中国组织工程研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (11): 1788-1792.doi: 10.12307/2022.367

• 组织构建综述 tissue construction review • 上一篇    下一篇

肌萎缩型颈椎病分型、诊断、治疗及预后中的不同问题

吕帅尧,关海山,郝  晨,丁壮志   

  1. 山西医科大学第二医院骨科,山西省太原市   030001
  • 收稿日期:2021-03-12 修回日期:2021-03-17 接受日期:2021-04-17 出版日期:2022-04-18 发布日期:2021-12-13
  • 通讯作者: 关海山,博士,主任医师,山西医科大学第二医院骨科,山西省太原市 030001
  • 作者简介:吕帅尧,男,1991年生,汉族,山西医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脊柱外科方面的研究。

Cervical spondylotic amyotrophy: problems about classification, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis

Lü Shuaiyao, Guan Haishan, Hao Chen, Ding Zhuangzhi   

  1. Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
  • Received:2021-03-12 Revised:2021-03-17 Accepted:2021-04-17 Online:2022-04-18 Published:2021-12-13
  • Contact: Guan Haishan, MD, Chief physician, Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
  • About author:Lü Shuaiyao, Master candidate, Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China

摘要:

文题释义:
肌萎缩型颈椎病:又称颈椎病型肌萎缩或Keegan型颈椎病,与脊髓型或者神经根型颈椎病患者临床症状不同,其特点是运动无力伴有明显的上肢肌肉萎缩,而下肢没有明显的感觉障碍或痉挛性麻痹。
肌萎缩侧索硬化:是一种慢性神经元性疾病,主要是由运动皮质上运动神经元和脊髓及脑干下运动神经元损伤造成的,该病导致四肢、躯干、胸部、腹部肌肉逐渐无力并萎缩,从而影响运动、交流、吞咽和呼吸功能,最终致死。

背景:肌萎缩型颈椎病治疗方法仍有争议。对于肌萎缩型颈椎病患者,保守治疗一般可以稳定或者改善症状,但无法治愈。进展性或严重的神经功能恶化的肌萎缩型颈椎病推荐手术治疗,但多数临床医师根据自己的临床经验选择手术方式,尚未达成统一的标准或行业共识。不同分型的肌萎缩型颈椎病预后显著不同,可能影响手术方案选的选择。
目的:通过对肌萎缩型颈椎病相关研究进行综述,总结并分析疾病发病机制、临床表现、分型、诊断、治疗和预后情况,以期为此病的临床治疗和手术方案选择提供参考。
方法:通过计算机检索1952-2020年发表在PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、中国知网和万方数据库的肌萎缩型颈椎病相关研究文章,选择符合纳入标准的44篇文献进行综述。
结果与结论:①肌萎缩型颈椎病的临床表现以上肢运动无力伴有明显的肌肉萎缩,而下肢没有明显的感觉障碍或痉挛性麻痹为特征,具有不对称性、节段性等特点;②临床多采用依据肌肉萎缩位置的不同进行分型,分为近端型、远端型和混合型,该疾病需与运动神经元病、肌肉营养不良疾病相鉴别,避免误诊和误治;③目前关于肌萎缩型颈椎病的发病机制尚不清楚,有腹侧神经根和脊髓前角细胞损伤两种观点,后者得到大部分学者认可;④肌萎缩型颈椎病的诊断主要依据临床症状、影像学检查及神经电生理检查,鉴别诊断上主要需排除运动神经元病等;⑤肌萎缩型颈椎病的治疗以手术为主,颈椎前路前路手术是治疗首选,而对于多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化、前路不可能减压或者减压风险太大的患者需选择后路手术;⑥不同类型肌萎缩型颈椎病患者术后取得的预后效果有一定差异,其中近端型较远端型预后效果更佳,混合型预后最差,颈椎前路较后路手术效果佳。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0918-4163 (吕帅尧) 

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程

关键词: 颈椎病, 肌肉萎缩, 上肢, 神经根, 脊髓前角细胞, 运动神经元病, 机制, 预后

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Treatments for cervical spondylotic amyotrophy are still controversial. For cervical spondylotic amyotrophy patients, conservative treatment can generally stabilize or improve symptoms, but there is no cure. Surgical treatment is recommended for cervical spondylotic amyotrophy with progressive or severe neurological deterioration; however, most clinicians choose surgical methods based on their own clinical experience, and there is no unified standard or industry consensus. The prognosis of different types of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy is significantly different, which may influence the selection of surgical options.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, types, treatments, and prognosis of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy by reviewing the related researches of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy, in order to provide reference for the selection of clinical treatment and surgical options.
METHODS: Articles related to cervical spondylotic amyotrophy published from 1952 to 2020 were retrieved by computer in PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, CNKI, and WanFang databases. Finally 44 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected.  
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The clinical manifestations of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy are asymmetry, segmental and other characteristics of upper limb motor weakness accompanied by obvious muscle atrophy, while the lower limbs are not characterized by obvious sensory disturbance or spastic paralysis. Clinically, according to the position of muscle atrophy, it is classified into proximal type, distal type and mixed type. This disease needs to be distinguished from motor neuron disease and muscular dystrophy to avoid misdiagnosis and erroneous treatment. The pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy is yet unclear. There are two views on ventral nerve root and spinal anterior horn injury. The latter is recognized by most scholars. The diagnosis of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy is mainly based on clinical symptoms, imaging examinations, and neuroelectrophysiological examinations. Some diseases, such as motor neuron disease, should be excluded in differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment is mainly used for cervical spondylotic amyotrophy. Anterior cervical spine anterior surgery is the first choice, and posterior surgery is preferred for patients with multi-segment cervical posterior longitudinal ligament ossification, anterior decompression impossible or high risk of decompression. Different types of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy patients have different prognostic results after surgery. Prognosis of the proximal type is better than that of the distal type, and prognosis of the mixed type is the worst. Surgery via the anterior cervical approach has better results than that via the posterior cervical approach.

Key words: cervical spondylotic amyotrophy, muscular atrophy, upper limbs, nerve root, spinal anterior horn cells, motor neuron disease, mechanism, prognosis

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