中国组织工程研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (34): 5534-5542.doi: 10.12307/2022.466
• 生物材料综述 biomaterial review • 上一篇 下一篇
毛轶琳,朱 舟,王 剑
收稿日期:
2021-04-27
接受日期:
2021-06-01
出版日期:
2022-12-08
发布日期:
2022-04-16
通讯作者:
王剑,博士,教授,四川大学华西口腔医院修复科,四川省成都市 610041
作者简介:
毛轶琳,女,1995年生,山东省青岛市人,汉族,四川大学在读硕士,主要从事骨组织工程与骨再生研究。
基金资助:
Mao Yilin, Zhu Zhou, Wang Jian
Received:
2021-04-27
Accepted:
2021-06-01
Online:
2022-12-08
Published:
2022-04-16
Contact:
Wang Jian, MD, Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
About author:
Mao Yilin, Master candidate, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
Supported by:
摘要:
文题释义:
内体/溶酶体逃逸:内体和溶酶体是降解胞外来源物质的重要细胞器。绝大多数纳米材料在经内吞作用进入到细胞后,均会经过内体-溶酶体运输途径发生降解,从而失去其原本作用。因此,为防止此现象的发生,纳米材料必须规避内体/溶酶体降解,成功逃逸至细胞质中,这种现象就称之为内体/溶酶体逃逸。
载蛋白纳米系统:是一类能将外源性蛋白质运输至细胞内,从而发挥其生物学效能的纳米材料的总称。载蛋白纳米系统有许多种类,包括脂质体、无机纳米颗粒、聚合物等等。通过不同形式的改性,使纳米材料能够成功负载功能性蛋白质,为今后的药物递送发展提供良好基础。
背景:如何实现将细胞外蛋白质有效运输至细胞内一直是备受关注的问题。随着纳米载蛋白质技术的不断发展,蛋白质的有效递送得到一定的实现。然而,载蛋白质纳米体系进入内体/溶酶体后,很大程度上仍无法避免被降解的现状,从而阻碍了蛋白质发挥作用。
目的:综述近年来促内体/溶酶体逃逸的载蛋白纳米系统的研究进展,概述促进载蛋白纳米系统在细胞内体/溶酶体逃逸的纳米材料的研究现状和应用前景。
方法:在Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网及万方数据库进行文章检索,检索时限为2000-2021年。英文检索词为“Endosome escape,Lysosome escape,Nanoparticles,Protein delivery”,中文检索词为“内体逃逸、溶酶体逃逸、纳米材料、蛋白质递送”。对比纳入与排除标准将所有文章进行初筛,最终纳入89篇文章进行综述。根据内体、溶酶体逃逸机制的特点,对无机-有机材料、无机材料、有机材料和生物相关材料的功能特点及临床应用进行总结。
结果与结论:①由纳米材料作为载体向细胞内递送的蛋白质在细胞内的内体/溶酶体逃逸相关机制多种多样,主要包括质子海绵效应、膜失稳和膜融合等机制,通过上述各机制,载蛋白纳米系统得以成功转递至细胞质内,并发挥其相应功效。②目前最常用于促进载蛋白纳米系统在细胞内体/溶酶体逃逸的4类纳米材料为:有机-无机杂化纳米材料、无机纳米材料、有机纳米材料和生物相关纳米材料,这些材料具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性、设计新颖、可定制性和pH响应性等优点,在治疗癌症、杀伤肿瘤、基因编辑和降低血糖等临床研究领域已初显优势。③为进一步扩大具有促内体/溶酶体逃逸功效的载蛋白纳米系统在临床上的应用,未来需要进行更详尽的纳米材料安全性及机制把控方面的研究。
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-1219 (毛轶琳)
中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程
中图分类号:
毛轶琳, 朱 舟, 王 剑. 促进载蛋白纳米系统在细胞内体/溶酶体逃逸的纳米材料:研究现状与未来[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2022, 26(34): 5534-5542.
Mao Yilin, Zhu Zhou, Wang Jian. Nano materials of protein-carrying nanosystems for endosome/lysosome escape: research status and future[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(34): 5534-5542.
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[11] | 周洪琴, 吴丹丹, 杨 琨, 刘 琪. 传递特定miRNA的外泌体可调控成骨并促进成血管[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2022, 26(7): 1107-1112. |
[12] | 张璟琳, 冷 敏, 朱博恒, 汪 虹. 干细胞源外泌体促进糖尿病创面愈合的机制及应用[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2022, 26(7): 1113-1118. |
[13] | 黄晨玮, 费彦亢, 朱梦梅, 李鹏昊, 于 兵. 谷胱甘肽在干细胞“干性”及调控中的重要作用[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2022, 26(7): 1119-1124. |
[14] | 惠小珊, 白 京, 周思远, 王 阶, 张金生, 何庆勇, 孟培培. 中医药调控干细胞诱导分化的理论机制[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2022, 26(7): 1125-1129. |
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蛋白质是生命的引擎,它执行了一系列基本生命功能,如催化反应、在细胞膜上形成受体和通道、提供细胞内外骨架支持等[1]。在临床应用中,蛋白质具有广阔的治疗应用前景,在癌症、糖尿病、内皮功能障碍和体内代谢紊乱等疾病治疗过程中发挥了重要作用。与小分子药物相比,蛋白质具有特异性高、生物相容性好及不良反应少的优点[1-2]。然而,未经保护的蛋白质具有易降解、变性、膜通透性差、进入胞浆的转运效率较低和清除率高等缺点;蛋白药物的设计或配制不当会导致蛋白分子降解、变性和/或聚集,从而可能在给药后引起免疫原性副反应和药理活性的降低。许多蛋白质(例如胰岛素等)由于快速的肾脏清除率而导致半衰期短,频繁注射会给患者带来不适和不便[3-5],这些问题导致其临床治疗效果受到一定限制。因此,如何实现蛋白质向细胞内的有效输送日渐引起了人们的关注。
近几十年来,纳米材料的发展使蛋白质的体内有效运输成为可能[4]。通过不同方法将蛋白装载或包裹于纳米材料中,可使纳米材料有效地负载蛋白质并递送入靶细胞,达到预期治疗效果与作用。然而,通过诸如脂质体、脂质纳米颗粒和纳米凝胶等常见的纳米系统[6-8],负载并递送蛋白发挥生物效用同样面临诸多挑战,其中的难点之一就是如何应对细胞内体、溶酶体对蛋白的破坏作用。
细胞内体是动物细胞内的膜性细胞器,许多大分子物质如低密度脂蛋白等在经过内吞进入到细胞后,首先进入早期内体(pH值约为6.3),早期内体pH值不断降低,转化为晚期内体,后者获得水解酶后与溶酶体相融合(pH值4-5)[9-10]。这一过程是囊泡运输的枢纽环节,被称为内体-溶酶体运输[11]。溶酶体是一种有膜包裹的动态细胞器,它富含一系列酸性水解酶,能够分解各种物质,包括蛋白质、核酸、脂质及碳水化合物等,其内部环境为酸性,pH值4.6-5.0 [12-13]。
由于纳米材料普遍具有较小的粒径,极易通过内吞作用被细胞摄取,因而途径内体/溶酶体运输时,材料表面结构易被溶酶体内含的水解酶破坏,伴随所运载蛋白的失活,可能会严重影响其治疗效果。因此,若想保证蛋白质有效地进入细胞内并发挥作用,关键在于使其载体纳米材料实现良好的细胞内体/溶酶体逃逸,即为了实现载体纳米材料到达胞浆这一目的,它们必须在溶酶体降解之前逃离内体/溶酶体运输途径。达成这一目的后,载蛋白纳米材料实现的临床价值与应用也同样不能忽视。
外源性蛋白质的胞内递送研究是近年来的研究热点,近10年以来,相关研究成果一直呈上升的趋势,自2019年起,研究成果明显增加至之前的2倍,是一个方兴未艾的研究热点。
目前,虽已有一些综述文章就溶酶体逃逸的机制或具有促进溶酶体逃逸能力的纳米材料进行讨论,但其讨论内容仅仅是从材料的溶酶体逃逸机制入手,着重描述材料的性质,且研究对象大多为单一的材料,极少有研究搭载其他物质(如药物和siRNA等)的综述报道,并缺乏对于纳米材料逃逸后临床应用方面的总结。目前尚未有综述从蛋白质递送这一角度出发,紧密结合纳米材料逃逸性能进行载蛋白纳米材料阐述,并总结其优越的临床应用能力。因此,文章首先就涉及到细胞内体/溶酶体逃逸载蛋白纳米系统的机制进行了概括,并将能促进内体/溶酶体逃逸的载蛋白纳米材料的近年研究进展与临床应用进行了详细的总结与讨论,最后针对蛋白质递送的新技术进行了展望。
中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程
1.1.8 检索文献量 检索文献量为602篇,最终纳入89篇。其中中文文献5篇,英文文献84篇。
1.2 入组标准
1.2.1 纳入标准 ①发表时间在2000-2021年的SCI收录或中文核心权威杂志发表的文章,优先纳入5年内发表在高影响因子杂志、高引用率著作;②与内体/溶酶体逃逸相关,且与载蛋白纳米材料相关的文献;③论点、论据可靠的著作。
1.2.2 排除标准 ①重复性研究且内容相关度低的文献;②年代较久远的文献;③研究数据不充足且无法反映此综述主题的文献。
1.3 质量评估 ①入选文献与综述主题密切关联;②将重复、与主题不符的文献排除在外。
1.4 数据提取 文献的引用格式包括所有作者、标题、期刊名称、发表年份、卷数(期数)及页码进行分析。经过文献重复性筛选和相关性筛选,最终纳入89篇参考文献[1-89],见图2。
文题释义:
内体/溶酶体逃逸:内体和溶酶体是降解胞外来源物质的重要细胞器。绝大多数纳米材料在经内吞作用进入到细胞后,均会经过内体-溶酶体运输途径发生降解,从而失去其原本作用。因此,为防止此现象的发生,纳米材料必须规避内体/溶酶体降解,成功逃逸至细胞质中,这种现象就称之为内体/溶酶体逃逸。
载蛋白纳米系统:是一类能将外源性蛋白质运输至细胞内,从而发挥其生物学效能的纳米材料的总称。载蛋白纳米系统有许多种类,包括脂质体、无机纳米颗粒、聚合物等等。通过不同形式的改性,使纳米材料能够成功负载功能性蛋白质,为今后的药物递送发展提供良好基础。
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