中国组织工程研究 ›› 2020, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (13): 2120-2125.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1851

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

聚焦髓鞘和少突胶质细胞的变化:深刻认识阿尔茨海默病白质病变

赵  红,王苏平,蔺建文   

  1. 大连市中心医院神经内一科,辽宁省大连市  116033
  • 收稿日期:2019-04-20 修回日期:2019-05-05 接受日期:2019-06-29 出版日期:2020-05-08 发布日期:2020-03-11
  • 通讯作者: 蔺建文,硕士,主任医师,大连市中心医院神经内一科,辽宁省大连市 116033
  • 作者简介:赵红,女,1978年生,山东省无棣县人,汉族,2009年首都医科大学毕业,博士,主任医师,主要从事认知障碍发病机制的研究。

Insight into white matter changes in Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on myelin and oligodendrocyte

Zhao Hong, Wang Suping, Lian Jianwen   

  1. Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
  • Received:2019-04-20 Revised:2019-05-05 Accepted:2019-06-29 Online:2020-05-08 Published:2020-03-11
  • Contact: Lian Jianwen, Master, Chief physician, Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
  • About author:Zhao Hong, MD, Chief physician, Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China

摘要:

文题释义:

髓鞘:是包裹在神经细胞轴突外面的一层膜,即髓鞘由许旺细胞和髓鞘细胞膜组成。其作用是绝缘,防止神经电冲动从神经元轴突传递至另一神经元轴突。髓鞘一般只出现在脊椎动物以及一些桡脚类动物的神经元轴突外围。目前研究注意髓鞘成分的抗原性,如:髓鞘碱性蛋白、髓鞘相关糖蛋白、髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白等。

少突胶质细胞:分布于中枢神经系统。在银浸染标本中,少突胶质细胞比星状胶质细胞小,其突起也较小而少,呈珠状,故被称为少突胶质细胞或寡突胶质细胞。但是用特异性免疫细胞化学染色显示的少突胶质细胞,其突起并不少,而且还有许多分支。少突胶质细胞的主要功能是在中枢神经系统中包绕轴突、形成绝缘的髓鞘结构、协助生物电信号的跳跃式高效传递并维持和保护神经元的正常功能,其异常不仅会导致中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病变,还会引起神经元损伤或精神类疾病,甚至可以引发脑肿瘤。

背景:既往研究认为阿尔茨海默病是脑灰质病变,灰质改变一直是阿尔茨海默病病理和影像研究的热点,近年来发现阿尔茨海默病进展过程中除了神经元缺失,白质的退变和脱髓鞘改变也是重要的特征,脑白质病变的研究越来越得到重视。

目的:阐述阿尔茨海默病脑内存在广泛的白质损害及其发生机制,并探讨脑白质损害与认知功能的关系。

方法:由第一作者检索PubMed数据库及CNKI数据库1998年1月至2019年4月的相关文献,并进行筛选、归纳和总结;英文检索词为“Alzheimer’s disease,white matter injury,neurodegeneration,oligodendrocyte”,中文检索词为“阿尔茨海默病,白质损害,神经退行性变,少突胶质细胞”,选择有关阿尔茨海默病、脑白质病变、少突胶质细胞死亡机制及白质改变与认知功能关系的相关研究,共检索41篇。

结果与结论:阿尔茨海默病患者脑内存在广泛的白质损害,且这种改变发生较早。脑白质病变在阿尔茨海默病病理及发病机制有着重要的意义,多种途径如β-淀粉样蛋白毒性和Tau蛋白、氧化应激、兴奋性毒性作用、铁过量等都可影响少突胶质细胞,导致髓鞘的破坏。脱髓鞘或轴索损伤可以改变轴索的传导速度,直接/间接影响认知功能。可见,阿尔茨海默病白质病理改变与认知功能损害密切相关。脑白质损害与阿尔茨海默病的相关性研究不仅为阿尔茨海默病的发病机制提供理论依据,而且为阿尔茨海默病的治疗提供了新的途径。

ORCID: 0000-0001-6888-3485(赵红)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程

关键词: 阿尔茨海默病, 髓鞘, 少突胶质细胞, 脑白质, 神经退行性变, 氧化应激

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: In previous studies Alzheimer’s disease was considered as a typical disease of the brain gray matter, and most attention has focused on the pathological and neuroimaging changes of gray matter in Alzheimer’s disease. Recently, in addition to neuronal loss, white matter degeneration and demyelination may be important pathophysiological features in the progress of Alzheimer’s disease. To date, much attention has been paid to the changes of white matter in Alzheimer’s disease.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the evidence for extensive white matter abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease and its mechanism, and to discuss the relationship between white matter changes and cognitive function.

METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author in PubMed and CNKI databases to search related papers published from January 1998 to April 2019 using the keywords of “Alzheimer’s disease, white matter injury, neurodegeneration, oligodendrocyte” in English and Chinese, respectively. Articles related to Alzheimer’s disease, white matter abnormalities, the mechanism of oligodendrocyte death and the relationship between white matter changes and cognitive function were selected. A total of 41 relevant literatures were retrieved.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: White matter abnormalities widely occur in Alzheimer’s disease patients, which are probably the earliest pathological changes. White matter lesions are of important significance in the pathology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Several mechanisms such Aβ toxicity and tauopathy, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and iron overload can affect oligodendrocytes, resulting in myelin loss. Altering axonal conduction by demyelination or axonal damage can directly and/or indirectly affect cognition. In conclusion, white matter changes are closely related to cognitive impairment. Explorations on the relationship between white matter changes and the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease cannot only provide theoretical evidence for Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, but also develop a new therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease.

Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, myelin sheath, oligodendrocytes, white matter, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress

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