-beam computed tomography Guo Dongmei1, She Fang2, Xie Qi2 2019, 23 (27):  4265-4268.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1370 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (634KB) ( 87 )   Save BACKGROUND: X-ray is an important method for the diagnosis and treatment of dental pulp disease, but the three-dimensional anatomical structure of periapical film was compressed into two-dimensional image, so the morphology and variability of root canal are hard to be confirmed with the limited X-ray information. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the number of tooth roots, the morphology/distribution of the mandibular first deciduous molar in Chinese children by cone-beam computed tomography. METHODS: Cone-beam CT data of 97 children mandibular first deciduous molar were collected. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hainan Provincial People’s Hospital, and the children guardians were informed of the study process and signed the informed consent. The roots and the root canals of 158 mandibular first deciduous molar were analyzed retrospectively. The sex, age, root number, and root canal number/structure were recorded. SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The sex ratio of the participants was about 1:1, and the age was (8.17±3.16) years. (2) Among 158 mandibular first deciduous molars examined, 68 were left molars, and 90 were right molars; 76 were from the male, and 82 were from the female. (3) According to the number of tooth roots, teeth were divided into single-rooted (89.24%), double-rooted (8.86%), and three-rooted (1.90%). (4) Three-rooted variations were observed only in males, and there was a significant difference in the number of right roots between males and females (P=0.022). (5) According to Vertucci classification system, type I root canal was the most common (84.81%) in the studied samples, but type VI, VII and VIII root canal structures were not observed in this study. There was no significant difference in the distribution of root canals on the left and right sides of the teeth (P=0.524), not related to gender (P=0.452). (6) In summary, the understanding of the morphology and anatomy of the root canal system is one of the essential factors in the success of root canal therapy. Preoperative cone-beam CT examination can confirm the root canal morphology of mandibular first deciduous molars, which is helpful for clinicians in root canal therapy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioinformatics analysis of gene spectrum of muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury  Huang Hui, Wang Guangji 2019, 23 (27):  4269-4274.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1371 Abstract ( 405 )   PDF (21881KB) ( 101 )   Save BACKGROUND: Muscle atrophy is often associated with spinal cord injury, but its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular biological mechanism of muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury. METHODS: Gene profile GSE45550 for muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury in the gene expression database was analyzed. The gene expression profile GSE45550 included a control group (pre-spinal cord injury), an experimental group 1 (3 days after spinal cord injury), an experimental group 2 (8 days after spinal cord injury), and an experimental group 3 (14 days after spinal cord injury). The tissue was the soleus muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6/group). Four groups of sample data were then subjected to differential gene analysis, GO analysis, and pathway analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 2 513 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which Wnt16 Obfc1, Ufd1l, LOC100361067, Hhatl, Fxyd1, Psmc4, Tasp1, Mettl21c, and Ufd1l differential expressions were most significant. Biological processes such as biological process, G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, response to drug, transcription DNA-dependent, positive regulation of transcription DNA-dependent, oxidation-reduction process, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, apoptotic process, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymeras, and fatty acid beta-oxidation, signaling pathways such as MAPK signaling, apoptosis, and citric acid cycle  may play important roles. This study completely reveals the differentially expressed genes of muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury gene profiles, the involved biological processes, and signaling pathways. Wnt16 may be a key gene in muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury, providing molecular targets for future therapeutic progress. Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of lycopene on proliferation and function of osteoblasts under oxidative stress Rong Hui1, Xue Wenli2, Long Yanming2, Xie Mengsheng2, Cao Yong2, Li Xiaojie2 2019, 23 (27):  4275-4279.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1372 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (814KB) ( 71 )   Save BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is an important factor for bone metabolism, and oxidative stress in vivo caused by various diseases can lead to bone metabolism disorder. Regulating bone metabolism level in vivo by antioxidant is of great significance for preventing bone mass loss. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of lycopene on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts under oxidative stress. METHODS: The study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Guangxi Medical University, approval number: 201601007. The osteoblasts were obtained by enzymatic digestion in the calvarial cap of Sprague-Dawley neonatal mice, and were cultured and identified. The passage 3 cells were used for experiment. There were H2O2 group (24-hour culture in the medium containing 100 μmol/L H2O2, and then cultured in the 10% FBS), control group (cultured in the 10% FBS), 10, 102, 103 and 104 nmol/L lycopene groups (24-hour culture in the medium containing different concentrations of lycopene, 24-hour culture in the medium containing 100 μmol/L H2O2, and then cultured in the 10% FBS). The cells in each group were cultured for 21 days. The effects of different concentrations of lycopene on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts under the simulated oxidative stress of hydrogen peroxide were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The cell proliferation in the 10-103 nmol/L lycopene prophylactic application groups was significantly higher than that in the H2O2 group (P < 0.05). The cell proliferation in the 104 nmol/L lycopene group at 3, 5 and 7 days of culture was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). (2) The alkaline phosphatase activity of 10-103 nmol/L lycopene prophylactic application groups was significantly higher than that in the H2O2 group (P < 0.05). (3) The 10-103 nmol/L lycopene prophylactic application groups had significantly higher cell mineralization ability than the H2O2 group (P < 0.05), and the higher the concentration of lycopene, the stronger the protective effect of the mineralization ability to the cell (P < 0.05). (4) To conclude, lycopene prophylactic application can reduce the effect of oxidative stress on proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts. Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of long non-coding RNA in intervertebral disc degeneration Zhang Chi1, Lü Haoyuan2, Zhang Xiaoyun3, Lin Zonghan3, Chen Yueping3, Liu Jianhang4, Dong Panfeng3, Chen Qingrong1 2019, 23 (27):  4280-4285.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1373 Abstract ( 456 )   PDF (26762KB) ( 109 )   Save BACKGROUND: lncRNA GAS5 has been shown to activate the mitochondria apoptosis pathways in the nucleus pulposus cells of degenerative intervertebral disc, thus promoting pulposus apoptosis.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the regulation mechanism of ceRNA network related to intervertebral disc degeneration and to find potential targets for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS: The GEO database was retrieved by computer, the lncRNA microarray chip GSE56081 was downloaded, the probe nucleic acid sequence in the platform file was re-annotated, and the probe ID in the matrix file of the chip series was converted into gene name by using Perl software, and the gene category was added. The R software was used to analyze the series of matrix files to obtain differential lncRNA and mRNA. Highly conserved miRNA family files were downloaded from the miRcode platform and compared to obtain lncRNA-miRNA associations. According to the miRDB database, the miRTarBase database and the TargetScan database, the miRNA-regulated mRNA was predicted, and the differential mRNA was obtained by the difference analysis of the chip data, finally the miRNA-mRNA associations were confirmed, and the ceRNA network was set up. By using the String database to analyze protein interactions, the key protein interaction modules were screened. The DAVID database was used to analyze the function and related pathways of the genes of the key protein modules, and to discover the key ceRNA networks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Differential lncRNA and mRNA competed for miRNA in degenerative intervertebral disc, which regulated the synthesis of protein and ultimately affected the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, Wnt signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Seven miRNAs (hsa-miR-107, hsa-miR-449c-5p, hsa-miR-301b-3p, hsa-miR-135a-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-876-3p) are found which may play an important role in the protein catabolism and apoptosis, leading to degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stress changes of cartilage endplate in isolated rabbit spinal motion segment under continuous pressure load Han Tao1, 2, Zhan Jiawen1, 2, Zhu Liguo1, 2, Feng Minshan1, 2, Yin Xunlu1, 2 2019, 23 (27):  4286-4290.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1159 Abstract ( 318 )   PDF (19325KB) ( 109 )   Save BACKGROUND: Changes of cartilage tissues have been shown to affect the function of intervertebral disc. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of continuous pressure load on the cartilage endplate of isolated rabbit spinal segment. METHODS: After the 16 New Zealand white rabbits were killed, the spinal movement segments were removed under the aseptic condition and randomly divided into control group (no pressure) and pressure group (continuous 29.4 N of pressure). The isolated culture was used in vitro and cultured in vitro. Before and after cultured for 3, 7 and 14 days, the 10 cartilage endplates in each group were removed for hematoxylin-eosin staining and expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13, collagen type II and proteoglycan were detected by immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After 14 days of culture, the cartilage structure of the intervertebral disc endplate was almost intact, the number was reduced and tended to degenerate, which showed no significant changes compared with the control group. (2) The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 at 14 days after culture in the pressure group was increased compared with the baseline. The average absorbance value of matrix metalloproteinase 13 in the pressure group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). (3) The average absorbance value of collagen type II in the pressure group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 3 days after culture (P < 0.05). The expression of collage type II after 1 and 7 days of culture in the pressure group was significantly decreased compared with the baseline, which showed no significant difference from the control group. (4) The proteoglycan staining became slight in both groups at 3, 7 and 14 days after culture (P < 0.05). The average absorbance value of proteoglycan in the pressure group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 7 days (P < 0.05). (5) In summary, continuous pressure will lead to degeneration of endplate in vitro culture, which provides evidence for the early prevention and treatment of cartilage injury in intervertebral disc degeneration. Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Visualization analysis of Citespace V on sports fatigue protocols from the perspective of sports biomechanics Liu Yang1, 2, 3, Wang Dexin1, 3, Cheng Lifen2, Huang Zhongwei4, Chen Zhiyong1, 5, Li Lei2 2019, 23 (27):  4291-4299.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1374 Abstract ( 483 )   PDF (32650KB) ( 122 )   Save BACKGROUND: The variation trend of biomechanical parameters after fatigue has always been the focus of coaches and researchers. Effective fatigue induction, quantification of fatigue grade and evaluation of mechanical parameters are of great significance for understanding the action mode and technical characteristics and injury prevention. OBJECTIVE: To understand the sports fatigue scheme in foreign SCI papers so as to provide theoretical reference for Chinese researchers in the production and training design of sports fatigue models. METHODS: In the Web of Science (SCIE, SSCI and A&HCI) core collection database, the subject headings TS= “exercise-induced fatigue” and “fatigue protocol” were used for retrieval. Citespace V software was used to analyze the subject of the reference, cited article, and keywords: the exercise fatigue induced-protocol mainly concentrated in biomechanical research category. The literature related to the biomechanics of highly cited motion in each cluster was summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The category is mainly distributed in sports science, physiological science, neuroscience, rehabilitation science, plastic surgery, engineering and biomechanics. The highly cited journals are mainly in MED SCI SPORT EXER, J APPL PHYSIOL and other related journals. Countries such as the United States, Canada and China rank in terms of the number of articles published. The key words mainly involve sports biomechanics related terms. (2) Enlightenment: the focus of current study aims to observe the variation trend of parameter characteristics after fatigue from the view of biomechanics. The design of fatigue protocol should conform to the specific characteristics and different fatigue induction protocol may lead to different results. The criteria for fatigue need further study. In the fatigue protocol of human body, researchers should select the fatigue induced-protocol according to the characteristics of action mode. Fatigue replication and evaluation also need to be based on specific characteristics and not copy mechanically. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Botulinum toxin type A under ultrasound guidance for treating plantar flexor spasticity on different stages after stroke Ma Shanxin, Xu Jianwen, Long Yaobin, Huang Lang, Fu Shuisheng, Su Yiji, Liu Ying 2019, 23 (27):  4300-4304.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1375 Abstract ( 416 )   PDF (18478KB) ( 96 )   Save BACKGROUND: The ideal time of botulinum toxin A for treating lower limb spasm of stoke patients still remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the outcomes after botulinum toxin A injection for plantar flexion spasticity can be different according to stroke chronicity. METHODS: Ninety-seven patients with metatarsal flexor spasm after stroke were enrolled, 6 cases of loss to follow up. The study was in accordance with the ethics requirement of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. The patients were allocated into three groups based on onset time: early-term (within 6 months, n=30), middle-term (6-12 months, n=29), and late-term (1-2 years, n=32). The patients received 100 U botulinum toxin A injection at the gastrocnemius and soleus (for patients combined with varus, 80 U botulinum toxin A injection at the tibialis posterior) under ultrasound guidance, two injection points at each muscle. After injection, conventional rehabilitation training was conducted, once daily, six times per week for 8 consecutive weeks. The Modified Ashworth Scale, 10-meter walking test and Functional Ambulation Category were used for outcome evaluation at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after administration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The gait and spasm degree after administration were improved in all groups. Significant improvement in the Modified Ashworth Scale (P < 0.001) was observed at 2 week post-injection. (2) There was a significant difference in Functional Ambulation Category (P < 0.001) in all three groups at 4 and 8 weeks post-injection. (3) The early-term group of the 10-m walking test produced a great change in gait speed. (4) These results indicate that for patients with plantar flexor spasticity after stroke at different stages, botulinum toxin A treatment is expected to continuously reduce muscle tension and improve the gait. The effect is especially pronounced in patients who have been treated within 6 months. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vibration combined with kinesio taping treats delayed-onset muscle soreness Zhong Guoyou 2019, 23 (27):  4305-4309.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1376 Abstract ( 448 )   PDF (606KB) ( 111 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both kinesio taping and high-frequency vibration can alleviate delayed-onset muscle soreness to some extent. However, the difference between the two methods and whether their combinations have better treatment outcomes are little known. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of kinesio taping combined with high-frequency vibration on the delayed-onset muscular soreness in common male college students. METHODS: Seventy-four male non-sports students from Baise University were enrolled to simulate delayed-onset muscular soreness of knee joint. The participants were randomized into four groups, followed by given high-frequency vibration after delayed-onset muscular soreness (vibration group, n=19), “Y” shape taping on the bilateral knee joints at 30 minutes before delayed-onset muscular soreness (kinesio taping group, n=18), high-frequency vibration combined with “Y” shape taping (combination group, n=19), or no intervention (control group, n=18). The Visual Analog Scale score, and isokinetic muscle test when knee joint in extension (absolute force under 60 (°)/s and explosive force under 240 (°)/s) were detected immediately, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Visual Analog Scale score immediately, 24, and 48 hours after exercise in the vibration and kinesio taping groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The Visual Analog Scale score at 72 hours after exercise in the vibration group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.001). The score immediately, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise in the combination group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.001). The score at 72 hours after exercise in the vibration group was significantly lower than that in the kinesio taping group (P < 0.001). The score immediately, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise in the vibration and kinesio taping groups was significantly higher than that in the combination group (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). (2) The absolute force at 24 hours after exercise in the vibration, kinesio taping and combination groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The absolute force at 48 hours after exercise in the vibration and combination groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The absolute force at 48 hours after exercise in the kinesio taping group was significantly lower than that in the combination group (P < 0.05). The explosive force immediately, 24, and 48 hours after exercise in the combination group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The explosive force at 48 hours after exercise in the vibration, and kinesio taping groups was significantly lower than that in the combination group (P < 0.05). (3) These results indicate that high-frequency vibration and kinesio taping can alleviate the muscle pain and muscle strength loss caused by delayed-onset muscular soreness to different extents, and vibration holds advantage in pain relief compared with kinesio taping. Additionally, combination of vibration and kinesio taping exerts better treatment efficacy than the single use. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gait characteristics of pregnant women in different pregnancy periods Chen Xuemei1, Wang Congxiao2, Guo Wenling1, Ma Jianlin3, Li Wei2 2019, 23 (27):  4310-4314.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1377 Abstract ( 696 )   PDF (52952KB) ( 117 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pregnant women have a significantly higher risk of falls than non-pregnant women of the same age due to changes in body structure and hormone levels. Existing studies have shown that there is a close relationship between the change of gait characteristics and the occurrence of falls. Therefore, studying gait stability in different gestational periods has a great significance for the prevention of falls in pregnant women. OBJECTIVE: To explore the gait characteristics of pregnant women in different gestational stages, and to provide suggestions for preventing the occurrence of falls of pregnant women. METHODS: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Binzhou Central Hospital, approval No. 2018-039. The data of 20 pregnant women (pregnant group) and 20 non-pregnant women (control group) were collected. Gait kinematics data were collected in three stages:  ≤12 weeks (early-term pregnancy), > 12-28 weeks (mid-term pregnancy) and > 28-40 weeks (late-term pregnancy). The gait characteristics of pregnant women in different gestational periods were discussed through the change of gait parameters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There were significant differences in some gait parameters between patients before and after pregnancy. (2) There was no significant difference in gait data between early pregnant women and healthy controls (P > 0.005). (3) The pregnant women in mid-term pregnancy showed the reduced walking speed, shorter stride length, shorter step length; longer support time when compared with healthy control group for late pregnancy, compared with healthy control group, women’s also shown the reduced speed, longer stride length; longer step length and longer of gait cycle time. These changes are to maintain the stability of pregnant women, and to prevent falls. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synergistic effect of core strength training and electropuncture for treating lumbar muscle strain in college students Jiang Manyi, Xu Simao, Bin Enming 2019, 23 (27):  4315-4320.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1378 Abstract ( 440 )   PDF (647KB) ( 127 )   Save BACKGROUND: The etiology of lumbar muscle strain is unclear, and it is a kind of specific disease. Lumbar muscles strain not only affects quality of life and work, but also causes heavy medical burden and indirect social costs. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of electropuncture and core strength training on lumbar muscle strain in college students. METHODS: The study was in accordance with the ethics requirements of Guangxi Normal University. Eighty college students with lumbar muscle strain were selected, and they signed the informed consents. The participants were randomized into control group (no intervention), electropuncture group, core strength training group, electropuncture with core strength training group. The intervention time was 7 weeks. The Visual Analogue Scale scores and pain system scores at baseline and after treatment were recorded. The recurrence was measured after 4 months of follow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Visual Analogue Scale scores and pain system scores in the electropuncture, core strength training, and electropuncture with core strength training groups were significantly decreased compared with the baseline scores (P < 0.05). (2) The Visual Analogue Scale scores and pain system scores in the electropuncture, core strength training, and electropuncture with core strength training groups were significantly lower than those in the control group after intervention, and the scores in the electropuncture with core strength training group were significantly lower than those in the electropuncture and core strength training groups (P < 0.05). (3) The healing rate in the core strength training and electropuncture with core strength training groups was significantly higher than that in the electropuncture group, and the treatment efficacy in the core strength training and electropuncture with core strength training groups was significantly superior to the electropuncture group (P < 0.05). (4) The recurrence in the core strength training and electropuncture with core strength training groups was significantly lower than that in the electropuncture group (P < 0.05). (5) These results indicate that electropuncture and core strength training both have certain treatment efficacy for lumbar muscle strain in college students and core strength training is better than electropuncture, with lower recurrence. The synergistic effect of the combination of core strength training and electropuncture for lumbar muscle strain in college students is remarkable. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Knee joint isokinetic strength of female volleyball players at different ages Song Jinglin 2019, 23 (27):  4321-4325.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1379 Abstract ( 419 )   PDF (19595KB) ( 112 )   Save BACKGROUND: Current research on isokinetic muscle strength of knee joint of volleyball players is mainly reflected in comparing with other sports or analyzing the difference of left and right muscle strength. However, there is no literature about the difference of knee isokinetic muscle strength in female volleyball players at different ages. OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare the isokinetic muscle strength of knee joint between adult and adolescent female volleyball players. METHODS: The left and right knee joint muscle strengths at different angular velocities (60 (°)/s, 5 times, 240 (°)/s, 25 times) in flexion and extension modes of female volleyball adults (n=62, average age of 19.0 years)and adolescents (n=66, average age of 15.4 years) were detected using IsoMed 2000 isokinetic muscle strength tester made in Germany. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Knee peak torque: the absolute force of the left and right extensors of the knee joint at angular velocity of 60 (°)/s, and the left explosive force at angular velocity of 240 (°)/s in the adult group was significantly less than that in the adolescent group (P < 0.05). Relative peak torque of knee joint: the relative peak torque of the left and right extensors of the knee joint at angular velocity of 60 (°)/s, and the left relative peak torque at angular velocity of 240 (°)/s in the adult group was significantly higher than that in the adolescent group (P < 0.05). (2) H/Q: the absolute force of H/Q of the left side in the adult group was less than that in the adolescent group 13.7% (P < 0.05). (3) The ipsilateral muscle: there was no difference between two groups (P > 0.05). (4) Muscular endurance: the muscular endurance of the left and right flexors and extensors in the adult group was significantly higher than that in the adolescent group (P < 0.05). (5) Maximal working capacity and power: the absolute power of left and right extensors in the adult group was significantly higher than that in the adolescent group (P < 0.05). The absolute power of the left and right extensors in the adult group was significantly higher than that in the adolescent group (P < 0.05). (6) These results indicate that the absolute and explosive forces of knee extensor, muscle endurance of flexor and extensor, maximum working capacity of absolute force of extensor and maximum power of explosive force of adult female volleyball players are superior to the adolescent volleyball players. The H/Q value of adult and adolescent groups is less than 0.6, and the H/Q value of left absolute force of knee joint in the adult group is smaller than that in the adolescent group. It is suggested that the absolute force and explosive force of knee flexors should be increased in adult and adolescent groups, and increasing H/Q value can prevent sports injury. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Asparaginase can promote the avascular necrosis of femoral head induced by dexamethasone in mouse models Li Minde1, Yang Fan2, Chen Haojie1, Li Shaopeng1, Ma Shengli1, Xiao Peng1, Liu Baoyi1 2019, 23 (27):  4326-4331.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1380 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (22215KB) ( 72 )   Save BACKGROUND: Asparaginase can inhibit angiogenesis and affect blood supply, and make damage to the vascular endothelial cells, thereby affecting the local blood supply of femoral head. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of asparaginase on the avascular necrosis of femoral head induced by dexamethasone. METHODS: Balb/c male mice were provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Dalian Medical University, and the study was approved by the Experimental Ethics Committee of Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University. Sixty male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: asparaginase + dexamethasone group (n=15, 2 mg/L dexamethasone in the water, and intraperitoneal injection of 1 200 U/kg asparaginase), asparaginase group (n=15, intraperitoneal injection of 1 200 U/kg asparaginase), dexamethasone group (n=15, 2 mg/L dexamethasone in the water), and control group (n=15, no intervention). All mice were killed after 8 weeks. The body mass, coagulation factors, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining of the femoral head were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The body mass gain in the asparaginase + dexamethasone group was significantly lower than that in the other three groups. (2) The levels of coagulation factor III and V in the asparaginase + dexamethasone group were significantly higher than those in the other three groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (3) Compared with the other three groups, the empty bone lacunae rate was increased (P < 0.05), and trabecular fracture rate was decreased (P < 0.05), and the degree of osteonecrosis was more obvious in the asparaginase + dexamethasone group. (4) The absorbance value of osteoprotegerin in the asparaginase + dexamethasone group was significantly lower than that in the other three groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (5) These results indicate that asparaginase can promote avascular necrosis of femoral head in mice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Achyranthes bidentata saponins on the repair of cartilage and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis Ma Dujun1, Peng Liping1, Yu Tian1, Cao Yafei1, Gao Kun1, Xiao Wei1, Hu Liekui2, Xu Wenming1 2019, 23 (27):  4332-4337.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1381 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (24532KB) ( 92 )   Save BACKGROUND: Preliminary study has shown that Achyranthes bidentata can promote articular cartilage repair in rabbit model of osteoarthritis and Achyranthes bidentata saponins-containing serum can contribute to chondrocyte proliferation in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of Achyranthes bidentata saponins on the repair of cartilage and the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Thirty-two New Zealand white rabbits were provided by the Guangdong Provincial Laboratory Animal Center, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong University of Chinese Medicine, approval number: 2018023. The rabbits were used for establishing the osteoarthritis model, and 30 rabbit models were randomized into three groups (n=10/group), followed by given Achyranthes bidentata saponins, glucosamine sulfate and distilled water (blank control group) via gavage, respectively, for 30 days. The cartilage was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, assessed by modified Mankin’s score and electron microscope. The mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and collagen type II in cartilage tissue were detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The hematoxylin-eosin staining results and modified Mankin’s score were significantly improved in the Ayranthes bidentata saponins group compared with the glucosamine sulfate and blank control groups 30 days after treatment (P < 0.05), and electron microscope showed that the chondrocyte activity was increased. (2) Compared with the glucosamine sulfate and blank control groups, the mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly down-regulated, and the mRNA expression level of collagen type II was significantly up-regulated in the Ayranthes bidentata saponins group (P < 0.05). (3) To conclude, Ayranthes bidentata saponins can effectively improve the cell vitality, promote chondrocyte proliferation, down-regulate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and up-regulate the expression of collagen type mRNA, suggesting that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway plays a critical role in cartilage repair of rabbit model of osteoarthritis by Ayranthes bidentata saponins. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and verification of rat models of early knee osteoarthritis He Qiang1, Yin Hong2, Dai Fenglei2, Zhang Bin3, Sun Xin2, Zeng Yi3, Yan Yifeng1 2019, 23 (27):  4338-4343.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1382 Abstract ( 493 )   PDF (23730KB) ( 115 )   Save BACKGROUND: Papain inducing knee osteoarthritis has no direct effect on collagen and chondrocyte compared with other chemical inducers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of early osteoarthritis model of knee joint in rats by the surface morphology, radiology and histopathology of cartilage. METHODS: Twenty adult male Wistar rats were provided by Qinglongshan Animal Breeding Farm of Jiangning District, Nanjing, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Liuhe Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University Medical College. The rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. At 1, 4 and 7 days, 4% normal saline and 4% papain were injected into the rat right knee joint cavity in the control and experimental groups, respectively. Rats were killed at 10 days. The articular cartilage morphology,X-ray and three-dimensional CT images were observed before the execution. Histopathological examination was performed immediately after the execution, and the results were verified by Mankins and OARSI scores. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, in the experimental group, the limp was obvious, the knee joint swelling on the injection side was obvious, and the hind limbs were unwilling to land. Radiological examination showed that the joint space narrowed obviously, and the value of three-dimensional CT joint space was significantly decreased [(0.680 0±0.016 3)vs.(0.558 0±0.033 9) mm, P < 0.05]. (2) Microscopic examination showed early stage inflammation characteristics at the right knee joint in the experimental group. There were significant differences in the Mankins and OARSI scores (P < 0.05). (3) In summary, early knee osteoarthritis induced by intra-articular injection of papain into the right knee joint of rats can be used in relevant clinical studies, because it provides measurable changes in joint motion, tactile abnormal pain, progressive radiodegeneration and micro-inflammation of articular cartilage, representing the evaluation of osteoarthritis, and providing a basis for studying the pathogenesis of early knee osteoarthritis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of androgen on the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Cyt-C in brain tissue of adult rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion Long Yanfang1, 2, Wang Xinlei2, Wang Mingpu3, Tang Xingjiang2 2019, 23 (27):  4344-4349.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1383 Abstract ( 362 )   PDF (22007KB) ( 100 )   Save BACKGROUND: Different extents of sex hormone imbalance occur at acute stage of cerebral infarction in males and females. Decreased testosterone and increased estradiol appear in males, which return to be normal with condition improved. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of androgen on the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and Cyt-C in brain tissue after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: One hundred and twenty healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Southwest Medical University, and the study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Southwest Medical University, approval No. 20170821026. The rats were randomly divided into sham, control, low- and high-dose groups. The rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion was prepared by advanced Longa method. The sham group received no plug wire. Both groups were divided into five subgroups according to the reperfusion time (6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours) at 2 hours after cerebral ischemic (n=5/group). Five rats were selected from each group for detecting the infarct volume at 24 hours. The in situ apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL method. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and Cyt-C were tested by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The sham group had no infarction, and few in situ apoptotic cells, and Bcl-2, Bax and Cyt-C expressions had no dynamic change. Compared with the control group, the low-dose group had decreased infarct volume percentage, apoptotic cells, and the expression levels of Bax and Cyt-C, and increased Bcl-2 expression (all P < 0.05). The high-dose group was contrary (all P < 0.05). (2) Except for sham group, the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were gradually increased at 6 hours after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and peaked at 24 hours, followed by decreased. (3) The above data suggest that after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, low-dose androgen may play a neuroprotective role by reducing the number of apoptotic cells and the expression levels of Bax and Cyt-C and increasing the expression of Bcl-2. The high dose has the opposite effect. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine Shixiang plaster in promoting the repair of soft tissue defects  Zhu Xu, Shen Jun, Yang Rongkun, Wang Yong, Liu Yang, Sun Quan, He Zhuying, Chen Jiuyi 2019, 23 (27):  4350-4355.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1384 Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (21370KB) ( 80 )   Save BACKGROUND: Shixiang plaster has been shown to be effective for treating soft tissue defects and chronic healing. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine Shixiang plaster to promote the repair of soft tissue defects. METHODS: Thirty adult male rabbits were provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Guizhou Medical University, and the study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Guiyang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. All rabbits underwent classic full-thickness skin-cutting model, and then randomly divided into Shixiang plaster group (Shixiang plaster + dressing), Beifuji group (recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor + dressing) and blank control group (dressing). Dressing change was performed at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, respectively, and the wound healing and granulation tissue were observed, and the wound healing time was recorded. The specimens of newborn granulation tissue were collected to observe the number of fibroblasts and vascular changes by pathological section. The expression levels of basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1 protein in wounds were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The wound healing rate in the Shixiang plaster and Beifuji group was high, the healing time was short, and the curative effect was better than that in the blank control group. (2) Pathological observation: Shixiang plaster group showed obvious capillary proliferation, mild inflammatory reaction, many fibroblasts and inflammatory cell infiltration in new granulation. The expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 and basic fibroblast growth factor protein in wounds at 6 and 12 days after modeling under the same conditions in all groups were significantly higher than those at 3 days after modeling (P < 0.05). (3) These results suggest that Shixiang plaster can increase the expression levels of endogenous growth factors transforming growth factor-β1 and basic fibroblast growth factor in wounds and promote the repair of soft tissue defects. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of kidney in rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus after administering Lizhong Decoction Liang Lichang, , Fan Yawen, , Mu Lei, , Xie Tian, , Jiang Xiaobing, Ren Hui, Zhang Tianfeng 2019, 23 (27):  4356-4362.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1385 Abstract ( 394 )   PDF (1084KB) ( 138 )   Save BACKGROUND: Lizhong Decoction is a common prescription for treating diabetic nephropathy. However, the mechanism of Lizhong Decoction on the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To confirm that Lizhong Decoction has renal protective effect on type 2 diabetic rats and the underlying mechanism by exploring the changes of renal function, renal tissue morphology and expression of renal cortex vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and type I collagen proteins. METHODS: Sixty 7-8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, SPF level, were provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (license No: SCXK2013-0034), and the study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. The rats were divided into control and modeling group. Rats in the modeling group were given high-sugar and high-fat diet to induce diet-induced obesity. These rats were then injected with low-dose streptozotocin (28 mg/kg), and observed for 4 consecutive weeks, and fasting blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L was included in type 2 diabetic rats. Afterwards, the diabetic rats were divided into model, chatain and Lizhong groups, and were administered for 12 consecutive weeks. The renal biochemical parameters, renal histomorphological changes and expression of renal cortex vascular endothelial growth factor A, transforming growth factor-β1, and type I collagen proteins were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The kidney weight index in the Lizhong group was significantly lower than that in the model group (P < 0.05). (2) The fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, insulin, insulin resistance index, glycosylated hemoglobin, and urinary microalbumin in the Lizhong group were significantly lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05). (3) The pathological changes of renal tissue in the Lizhong group were significantly reduced compared with the model group. The staining area of PAS, PASM and MASSON staining positive substances in the Lizhong group were all smaller than those in the model group (P < 0.05). (4) The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A, transforming growth factor-β1, and type I collagen proteins in renal cortex in the Lizhong group were significantly lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05). (5) These results indicate that Lizhong Decoction has renal protective effect on type 2 diabetic rats, and its mechanism may be related to reduction in the glucose and lipid and down-regulated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, transforming growth factor-β1, and type I collagen proteins. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different modeling times on the rat models of severe ulcerative colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid/ethanol Liu Jiali, Yang Kun, Xu Ailing, Liu Yidong, Gu Xuesong, Sun Pingliang 2019, 23 (27):  4363-4368.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1386 Abstract ( 401 )   PDF (31979KB) ( 78 )   Save BACKGROUND: Establishing the rat model of ulcerative colitis by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)/ethanol method is easy to operate, has long duration and the histological changes are similar to human ulcerative colitis, which is commonly used animal model. However, the optimal dose and modeling times still remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: To establish the rat model of the severe ulcerative colitis by different times of different doses of TNBS/ethanol, and to explore the optimal modeling times. METHODS: Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats, SPF level, were provided by Hunan Slack Jingda Experimental Animal Co., Ltd., and the study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, approval number: 2013(KF)-E-003. The rats were randomly divided into normal control group, and TNBS/ethanol (100 mg/kg once, 100 mg/kg twice, and 100 mg/kg thrice) group. The rats were intragastrically injected with TNBS/ethanol through rectum for 1, 2, and 3 days continuously. Then ten rats were killed at 3 and 7 days after administration, so as to observe the physiological status, colon morphology, disease activity index and histopathological changes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At 7 days after modeling, the body mass of rats progressively decreased and symptoms gradually exacerbated with the modeling times increased. The disease activity index was on a rise. (2) The body mass in the TNBS/ethanol thrice group was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P < 0.05), and the disease activity index and gross scores were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P < 0.05). (3) The pathological results showed that the TNBS/ethanol thrice group caused the lesions located in the colonic mucosa and muscularis, the goblet cells lost, irregular crypts in shape, disordered arrangement and the most of visible ulcers, which were more consistent with the pathological manifestations of severe ulcerative colitis than the other two groups. (4) In summary, in the TNBS/ethanol modeling, using 100 mg/kg TNBS/ethanol thrice is more consistent with the model of severe ulcerative colitis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of aerobic exercise treating liver fibrosis in mouse models of obstructive jaundice Peng Rui1, Chen Wei2, Mao Haifeng1, Zhang Yu1 2019, 23 (27):  4369-4374.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1387 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (1003KB) ( 113 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hepatocyte apoptosis or necrosis due to cholestasis after obstructive jaundice can induce chronic liver injury. Liver fibrosis is a repairing reaction, which may cause pathological changes, such as liver dysfunction and liver tissue sclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the expression of gene LincRNA-p21 in liver tissue of obstructive jaundice mice and its biological function, and to explore the mechanism of LincRNA-p21 through the Notch pathway improving liver fibrosis in obstructive jaundice mice after aerobic exercise. METHODS: Thirty-five male ICR mice were provided by Hunan Slack Jingda Experimental Animal Co., Ltd., and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hunan Normal University, approval No. 2018-183. All mice were used to construct the obstructive jaundice model with the common bile duct hanged on the abdominal wall. Five mice were randomly selected to testify whether the modeling is successful. The remaining 30 mice were randomly divided into aerobic exercise, model, and control groups. The aerobic exercise group underwent treadmill adaptive training for 1 week. At 1-2 days, the treadmill slop was 0° with the speed of 6 m/min, 20 min/d. At 3-4 days, the treadmill slop was 5° with the speed of 8 m/min, 40 min/d. At 5-6 days, the treadmill slop was 8° with the speed of 10 m/min, 60 min/d. After adaptive training, the treadmill slop was kept at 8° with the speed of 10 m/min, 60 min/d, and 6 d/week. The samples were removed under anesthesia at 7 days to detect each index.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, the serum concentrations of total bilirubin, total bile acid, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased in the model group (P < 0.01). The aerobic exercise group showed different degrees of reduction compared with the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). (2) In the model group, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed the hepatocytes with large-area fibrosis and disordered hepatic cord, vacuolar, degeneration and necrotic symptoms. The fibrosis degree in the aerobic exercise group was lower than that in the model group. (3) Compared with the model group, the expression levels of LincRNA-p21 protein and mRNA in the aerobic exercise and control groups were increased (P < 0.01), and the control group was higher than in the aerobic exercise group. The expression levels of Notch-1, Jagged-1, NICD, and HES-1 protein and mRNA were highest in the model group (P < 0.01), followed by aerobic exercise group. (4) To conclude, aerobic exercise can promote the high expression of LincRNA-p21, thereby inhibiting the Notch pathway to participate in the process of liver fibrosis in mice after obstructive jaundice, and can regulate the repair after liver injury to some extent. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Bushen Huoxue Decoction on the expression level of nuclear factor-KBp65 protein in chondrocytes of rabbit models of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis  Zhang Bo1, Zhang Kaiwei2, Ma Wenjuan3, Shen Fengjun2, Chen Haixia1 2019, 23 (27):  4375-4380.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1388 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (26670KB) ( 91 )   Save BACKGROUND: Kidney deficiency and blood stasis are the common etiology and pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. The method of nourishing kidney and activating blood circulation is effective for treating these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To further investigate the effects of Bushen Huoxue Decoction on the expression level of nuclear factor-KBp65 protein in rabbit chondrocytes. METHODS: Thirty-seven female New Zealand white rabbits were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of Guiyang Medical University, and the study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Guiyang Medical University, approval number: 2015-024. Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, and the osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis + osteoarthritis models, were separately established. The remaining seven rabbits were used to prepare the serum containing drug, such as normal, low-, moderate-, and high-dose Bushen Huoxue Decoction, glucosamine hydrochloride, alendronate sodium, and glucosamine hydrochloride + alendronate sodium groups. The effect of seven groups of drugs on the expression level of nuclear factor-KBp65 protein in rabbit chondrocytes of three kinds of models was detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Moderate- and high-dose Bushen Huoxue Decoction down-regulated nuclear factor-KBp65 protein level in cells, which was significantly different from the normal group (P < 0.05). The effect was most obvious in the high-dose Bushen Huoxue Decoction group, compared with the low- and the moderate-dose groups (P < 0.05). (2) The down-regulation effect of unclear factor-KBp65 protein expression in the high-dose Bushen Huoxue Decoction group was significantly higher than that in the glucosamine hydrochloride and alendronate sodium groups (P < 0.05). (3) There was a significant difference between the high-dose Bushen Huoxue Decoction and glucosamine hydrochloride + alendronate sodium groups in the osteoporosis group (t=7.597, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the osteoarthritis and osteoporosis + osteoarthritis groups (P > 0.05). Therefore, the down-regulation effect of unclear factor-KBp65 protein expression in the high-dose Bushen Huoxue Decoction group was better than that in the glucosamine hydrochloride and alendronate sodium groups, which was similar to that in the glucosamine hydrochloride + alendronate sodium group. (4) These results indicate that Bushen Huoxue Decoction can down-regulate the expression of nuclear factor-KBp65 protein, so as to reduce or inhibit the inflammatory reaction of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, and indirectly or directly plays a role in protecting or repairing chondrocytes. Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Wutou Decoction on TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in synovial tissue of rat models with knee osteoarthritis Chen Jun1, Lin Jie2, Zhao Zhongsheng2, Huang Yanfeng2, Wu Guangwen3 2019, 23 (27):  4381-4386.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1389 Abstract ( 535 )   PDF (21924KB) ( 105 )   Save BACKGROUND: Preliminary study has shown that Wutou Decoction can effectively inhibit inflammatory reaction in knee osteoarthritis. But its underling mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Wutou Decoction on the related regulatory factors in TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in synovium of rats with knee osteoarthritis, so as to explore its anti-inflammatory mechanism on synovitis of knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats, SPF grade, were provided by Shanghai Slack Laboratory Animals Co., Ltd., and the study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. After 1 week of acclimation, the rats were randomly divided into blank, model and treatment groups. The rats in the model and treatment groups were used for establishing osteoarthritis model in both knees by modified Hulth method. One week later, the blank and model groups received 10 mL/(kg•d) saline via gavage. The experiment group received 4.2 g/(kg•d) Wutou Decoction. After 8 weeks of treatment, the rat synovial tissue was obtained. The contents of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were measured by ELISA. The mRNA expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and NF-κB p65 were measured by real-time PCR. The protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and NF-κB p65 were measured by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) ELISA results showed that Wutou Decoction could effectively inhibit the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 compared with the model group (P < 0.01). (2) Real-time PCR results suggested that Wutou Decoction could inhibit the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and NF-κB p65 compared with the model group (P < 0.01). (3) The results of western blot assay were in agreement with the results of real-time PCR. That was, Wutou Decoction could inhibit the protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and NF-κB p65 (P < 0.01). (4) These results suggest that Wutou Decoction can inhibit the inflammatory reaction in synovitis of knee osteoarthritis by regulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which may, in part, explain its clinical efficacy in the treatment of synovitis of knee osteoarthritis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of abdominal cardiac transplant model in mice and technical modifications  Li Junliang1, 2, Zhang Dong3, Guo Tiankang1, 2, Tian Hongwei1, Wang Tao1 2019, 23 (27):  4387-4391.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1390 Abstract ( 424 )   PDF (20286KB) ( 100 )   Save BACKGROUND: The mouse abdominal heart transplantation model is an important platform for studying immune tolerance. Although various modified methods have been reported, microsurgical vascular anastomosis is required. The authors have reported a series of modified methods for end-to-side anastomosis of mouse abdominal heart transplantation, and the modified technique is applicable to other microvascular end-to-side anastomosis. OBJECTIVE: To establish a stable, reliable and manageable abdominal heterotopic cardiac transplant model in mice. METHODS: One hundred and forty-four C57/BL6J (H-2b), DBA/2 (H-2d), and Balb/C (H-2d) mice were as donors, n=48 per specie, and 144 Balb/C (H-2d) mice were as recipient mice. All mice were provided by Beijing Weitong Lihua Company, and the study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Gansu Provincial Hospital (approval No. 2017-011). There were two groups, modified and traditional groups, and 72 pairs of mice underwent cardiac transplant. Abdominal heterotopic cardiac transplantation in mice was performed using the following techniques: donor heart was harvested by a modified approach; recipient blood vessels were blocked by a self-made arched vascular clamp; incision was made on the anterior wall of blood vessels using an 11-0 suture needle, and pulmonary artero-inferior vena cava anastomosis was established using 170-degree dual-fixation method. The venous anastomosis time and success rate of transplantation were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The success rate of transplantation in the modified group was 90.3%, the donor procedure time was (7.0±0.5) minutes, the recipient procedure time was (53.5±5.9) minutes, blood vessel blockage time was (30.4±4.5) minutes, and venous anastomosis time was (9.4±1.5) minutes. The success rate of transplantation in the traditional group was 86.1%; the donor procedure time was (12.3±2.1) minutes; the recipient procedure time was (80.0±7.1) minutes; blood vessel blockage time was (45.6±6.0) minutes; and venous anastomosis time was (14.0±2.3) minutes. The modified group was superior to the traditional group in the transplantation time and success rate (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). (2) These results indicate that the modified approaches speed up the abdominal cardiac transplantation in mice and decrease the complexity of the surgery, and establish a stable and reliable abdominal heterotopic cardiac transplant model in mice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Chinese medicine for detoxifying and removing blood stasis in model mice with acute lymphocytic leukemia Dang Hui1, Zhang Shuxiang1, Guan Xutao1, Wan Jiangwei1, Shi Lin2 2019, 23 (27):  4392-4396.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1391 Abstract ( 438 )   PDF (19649KB) ( 112 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that early chemotherapy is essential for delaying the progression of leukemia. Chinese herbal medicine has little effect on leukemia, but some studies hold the opposite opinion that Chinese herbal medicine combined with chemotherapy can improve the cure rate of patients to a certain extent. Due to the complex composition, the therapeutic mechanism of Chinese herbal medicines is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Chinese medicine for detoxifying and removing blood stasis in mice with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS: Leukemia cell line L1210 and leukemia drug-resistant cells were injected into mice via the tail vein to prepare mouse models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These models were then divided into leukemia model group, low- and high-concentration Chinese medicine for detoxifying and removing blood stasis groups, and normal group was set for controls. At the second day after modeling, Chinese medicine for detoxifying and removing blood stasis (10 and 50 mg/kg) was given for 7 days in the low- and high-concentration treatment group, respectively. Blood samples from the tail vein were taken at 7:00 a.m. on Monday, for 5 consecutive weeks. MTT was used to detect the survival rate of leukemia drug-resistant cells, and blood cell types and hemogram indexes were analyzed. The expression levels of NF-κB/P65, NF-κB/P50, IκBα, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), Akt, Bcl-2 and p-Akt were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the leukemia model group, the survival rate of leukemia drug-resistant cells was significantly decreased in the low- and high-concentration treatment groups. (2) Compared with the leukemia model group, the expression levels of NF-κB/P65, NF-κB/P50, IκBα, Bcl-2, Akt and p-Akt were significantly decreased in the low- and high-concentration treatment groups, while the expression level of PTEN increased significantly (P < 0.01). (3) Compared with the leukemia model group, the leukocytes, the number of white blood cells, lymphocytes and L1210 cells in the low- and high-concentration treatment groups was significantly decreased, and the number of neutrophils was significantly increased (P < 0.01). (4) To conclude, Chinese medicine for detoxifying and removing blood stasis can inhibit the proliferation of L1210 cells by blocking the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathway to alleviate and treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of the targeting relationship between TRAF6 and miR-146-5p by dual luciferase reporter system  Zhang Yalou1, Deng Qiang2, Zhou Yangjunjie2, Zhao Yang1, Guo Qiong1, Jiang Xiangju3, Yue Mingming1, Chen Long1, Ma Wenjing4 2019, 23 (27):  4397-4401.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1392 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (19818KB) ( 139 )   Save BACKGROUND: Preliminary study has found that miR-146-5p is up-regulated in osteobIasts induced by sodium fIuoride. OBJECTIVE: To verify the targeting relationship between miR-146-5p and its potential target gene TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) using a dual luciferase reporter gene through constructing a luciferase reporter plasmid for the 3' non-coding region (3'UTR) of TRAF6 gene. METHODS: Bioinformatics methods were used to predict the binding sites of miR-146-5p and TRAF6 genes. The 3'UTR fragment of TRAF6 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into pYr-MirTarget vector to construct a wild type recombinant dual-luciferase reporter plasmid. There were six groups: (1) 6a-5p-nucleoside analogs + TRAF6-W 3'UTR co-transfection group; (2) non-nucleoside analogs mimics + TRAF6-W 3'UTR co-transfection group (control group); (3) miR-146a-5p inhibitor + TRAF6-W group; (4) TRAF6-W 3'UTR co-transfection group; (5) empty pYr-MirTarget transfection group; (6) normal cell group. The co-transfection of recombinant luciferase reporter plasmid and miR-146-5p or nucleoside analogs (mimics) with Saos-2 was made, respectively. At the same time, nucleoside analogs mimics (control group), miR-146-5p inhibitor (negative control group) and empty pYr-MirTarget-W 3'UTR and TRAF6-W 3'UTR were added simultaneously to detect luciferase activity in six groups of cells. Mimics, miR-146-5p inhibitor and nucleoside analogs mimics were transfected to the human osteoblast Saos-2 respectively. The protein expression level was detected by western blot assay after lysing cells to extract protein. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Luciferase activity in Saos-2 cells co-transfected with miR-146-5p mimics was 10.103 0±0.558 5; the control group’s (NC mimics-TRAF6 3'UTR) luciferase activity was 13.140 0±0.720 4; the inhibitor group's luciferase activity was 13.707 1±0.434 8; and luciferase activity in Saos-2 cells of the wild-type TRAF6 3'UTR plasmid was 13.202 1±0.456 5. The luciferase activity of the cells transfected with the empty plasmid alone was 14.706 2±0.441 6. The original luciferase activity in Saos-2 cells was 1.126 4±0.126 2. The number of miR-146-5p mimics co-transfected significantly decreased (F=715.789, P < 0.000 1). The other three groups were compared with the control group, showing no significant difference (P > 0.05). (2) Western blot assay showed that compared with the control group, the expression level of TRAF6 protein was significantly down-regulated after transfection of miR-146-5p mimics. (3) To conclude, there is a targeted relationship between TRAF6 and miR-146-5p. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tanreqing injection combined with ambroxol hydrochloride in treating heart failure and pulmonary infection caused by senile degenerative heart disease: a parallel, randomized, controlled clinical trial  Zhao Guangqiang 2019, 23 (27):  4402-4407.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1393 Abstract ( 352 )   PDF (629KB) ( 72 )   Save BACKGROUND: The degenerative changes of heart disease in the elderly and the decrease of immune function of the body make the elderly patients with heart failure vulnerable to the infection of pathogenic bacteria. Tanreqing injection, a traditional Chinese compound medicine, has the functions of clearing heat, eliminating phlegm and detoxifying, and can be used to treat pulmonary infection. OBJECTIVE: To hypothesize that Tanreqing injection combined with ambroxol hydrochloride, a mucolytic drug, can effectively alleviate pulmonary infection and improve cardiac function in elderly patients with heart failure and pulmonary infection caused by degenerative heart disease. METHODS: This prospective, single-center, parallel, randomized, controlled clinical trial will include 320 patients with heart failure combined with pulmonary infection induced by senile degenerative heart disease from Sanya People’s Hospital, Sanya, China. All patients will receive conventional anti-heart failure treatment, and will be equally and randomly divided into a control group and a trial group. The patients in the control group will be treated with intravenous infusion of ambroxol hydrochloride. The patients in the trial group will be treated with intravenous infusion of ambroxol hydrochloride and Tanreqing injection. The treatment will be lasted for 7 days. Patient recruitment and data collection will begin on July 1, 2019 and end on August 30, 2021. Analysis of the results will be performed from September 10 to 30, 2021. This study will be scheduled to end on December 30, 2021. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Sanya People’s Hospital in October 2015 (approval No. S2015-065-03). This study will be performed in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki formulated by the World Medical Association. Written informed consent regarding the study protocol and surgery procedure will be obtained from the participants’ family members or the participants themselves. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The primary outcome measure is total effective rate 7 days after treatment. (2) The secondary outcome measures are left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening, number of pathogenic bacteria in the lung, serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein level changes before and 7 days after treatment, as well as incidence of adverse reactions 7 days after treatment. (3) Our pilot study involved 120 patients with senile heart failure from May 2016 to October 2017. These patients were randomly assigned to trial and control groups (n=60 per group). The results showed that Gram-positive bacteria were the main pathogens of pulmonary infection in senile patients with heart failure. The positive rate of Gram-positive bacteria was 53.7% in both control and trial groups. After treatment, the number of pathogenic bacteria in the trial group was remarkably lower than that in the control group (control group: trial group=17 strains: 11 strains). Compared with that before treatment, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were significantly lower (P < 0.05), but left ventricular fractional shortening was significantly higher (P < 0.05), and serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both trial and control groups after treatment. Moreover, the changes of the above indicators were more significant in the trial group than in the control group (P < 0.05). (4) The results of the present study will confirm that Tanreqing injection combined with ambroxol hydrochloride can noticeably improve the cardiac function of senile patients with heart failure, and can obviously mitigate pulmonary infection caused by pathogenic bacteria. This study will identify adverse drug reactions due to degenerative heart disease. This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR1900022879) on April 29, 2019. Protocol version: 1.0. Results will be disseminated through presentations at scientific meetings and/or by publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: thinking from the direction of osteoclast targeted therapy Wang Le, Zhang Xiaoming, Liu Tongbin 2019, 23 (27):  4408-4413.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1394 Abstract ( 422 )   PDF (33553KB) ( 114 )   Save BACKGROUND: Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody agent for treating osteoporosis. It targets the RANKL/RANK signaling pathway, which is the core pathway of bone metabolism. Denosumab has been approved for listing in the US in 2010, and has been applied to the first-line treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis currently. Denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is one of the serious adverse effects of denosumab, which severely affects patients’ quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To review the possible mechanisms and treatment of denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. METHODS: The first author retrieved the literature related to denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in the PubMed and WanFang databases for recent decade. The keywords were “denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, denosumab, osteonecrosis of the jaw, osteoclast, RANKL/RANK, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw” in English and Chinese, respectively. Fifty-four eligible articles were finally reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As a new drug for osteoporosis, denosumab has a good clinical application prospect. The study of denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is still in the exploratory stage. The underlying mechanism of denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw may be related to abnormal bone metabolism and immune dysfunction. Prevention is the main treatment for osteonecrosis of the jaw. Although conservative treatment is still the mainstream of treatment, surgery has greater chance to cure the disease. During treatment, discontinuing the drug and reducing the stimulus has positive effect. In the course of clinical drug use, we should strictly control the risk-benefit relationship, and communicate with patients about the advantages and disadvantages of treatment, so as to make the application of denosumab more reasonable, safe and effective. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Classification and research prospect of in vitro and in vivo models of psoriasis Xu Yongyue1, Chen Haiming1, Deng Jingwen1, Wang Maojie1, 2, Yan Yuhong1, Huang Runyue1, 3, Lu Chuanjian1, 3 2019, 23 (27):  4414-4419.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1395 Abstract ( 454 )   PDF (740KB) ( 91 )   Save BACKGROUND: In vivo and in vitro models of psoriasis are an important way to understand the pathogenesis. Although existing animal models can partially simulate the pathological manifestations of psoriasis, they are not representative. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the classification and research progress of animal and cell models of psoriasis, and to provide beneficial references for researchers to select appropriate models of psoriasis. METHODS: PubMed, CNKI and WanFang databases were retrieved with the keywords of “psoriasis and animal model” in English and Chinese, respectively. After screening the literature, 51 eligible articles were finally included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to the animal modeling method, the literature included in the study was summarized. The animal models used for psoriasis included genetic engineering mouse model, spontaneous psoriasis mouse model, exogenous induced psoriasis model, xenotransplantation model and traditional Chinese medicine disease-syndrome combination animal model. All kinds of animal models of psoriasis simulate the pathological manifestations of psoriasis to a certain extent, but there are still limitations of differences in pathogenesis and species. Cell models can reveal changes in biological behaviors and interactions of keratinocytes or other cell types in psoriasis. Researchers can choose the most suitable model of psoriasis in vivo and in vitro according to their research purposes and experimental condition. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Systematic review on the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi of traditional body refreshment for improving bone mineral density loss Zeng Lingfeng, , , Yang Weiyi, Liang Guihong, , Chen Hongyun, Guo Da, Luo Minghui, Pan Jianke, Zhao Di, Zhao Jinlong, 2019, 23 (27):  4420-4428.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1396 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (1564KB) ( 106 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the effectiveness and safety of Tai Chi of traditional body refreshment for patients concerning bone mineral density loss, which needs further investigation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of Tai Chi of traditional body refreshment for improving bone mineral density loss. METHODS: Databases including CNKI, WanFang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMbase and Cochrane Library were searched by computer for randomized controlled trials involving Tai Chi of traditional body refreshment (including Tai Ji Quan, Tai Chi push hand, Tai Chi softball, et al.) on the effect of bone health/bone mineral density published before January 2019. The related periodicals were also manually retrieved. Literature screening, data extraction and methodological quality were conducted based on the Cochrane methods. Meta-analysis was performed on RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fourteen articles including 16 randomized controlled trials were included. Meta-analyses results found that: Tai Chi of traditional body refreshment was superior to the control group in improving bone mineral density of L2-4 (SMD=0.40, 95%CI[0.16, 0.65], P=0.001), and femoral neck (SMD=0.75, 95%CI [0.27, 1.24], P=0.002). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between groups in bone mineral density of Ward’s triangle (SMD=0.50, 95%CI[-0.10, 1.10], P=0.10), femoral shaft (SMD=0.16, 95%CI [-0.11, 0.44], P=0.25), proximal femoral trochanter (SMD=0.54, 95%CI [-0.01, 1.09], P=0.05), and 1/3 distal radius (SMD=0.20, 95%CI [-0.26, 0.66], P=0.040). No seriously adverse events were reported. Current evidence suggest that Tai Chi of traditional body refreshment shows additive benefits for the improvement of bone mineral density loss of lumbar spine and femoral neck in specific populations (such as elderly, osteoporosis groups, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women). In view of the study of small number and itself limitations, further clinical trials with high quality and rigorous design are needed for further verification. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics