中国组织工程研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (34): 5534-5542.doi: 10.12307/2022.466

• 生物材料综述 biomaterial review • 上一篇    下一篇

促进载蛋白纳米系统在细胞内体/溶酶体逃逸的纳米材料:研究现状与未来

毛轶琳,朱  舟,王  剑   

  1. 四川大学华西口腔医院修复科,四川省成都市  610041
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-27 接受日期:2021-06-01 出版日期:2022-12-08 发布日期:2022-04-16
  • 通讯作者: 王剑,博士,教授,四川大学华西口腔医院修复科,四川省成都市 610041
  • 作者简介:毛轶琳,女,1995年生,山东省青岛市人,汉族,四川大学在读硕士,主要从事骨组织工程与骨再生研究。
  • 基金资助:
    中国国家自然科学基金面上项目(81771122),负责人姓名:王剑

Nano materials of protein-carrying nanosystems for endosome/lysosome escape: research status and future

Mao Yilin, Zhu Zhou, Wang Jian   

  1. Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
  • Received:2021-04-27 Accepted:2021-06-01 Online:2022-12-08 Published:2022-04-16
  • Contact: Wang Jian, MD, Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
  • About author:Mao Yilin, Master candidate, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81771122 (to WJ)

摘要:

文题释义:
内体/溶酶体逃逸:内体和溶酶体是降解胞外来源物质的重要细胞器。绝大多数纳米材料在经内吞作用进入到细胞后,均会经过内体-溶酶体运输途径发生降解,从而失去其原本作用。因此,为防止此现象的发生,纳米材料必须规避内体/溶酶体降解,成功逃逸至细胞质中,这种现象就称之为内体/溶酶体逃逸。
载蛋白纳米系统:是一类能将外源性蛋白质运输至细胞内,从而发挥其生物学效能的纳米材料的总称。载蛋白纳米系统有许多种类,包括脂质体、无机纳米颗粒、聚合物等等。通过不同形式的改性,使纳米材料能够成功负载功能性蛋白质,为今后的药物递送发展提供良好基础。

背景:如何实现将细胞外蛋白质有效运输至细胞内一直是备受关注的问题。随着纳米载蛋白质技术的不断发展,蛋白质的有效递送得到一定的实现。然而,载蛋白质纳米体系进入内体/溶酶体后,很大程度上仍无法避免被降解的现状,从而阻碍了蛋白质发挥作用。
目的:综述近年来促内体/溶酶体逃逸的载蛋白纳米系统的研究进展,概述促进载蛋白纳米系统在细胞内体/溶酶体逃逸的纳米材料的研究现状和应用前景。
方法:在Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网及万方数据库进行文章检索,检索时限为2000-2021年。英文检索词为“Endosome escape,Lysosome escape,Nanoparticles,Protein delivery”,中文检索词为“内体逃逸、溶酶体逃逸、纳米材料、蛋白质递送”。对比纳入与排除标准将所有文章进行初筛,最终纳入89篇文章进行综述。根据内体、溶酶体逃逸机制的特点,对无机-有机材料、无机材料、有机材料和生物相关材料的功能特点及临床应用进行总结。
结果与结论:①由纳米材料作为载体向细胞内递送的蛋白质在细胞内的内体/溶酶体逃逸相关机制多种多样,主要包括质子海绵效应、膜失稳和膜融合等机制,通过上述各机制,载蛋白纳米系统得以成功转递至细胞质内,并发挥其相应功效。②目前最常用于促进载蛋白纳米系统在细胞内体/溶酶体逃逸的4类纳米材料为:有机-无机杂化纳米材料、无机纳米材料、有机纳米材料和生物相关纳米材料,这些材料具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性、设计新颖、可定制性和pH响应性等优点,在治疗癌症、杀伤肿瘤、基因编辑和降低血糖等临床研究领域已初显优势。③为进一步扩大具有促内体/溶酶体逃逸功效的载蛋白纳米系统在临床上的应用,未来需要进行更详尽的纳米材料安全性及机制把控方面的研究。

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-1219 (毛轶琳)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:生物材料;骨生物材料口腔生物材料纳米材料缓释材料材料相容性;组织工程

关键词: 溶酶体, 内体, 蛋白质, 药物递送, 纳米载体, 金属有机骨架, 机制, 应用, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: How to effectively transport the extracellular proteins into cells has always been a concern. With the development of nanometer protein carrying technology, efficient protein delivery has been achieved. However, the protein-carrying nanosystem is still largely unable to avoid degradation after entering the endosome/lysosome. Therefore, the utility of the protein can be impeded.
OBJECTIVE: To review the progresses of protein-carrying nanosystems promoting endosome/lysosome escape in recent years, to analyze research status and application prospects of nano materials of the protein-carrying nanosystems that promote endosome/lysosome escape.
METHODS: The articles published from 2000 to 2021 were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI database and Wanfang database. The Chinese and English search terms were “endosome escape, lysosomal escape, nanoparticles, protein delivery”. All articles were preliminarily eliminated according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 89 articles were included for this review. According to the characteristics of the escape mechanism of endosomes and lysosomes, the functional characteristics and clinical applications of inorganic-organic materials, inorganic materials, organic materials, and bio-related materials were summarized. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The intracellular endosome/lysosome escape of proteins delivered by nano materials as carriers is related to a variety of mechanisms, including proton sponge effect, membrane instability, membrane fusion and other related mechanisms. Through the above mechanisms, the protein-carrying nanosystems can be successfully transferred into the cytoplasm and perform their functions well. (2) There are four types of nano materials by far the most often used to promote the protein-carrying nanosystems to escape from lysosome or endosome: organic-inorganic hybrid materials, inorganic nano materials, nanometer materials and biological organic related nanomaterials. These materials have advantages, such as the good biocompatibility and biodegradability, novel design, customizability, and pH-response. These preliminarily outstanding advantages have been demonstrated in the clinical fields of killing tumors, gene editing, and reducing blood sugar. (3) To further expand the clinical application of protein-carrying nanosystems with the effect of endosome/lysosome escape, detailed studies on nano safety and mechanism researches should not be neglected. 

Key words: endosome, lysosome, protein, drug delivery, nanocarrier, metal-organic framework, mechanism, application, review

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