中国组织工程研究

中国组织工程研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (14): 3051-3060.doi: 10.12307/2025.399

• 组织构建综述 tissue construction review • 上一篇    下一篇

运动员的肠道菌群特征

张秋萍1，2，徐  倩1，2，田华君1，2，褚羽丹1，2，何俊良1，2，马国强1，2，邱  俊1，2   

  1. 1上海体育科学研究所(上海市反兴奋剂中心)，上海市  200030；2国家体育总局“竞技运动能力综合评定重点实验室”，上海市  200030
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-08 接受日期:2024-07-06 出版日期:2025-05-18 发布日期:2024-09-29
  • 通讯作者: 马国强，博士，研究员，硕士生导师，上海体育科学研究所(上海市反兴奋剂中心)，上海市 200030；国家体育总局“竞技运动能力综合评定重点实验室”，上海市 200030
  • 作者简介:张秋萍，女，1985年生，浙江省平湖市人，汉族，硕士，副研究员，主要从事运动员营养状态评价、运动营养干预等方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    上海市“科技创新行动计划”社会发展科技攻关项目(23DZ1204102)，项目负责人：马国强

The gut microbiota characteristics of athletes

Zhang Qiuping1, 2, Xu Qian1, 2, Tian Huajun1, 2, Chu Yudan1, 2, He Junliang1, 2, Ma Guoqiang1, 2, Qiu Jun1, 2   

  1. 1Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai 200030, China; 2Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai 200030, China
  • Received:2024-05-08 Accepted:2024-07-06 Online:2025-05-18 Published:2024-09-29
  • Contact: Ma Guoqiang, PhD, Researcher, Master’s supervisor, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai 200030, China; Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai 200030, China
  • About author:Zhang Qiuping, MS, Associate researcher, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai 200030, China; Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport for Exercise Performance Evaluation, Shanghai 200030, China
  • Supported by:
    Shanghai Social Development Science and Technology Research Project - “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan,” No. 23DZ1204102 (to MGQ)

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摘要：


文题释义：
肠道菌群：人体肠道中寄生着大量微生物，包含数十万亿个微生物细胞，统称“肠道菌群”。肠道微生物蕴藏着巨大的代谢潜能，在营养吸收、维生素合成、能量收集、炎症调节和免疫反应中发挥重要作用，从而极大地影响宿主的生理功能。
短链脂肪酸：也称为挥发性脂肪酸，是由1-6个碳原子组成的有机脂肪酸。结肠是人体内短链脂肪酸的主要产生部位，多是由未消化吸收的碳水化合物经结肠内厌氧菌酵解产生。

背景：了解运动员肠道菌群的特征及影响因素有助于确定相关运动项目的最佳肠道微生物组成，寻求提高运动表现和恢复的有效途径，并为个性化营养方案提供独特视角。
目的：总结运动员的肠道菌群特征，从运动训练和饮食摄入两方面阐述影响运动员肠道菌群特征的重要因素。
方法：检索PubMed、ScienceDirect、中国知网、万方和维普数据库2004-2024年发表的文献，英文检索词为“microbiota，microbiome，athlete，exercise，training，diet，nutrition，dietary fiber， protein，ketogenic，fat”，中文检索词为“肠道菌群，肠道微生物，运动员，训练，比赛，饮食，营养”。排除研究质量较差及内容不相关的文献后，最终纳入65篇文献进行综述分析。
结果与结论：①与普通人群相比，精英运动员的肠道菌群以α多样性增加、厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值升高、健康有益菌丰度增加、有助于运动表现的功能途径富集为主要特征；②项目类型和训练负荷与运动员肠道菌群物种结构及功能表达密切相关；③由代谢物介导的宿主与肠道微生物间的双向交流，是运动影响肠道菌群的重要机制；④阶段训练通常能够引发肠道微生物群产生适应性变化，并且菌群在结构或功能上的改变具有持续效应；⑤宏量营养素的种类、数量及组合形式能够显著影响肠道菌群结构和功能，并与运动训练发挥协同叠加或削弱抵消的作用；⑥未来应持续加强对运动员肠道菌群的相关探索，明确因果关系，建立运动训练干预新靶点。
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8271-1504(张秋萍)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程

关键词: 肠道菌群, 运动员, 运动, 训练, 饮食, 肠道微生物, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Understanding the characteristics and influencing factors of the gut microbiota in athletes can help determine the optimal gut microbial composition for relevant sport events. Further investigation in this area could provide important insights for improving athletic performance and recovery as well as developing personalized nutrition prescriptions.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the characteristics of gut microbiota in athletes, and to elucidate the important factors influencing the gut microbiota characteristics of athletes from the perspectives of exercise training and dietary intake. 
METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, WanFang and VIP databases for publications from 2004 to 2024. The search terms included “microbiota, microbiome, athlete, exercise, training, diet, nutrition, dietary fiber, protein, ketogenic, fat” in English and Chinese. After excluding studies of poor quality and irrelevant content, a total of 65 articles were included for review and analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The gut microbiota of elite athletes differs from that of the general population, characterized by increased α-diversity, elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increased abundance of beneficial bacteria, and enrichment of functional pathways contributing to athletic performance. (2) The type of sport and training load are closely related to the species structure and functional expression of the gut microbiota in athletes. (3) The bidirectional communication between the host and gut microbiota mediated by metabolites is an important mechanism by which exercise influences the gut microbiota. (4) Phase training typically induces adaptive changes in the gut microbiota, and alterations in the structure or function of the microbiota have lasting effects. (5) The type, quantity, and combination of macronutrients intake can significantly influence the structure and function of the gut microbiota, and interact synergistically or antagonistically with exercise training. (6) In the future, it is important to continue the exploration of the gut microbiota in athletes, clarify causal relationships, and establish new targets for exercise training interventions.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程

Key words: gut microbiota, athlete, exercise, training, diet, intestinal microorganism, review

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