中国组织工程研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (15): 2439-2445.doi: 10.12307/2022.604

• 骨与关节综述 bone and joint review • 上一篇    下一篇

膝关节僵硬动物模型的造模方法及特点

廖莹莹1,2,张  鑫1,温呈洪3,陈  科1,2,周  汇1,2,苟青春4   

  1. 1四川省骨科医院,四川省成都市   610041;2成都体育学院运动医学与健康学院,四川省成都市   610041;3成都体育学院附属体育医院,四川省成都市   610041;4金堂县中医医院,四川省成都市   610499
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-09 修回日期:2021-07-13 接受日期:2021-09-30 出版日期:2022-05-28 发布日期:2022-01-07
  • 通讯作者: 张鑫,硕士,副主任医师,四川省骨科医院,四川省成都市 610041
  • 作者简介:廖莹莹,女,1997年生,四川省成都市人,汉族,成都体育学院在读硕士,主要从事运动损伤及骨科康复的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    2020年四川省中医药管理局科学技术研究专项课题(2020JC0098),项目负责人:张鑫

Animal models of knee joint stiffness: modeling methods and characteristics

Liao Yingying1,2, Zhang Xin1, Wen Chenghong3, Chen Ke1, 2, Zhou Hui1, 2, Gou Qingchun4   

  1. 1Sichuan Province Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China; 2School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China; 3Affiliated Sport Hospital of Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China; 4Jintang County Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chengdu 610499, Sichuan Province, China
  • Received:2021-07-09 Revised:2021-07-13 Accepted:2021-09-30 Online:2022-05-28 Published:2022-01-07
  • Contact: Zhang Xin, Master, Associate chief physician, Sichuan Province Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
  • About author:Liao Yingying, Master candidate, Sichuan Province Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China; School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    the Special Project of Science and Technology Research of Sichuan Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2020, No. 2020JC0098 (to ZX)

摘要:

文题释义:
膝关节僵硬:是膝关节周围骨折或软组织损伤后由于制动引起的常见的功能障碍,主要有屈曲型僵硬和伸直型僵硬,表现为膝关节活动度减小,膝关节屈曲或伸直受限,其中以屈曲功能受限最常见,严重影响患者的日常生活和工作。
膝关节僵硬动物模型:目前对膝关节僵硬的发病机制研究较少,对膝关节损伤后最佳制动时间与膝关节僵硬缺乏明确的定论,因此,借助膝关节僵硬动物模型进一步探讨该疾病的发病机制及治疗方法。

背景:膝关节创伤后产生的关节僵硬是一个迫切需要解决的难题,建立理想的膝关节僵硬动物模型是研究膝关节僵硬病理机制的基础,对探索膝关节僵硬的治疗方法具有重要意义。
目的:对膝关节僵硬动物模型建立的方法进行综述,总结动物的选择、不同固定方式、固定时间与成功周期等,为其相关研究提供实验基础。
方法:以“膝关节僵硬、膝关节挛缩、动物模型、knee stiffness、stiff knee、stiff knee、animal model”为检索词在中国知网、维普、万方数据、PubMed和Embase数据库检索2000-2020年的文献,最终纳入49篇参考文献进行分析。
结果与结论:①目前研究者主要采用手术和非手术方法进行造模,即手术方法:通过手术伴或不伴有膝关节关节面的损伤,用内固定造成术后创伤性关节僵硬;非手术方法:通过单纯外固定或暴力损伤外固定的方式获得膝关节僵硬动物模型。②在临床中,下肢骨折后制动引起的膝关节僵硬十分常见,对于不波及膝关节面的下肢骨折引起的膝关节僵硬可以选择关节外损伤手术固定的方式进行造模,对于研究膝关节关节面损伤引起的膝关节僵硬可以选择关节内损伤固定的方式造模,手术固定的方法造模时间短、效率高、稳定性好,但无菌条件要求较高,目前在膝关节僵硬的结构变化和药效观察、矫形支具干预方面应用广泛。③石膏、夹板等单纯外固定的模型操作简便、避免了手术创伤,在模拟膝关节僵硬的疾病发展具有相对的优势,可以观察不同时期关节僵硬的病理变化,缺点是在动物活动过程中外固定易松动、脱滑,或发生啃咬,造模时间较长,固定易失败。④暴力损伤后固定可模拟关节周围软组织损伤后制动而引起的膝关节僵硬,适用于保守治疗的疗效、筛选方面的研究。⑤综合来讲,最理想的膝关节僵硬造模方式为膝过伸+关节内手术创伤+固定,通过膝过伸损伤关节后囊、在股骨髁开窗模拟关节内骨折,采用克氏针内固定的方式进行造模,此方法建模时间短、成功率高、稳定性好。

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-1263 (廖莹莹) 

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

关键词: 膝关节, 关节僵硬, 关节僵直, 关节挛缩, 动物模型, 关节损伤, 关节固定, 功能障碍

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Knee joint stiffness is a common post-traumatic dysfunction, which is an urgent problem to be solved. To establish an ideal animal model of knee joint stiffness is the basis for studying the pathological mechanism of knee joint stiffness and is also important for exploring the treatment of knee joint stiffness.
OBJECTIVE: To review the methods of establishing animal models of knee joint stiffness and to summarize the selection of animals, different fixation methods, fixation time and successful cycle, thereby providing experimental basis for its related research.
METHODS: The literatures published from 2000 to 2020 were searched in the databases of CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed, and Embase with the keywords of “knee stiffness, knee contracture, animal model” in Chinese and “knee stiffness, stiff knee, stiff knee, animal model” in English. Finally 49 references were included for review. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At present, researchers mainly use surgical methods and non-surgical methods for modeling, that is, surgical methods: through surgery with or without knee articular surface injury, internal fixation is used to cause postoperative traumatic joint stiffness; non-surgical methods: simple external fixation or violent injury external fixation is used to obtain the animal model of knee joint stiffness. In clinical practice, knee joint stiffness caused by immobilization after lower limb fracture is very common. For knee joint stiffness caused by lower limb fracture that does not affect the knee joint surface, the surgical fixation of extra-articular injury can be selected for modeling. For knee joint stiffness caused by knee joint articular surface injury, intra-articular injury fixation can be selected for modeling. The method of surgical fixation has the advantages of short modeling time, high efficiency, and good stability, but there are high requirements for aseptic conditions. To date, it has been widely used in the structural changes and efficacy observation of knee joint stiffness, and orthopedic brace intervention. The model of simple external fixation such as plaster and splint is easy to operate, avoids surgical trauma, and has relative advantages in simulating the disease development of knee joint stiffness. This model can be used to observe the pathological changes of joint stiffness at different stages, and the disadvantages are that the fixation is easy to loosen, slip, or nibble during the process of animal activities, the modeling time is too long, and the fixation is easy to fail. Fixation after violent injury can simulate knee joint stiffness caused by immobilization after periarticular soft tissue injury and is suitable for the study on the efficacy and screening of conservative treatment. In summary, the most ideal way to model knee joint stiffness is knee hyperextension+intra-articular surgical trauma+fixation. Through knee hyperextension to damage the posterior capsule of the knee joint and fenestration in the femoral condyle to simulate intra-articular fractures, this modeling method using Kirschner wire internal fixation has a short modeling time, high success rate, and good stability.

Key words: knee, joint stiffness, ankylosis, joint contracture, animal model, joint injury, arthrodesis, dysfunction

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