中国组织工程研究 ›› 2018, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (7): 1056-1065.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0117

• 骨科植入物 orthopedic implant • 上一篇    下一篇

基底楔形闭合截骨治疗拇外翻的几何学特征

毛 威,张建中,孙 超,王显军,李海涛   

  1. 首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院足踝外科,北京市 100016
  • 出版日期:2018-03-08 发布日期:2018-03-08
  • 通讯作者: 张建中,主任医师,教授,首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院足踝外科,北京市 100016
  • 作者简介:毛威,男,1980年生,河南省扶沟县人,汉族,博士,主治医师,主要从事足踝外科方面的研究。

Geometric features of proximal closing wedge osteotomy in the treatment of hallux valgus  

Mao Wei, Zhang Jian-zhong, Sun Chao, Wang Xian-jun, Li Hai-tao   

  1. Department of Ankle Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100016, China
  • Online:2018-03-08 Published:2018-03-08
  • Contact: Zhang Jian-zhong, Chief physician, Professor, Department of Ankle Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100016, China
  • About author:Mao Wei, M.D., Attending physician, Department of Ankle Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100016, China

摘要:

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文题释义:
拇外翻:是一种复杂的足部畸形,英文名称为“Hallux valgus”,由1871年Carl Heuter介绍,并描述为拇趾在第一跖趾关节处向外偏斜移位,伴第一跖骨向内偏斜,跖趾关节形成静态性半脱位。畸形程度可以通过两个角度进行评估:拇外翻角度(近节趾骨轴线与第一跖骨轴线夹角)正常小于20°;跖间角(第一、二跖骨轴线夹角)正常角度为6°-11°。
基底闭合截骨:手术治疗拇外翻的截骨方式中,基底楔形闭合截骨术是其中的一种,通过文献收索,其英文名称在文献上多样化,发现10种之多,但无论哪种表述,都包含有wedge,closing or closed,proximal or base以及osteotomy。截骨顶点位于跖骨皮质内侧缘,距跖楔关节内侧0-15 mm,楔形底边向外,楔形角度大小由拇外翻畸形程度而定。去除楔形,闭合截骨面并进行固定。与其他基底截骨术一样,由于术后造成跖骨短缩与抬高,基底楔形闭合截骨术也是一种在学术界备受关注的手术方式。
 
摘要
背景:随着基底楔形闭合截骨术治疗拇外翻畸形在临床的广泛应用,由于其造成的跖骨短缩及跖骨抬高不断被提及。有学者甚至认为该手术操作复杂,技术要求高,并发症发生率高,主张使用其他截骨术替代。但通过文献研究及自身的临床经验,发现事实并非完全如此。
目的:为此进行了基底楔形闭合截骨的平面及实物模型的几何学研究,以便对该术式在造成跖骨短缩与抬高方面进行更为合理的评价。
方法:研究共分4项:前3项为平面研究,所用材料为拇外翻患者负重正位图像;第4项为立体实物研究,所用材料为第一跖骨石膏模型。研究1为楔形截骨顶点距第一跖楔关节内侧缘距离不同时(由近及远分别为B、A、C、D点,间隔10 mm),通过裁剪后角度的调整,来了解1/2跖间角,第一跖骨长度及关节远端固定角的变化。研究2为楔形截骨顶点在距离第一跖楔关节内外侧连线相同,而距离第一跖骨轴线不同时,通过裁剪后角度的调整,来测量1/2跖间角,第一跖骨长度及关节远端固定角的变化。研究3为楔形截骨顶点固定,楔形角度固定,但近端截骨线斜率不同时,通过裁剪后角度的调整来了解上述研究指标的变化。研究4为模拟截骨对比,通过石膏翻模,针对模型进行垂直于跖骨干或垂直于水平面截骨后,闭合截骨面,测量跖骨头抬高,1/2跖间角及第一跖骨长度的变化。
结果与结论:①平面几何研究结果:楔形截骨角度相同时,截骨顶点越靠近端,所获得的的矫正越大,关节远端固定角的改变越小,所造成的短缩越明显。在同一跖骨水平线(与第一跖楔关节内外侧连线平行)任意一点作为截骨顶点,1/2跖间角,关节远端固定角改变相同,但截骨顶点越靠近跖骨中线,所引起的跖骨短缩越小。截骨顶点固定,楔形截骨角度固定,截骨初始倾角不同,1/2跖间角跖骨长度及关节远端固定角改变相同;②立体几何研究结果:截骨角度相同的情况下,截取同样角度的楔形骨块,所得到的矫正程度明显大于平面几何研究的结果,这应该与截骨锯片的厚度及截骨造成的骨量损失有关。垂直于跖骨干与垂直于水平面两者相比,矫正后前者跖骨明显抬高,而在1/2跖间角矫正程度上,两者之间仅有1°的差别。在跖骨短缩程度上,前者略小于后者;③综上:a.最佳的楔形截骨顶点并不在关节内侧缘,而是距离关节内侧缘1 cm,再向跖骨中线靠近,既可以得到良好矫形,固定稳定,又可以进一步减少跖骨短缩;b.摆锯锯片方向以垂直于水平面为最佳,但术中比较难以把握,可以不用刻意追求,近似于垂直于水平面即可,既不影响矫形效果,又进一步减少跖骨短缩。闭合骨性合页时,跖屈截骨远端,使与近端有2 mm的台阶即可避免跖骨头抬高;c.近端截骨面的角度选择,根据所用内固定情况既可以垂于跖骨干,也可以与跖骨干成锐角,这样不会改变截骨矫形的效果。

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程
ORCID: 0000-0003-0864-6706(毛威)

关键词: 拇外翻, 基底截骨术, 几何学研究, 骨科植入物, 基底楔形闭合截骨术, 短缩

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: With the wide application of the proximal closing wedge osteotomy in treatment of hallux valgus deformity, the metatarsal shortening and metatarsal elevation are constantly being mentioned. Scholars even think that the operation is complicated, the technical requirements are high, and the incidence of complications is high, and other osteotomy should be used instead. However, through literature research and clinical experience, it is found that the facts are not completely the case.

OBJECTIVE: To perform geometric study of the plane and the physical model of the proximal closing wedge osteotomy so as to reasonably evaluate the effect of this technique on metatarsal shortening and metatarsal elevation. 
METHODS: The research was divided into four stages, in which the first three stages were plane geometric researches, with weight-bearing frontal image of the patient with hallux valgus as the research materials; the fourth one was solid geometric research, with plaster model of the first metatarsal bone as the research material. In research I (Stage I), the changes in 1/2 inter-metatarsal angle, length of the first metatarsal and distal metatarsal articular angle were learnt through angle adjustment after clipping when the distance from the wedge osteotomy vertex to medial border of the first tarsometatarsal joint was different (B, A, C, D respectively from the near to the distant, with a distance of 10 mm). In research II (Stage II), the changes in 1/2 inter-metatarsal angle, length of the first metatarsal and distal metatarsal articular angle were learnt through angle adjustment after clipping when the distance from the wedge osteotomy vertex to medial and lateral connection of the first tarsometatarsal joint was same, and the distance from the wedge osteotomy vertex to axis of the first metatarsal bone was different. In research III (Stage III), the changes in the above-mentioned research indexes were studied through angle adjustment after clipping when the wedge osteotomy vertex and wedge angle were fixed, but the proximal osteotomy line slope was different. Research IV (Stage IV) was the simulated osteotomy comparison, osteotomy perpendicular to metatarsal backbone or perpendicular to the horizontal plane was conducted on the model through plaster casting, and then osteotomy section was closed; the changes in elevation of the metatarsal head, 1/2 inter-metatarsal angle and length of the first metatarsal bone were measured.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Results of plane geometry: The closer the wedge osteotomy vertex was to the proximal end, the larger the correction gained was and the smaller the changes in the distal metatarsal articular angle were, but the shortening was more obvious. Moreover, the closer the wedge osteotomy vertex was to the axis of the metatarsal bone, the smaller the shortening was; if only the proximal osteotomy line was different, the indices were the same. (2) Results of stereoscopic geometry: In the case of the same osteotomy angle, the cuneiform bone of the same angle was intercepted, and the degree of correction was obviously greater than that of the plane geometry. This should be related to the thickness of the osteotomy saw and the loss of bone mass caused by the osteotomy. The metatarsal bone was significantly higher after correction when perpendicular to the metatarsal stem compared with that perpendicular to the horizontal surface. In 1/2 inter-metatarsal angle, the difference between the two was only 1°. In metatarsal shortening, it was smaller when perpendicular to the metatarsal stem compared with that perpendicular to the horizontal surface. (3) In conclusion, a. the optimal wedge osteotomy vertex is not at the medial border of the joint but is 1 cm from the medial border of the joint; then, it will approach the axis of the metatarsal. In this way, good correction, steady fixation and further reduction of metatarsal shortening can be achieved. b. The optimal direction of the oscillating saw blade is perpendicular to horizontal plane; however, an approximately perpendicular position to the horizontal plane is acceptable. It does not affect the effect of orthopedics, and further reduces the metatarsal shortening. When the bony closure is closed, the distal end of the metatarsal bone is taken to avoid the elevation of the metatarsal bone with a 2 mm step with the proximal end. c. The angle selection of proximal osteotomy surface can be placed on the metatarsal stem according to the internal fixation condition, and it can also form an acute angle with the metatarsal stem, so that the effect of osteotomy will not be changed.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

Key words: Hallux Valgus, Osteotomy, Tissue Engineering

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