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10 December 2015, Volume 19 Issue 51 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha and apoptosis of osteocytes in steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head  Zhao Zhen-qun, Zhang Zhi-feng, Liu Wan-lin, Bai Rui, Wang Wen-xuan, Sun Liang 2015, 19 (51):  8201-8207.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.001 Abstract ( 232 )   PDF (629KB) ( 646 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although the pathogenesis of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head is unknown, ischemia/hypoxia is the fundamental reason. Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is involved in various signal transduction pathways. Preliminary studies have found that osteocyte apoptosis is associated with steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between hypoxia inducible factor-1α and apoptosis in steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits, 5 months old, were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, 10 rabbits in each group. Animal models of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were  made in the experimental group using steroid and endotoxin. Four weeks after the final administration, all animals were sacrificed to take the bilateral femoral heads that were observed morphologically and ultrastructurally under electron microscope. Number of vacant lacunae was calculated in each group. Immunohistochemical technique and TUNEL methods were used to detect hypoxia inducible factor-1α and osteocyte apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Lacuna vacancy rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01); the osteocyte apoptosis rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group     (P < 0.01). In the experimental group, the apoptosis rate was negatively correlated with the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (r=-0.675), but positively correlated with the lacuna vacancy rate (r=0.793). These findings indicate that in the early stage of steroid-induced avascular necrosis, low expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is related with apoptosis of osteocytes, and they are both involved in the pathological process of femoral head necrosis. Apoptosis is the death way of osteocytes.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bradykinin B2 receptor gene polymorphisms influence the susceptibility of knee osteoarthritis  Feng Hui, Feng Hu, Guo Kai-jin, Chen Shuo, Yuan Feng 2015, 19 (51):  8208-8212.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.002 Abstract ( 236 )   PDF (483KB) ( 484 )   Save BACKGROUND: It has been reported that bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2) antagonists can produce long-lasting analgesic effect in patients with knee osteoarthritis, and BDKRB2 plays an important role in the development of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To further verify the association BDKRB2 polymorphisms and osteoarthritis susceptibility. METHODS: 278 patients with primary knee osteoarthritis and 291 healthy volunteers as controls were enrolled. BDKRB2 gene polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS: The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of +9/-9 bp polymorphisms significantly differed between osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls. The -9/-9 polymorphisms were significantly associated with the increased risk and the radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis compared to the +9/+9 genotype. The presence of -9 bp was associated with higher Kellgren-Lawrence grade in knee osteoarthritis. These findings suggest that the +9/-9 bp polymorphisms of BDKRB2 gene may be used as a molecular marker for the susceptibility and severity of knee osteoarthritis.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between low bone mineral density and Gensini integral in patients with coronary artery disease Fan Shan, An Yuan-yuan, Zhou Yun, Chen You, Ma Yan 2015, 19 (51):  8213-8217.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.003 Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (443KB) ( 1253 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that coronary heart disease and osteoporosis have the same pathophysiology mechaism, and atherosclerosis is evidently correlated with osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the severity of coronary lesions and osteoporosis in patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS: Totally 322 in-hospital patients diagnosed as having coronary artery disease by coronary angiography were retrospectively selected and divided into osteoporosis group and non-osteoporosis group. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the correlation between osteoporosis and Gensini score indicating the severity of coronary lesion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Patients in the osteoporosis group had fewer coronary single branch lesions   (P < 0.001), more coronary multivessel lesions (P < 0.001) and higher Gensini score (P < 0.001) compared with those in the non-osteoporosis group. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed osteoporosis was a risk factor of Gensini score (P < 0.001) after adjustment for possible factors. Correlation analysis showed that bone mineral density and Gensini score were negatively correlated (r=-0.36, P=0.004). These findings indicate that osteoporosis is closely related to the severity of coronary artery disease.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nrf2-mediated curcumin protects chondrocytes from oxidative stress Song Yong-zhou, Guan Jian, Li Ming, Ma Wei, Yuan He, Wang Bin, Tong Jiu-hui 2015, 19 (51):  8218-8222.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.004 Abstract ( 479 )   PDF (507KB) ( 496 )   Save BACKGROUND: Several studies have showed that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of osteoarthritis. Curcumin has the effect of antioxidation and eliminating free radicals. OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective effect of curcumin on chondrocytes through the establishment of a model of oxidative stress damage induced by H2O2. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rat articular chondrocytes were prepared and cultured in vitro. Then, the cells were randomly divided into five groups: normal, model (H2O2), low-, mediate-, high-dose curcumin groups (20, 40, 80 μmol/L). Curcumin and chondrocytes were incubated about 48 hours, and then H2O2 was added and co-cultured for 24 hours. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay, and the levels of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, catalase in cells were detected. The mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 were detected by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. The changes of cell nucleus shape were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the normal group, in the model group, the survival rate of chondrocytes decreased; the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased, while the level of malondialdehyde increased; the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 were down-regulated, and the   characteristics of apoptotic cells were presented. Compared with the model group, in the three groups pretreated with curcumin, the survival rate of chondrocytes increased; the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased, while the level of malondialdehyde decreased; the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 were up-regulated, and the morphology of cell nucleus was improved by curcumin pretreatment. With the increase of concentration, these changes were more obvious. These findings indicate that the protective effect of curcumin against oxidative stress injury induced by H2O2 in chondrocytes can be achieved by enhancing the expression of Nrf2.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study on different sequence MRI imaging of the sacroiliac joint cartilage Liu Bo, Shi Da-peng, Zheng Fu-zeng, Sun Yong-qiang, Yang Zhong-jie, Wang Tong-ming 2015, 19 (51):  8223-8227.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.005 Abstract ( 642 )   PDF (487KB) ( 1110 )   Save BACKGROUND: Plain films and CT cannot show the variation of the articular cartilages. Although MRI can show the cartilage, the conventional sequence imaging of the cartilage is ineffective. To optimize MRI sequence is very important to detect cartilage lesions. OBJECTIVE: To find the most suitable sequences for MRI imaging of sacroiliac joint cartilage. METHODS: Forty-five healthy voluntary subjects were subjected to MRI scans of the sacroiliac joint at T1WI, T2WI, T1-flash-3d-water-cor, T2-me3d-cor, T2-me2d-cor and T1-se-cor-water-fil. Clarity of the sacroiliac joint cartilage, internal signal changes and cartilage surface defects shown on MRI images were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: MRI images with T1WI and T2WI sequences displayed the sacroiliac articular cartilage as a higher signal band with vague joint space. MRI images with T1-se-cor-water-fil displayed five  parallel lines between bilateral cortical bone on the joint surface and iliac cartilage, sacral cartilage and cartilage gap. MRI images with T2-me3d-cor and T1-flash-3D-water-cor-fil displayed the sacroiliac articular cartilage as a bright, clear high signal band that had clear boundaries with the surrounding cortical bone and bone marrow, but the sacral and iliac cartilage could not be distinguished. MRI images with T2-me2d-cor sequence showed iliac cartilage, sacral cartilage and joint space in 37 of 45 cases. Diffusion tensor imaging could display the articular cartilage partially with vague structure and the signal strength had no contrast. These findings indicate that T1-se-cor-water-fil is superior to other sequences to display the cartilage, internal signal and cartilage surface defects. T1-flash-3d-water-cor, T2-me3d-cor and T2-me2d-cor are better than conventional MRI sequences rather than T1-se-cor-water-fil.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone morphogenetic protein complex combined with CAD/CAM technique in the in situ repair of laryngeal cartilage defects Liu Yi-chang, Zhou Jing 2015, 19 (51):  8228-8233.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.006 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (531KB) ( 378 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the process of repairing laryngeal cartilage defects, a certain scaffold material can be used. Bone morphogenetic proteins have the activity of osteogenic induction, which can be used in combination with other materials. In order to improve the repairing effect, the combination of bone morphogenetic protein complex and computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology is preferred. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein complex combined with CAD/CAM technology for in situ repair of laryngeal cartilage defects. METHODS: Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were enrolled and randomly divided into observation and control  groups followed by three-dimensional scanning of the throat. Then, three-dimensional rabbit models of the thyroid cartilage were made. Porous hydroxyapatite scaffold was prepared using gelcasting-foam method and combined with bone morphogenetic proteins. After unilateral removal of the thyroid cartilage, the composite scaffold and gelatin sponge were implanted into the rabbits in the observation and control groups, respectively. At 4, 8, 12 weeks after implantation, the rabbits in the two groups were observed grossly. At 12 weeks, the animals were sacrificed following laryngoscopy to observe the histological and pathological changes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 weeks after implantation, the laryngeal cavity was narrowed and appeared to have a slight congestion in the control group; while in the observation group, the laryngeal cavity was smooth, unobstructed and spacious, with no granulation growth. At 4, 8, 12 weeks after implantation, the scores on the thyroid cartilage were decreased dramatically in the two groups, especially in the observation group (P < 0.05). At 12 weeks after implantation, there were no mature osteocytes and chondrocytes in the control group; in the observation group, the scaffold degraded completely, there was a large amount of cell proliferation and phagocytosis, and chondroblastic proliferation and cartilage formation were found in the surgical region. These results indicate that the use of bone morphogenetic protein complex combined with CAD/CAM technique can have good achievements in the treatment of in situ laryngeal cartilage defects. Additionally, the composite material used in the experimental procedure has good osteoinductive effect and histocompatibility.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transforming growth factor β1 stimulation improves activation of mouse primary hepatic stellate cells obtained using the improved culture method Bi Xiao-juan, Zhang Chuan-shan, Li Liang, Lv Guo-dong, Lin Ren-yong 2015, 19 (51):  8234-8240.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.007 Abstract ( 373 )   PDF (634KB) ( 498 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hepatic stellate cells are the key cell type in the liver to secrete the extracellular matrix; therefore, it is important in the study of liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: To improve the primary culture method of hepatic stellate cells so as to obtain an adequate amount of cells that are subjected to transforming growth factor β1 stimulation to study the expression of fibrogenic factors. METHODS: Mice were anesthetized using ketamine to isolate the liver using in situ liver perfusion through puncture via the portal vein. Then, hepatic stellate cells were isolated using the density gradient centrifugation method. Primary hepatic stellate cells were identified by morphological observation and immunofluorescence staining. At 24 hours after culture, hepatic stellate cells were processed with 10 μg/L transforming growth factor  β1 (experimental group) and PBS (control group) for 48 hours, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mouse primary hepatic stellate cells were successfully harvested by using in situ liver perfusion and enzymatic digestion methods. The positive rate of cells for trypan blue staining was (97.2±0.8)%, and the purity of cells for immunofluorescence staining was (90.4±1.2)%. The total cell count was about 2.5×106 per mouse. Real-time quantitative PCR assay showed that compared with the control group, the mRNA expressions of smooth muscle actin α, type I collagen, transforming growth factor β receptor 1 and transforming growth factor β receptor 2 were significantly increased in the experimental group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the use of improved culture method has more efficient access to high-quality primary hepatic stellate cells, and transforming growth factor β1 stimulation can lead to the activation of hepatic stellate cells to secrete fibrogenic factors.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of the nucleus pulposus after in vitro culture of rabbit spinal motion segments  Feng Min-shan, Zhan Jia-wen, Zhu Li-guo, Zhang Ping, Wang Yuan, Bai Jian-qi 2015, 19 (51):  8241-8246.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.008 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (692KB) ( 309 )   Save BACKGROUND: In vitro organ culture model of the intervertebral disc as a contact between in vivo tests and cell culture can maintain cell activity in a native matrix, thus retaining the important cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in the nucleus pulposus during in vitro culture of rabbit spinal motion segments. METHODS: A total of 50 spinal motion segments were harvested from 13 New Zealand white rabbits under aseptic conditions. These specimens were maintained for organ culture with hyperosmotic media (410 mOsm/kg), then 10 discs were observed by hematoxy-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry of type II collagen as well as proteoglycan content and viability of nucleus pulposus cells were determined before and at 3, 7, 14, 21 days after culture, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed the structure of intervertebral disc tissue remained intact after 14 days of culture, but severely degenerated at 21 days of culture. The intensity value of type II collagen immunohistochemical staining in the nucleus pulposus had no significant changes within 14 days (P > 0.05), but the staining became shallow at 21 days, which was significantly different from that at 3, 7, 14 days  (P < 0.05). PAS/AB staining of proteoglycan of the nucleus pulposus showed no decrease in tinting strength within 7 days, but the strength became weakened slightly at 14 days and further weakened at 21 days. The intensity value of fluorescence staining of nucleus pulposus cells decreased at 21 days and the viability of nucleus pulposus cells decreased significantly as compared with that at 3, 7, 14 days (P < 0. 05). These findings indicate that the degeneration of the nucleus pulposus of rabbit spinal motion segment showed no significant changes at 14 days of culture, but became remarkable at 21 days of culture, indicating that the spinal motion segement can be used as an in vitro experimental model to study the biomechanical changes of the intervertebral disc within 14 days of culture.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Autologous chondrocyte transplantation for knee joint cartilage repair: MRI assessment of biomechanical changes Guo Hong-bin, Guo Ying-xin, Yu Wei, Ding Chun-ping, Cai Li-zhong, Li Min-yang 2015, 19 (51):  8247-8252.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.009 Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (539KB) ( 904 )   Save BACKGROUND: MRI examination is considered as the best noninvasive method to detect the articular cartilage. Cartilage and subchondral bone defects can be detected through MRI examination. OBJECTIVE: To explore the biomechanical changes of the cartilage in articular cartilage defects of the knee after autologous chondrocyte transplantation through MRI examination. METHODS: The clinical data of 10 patients with articular cartilage defects who underwent autologous chondrocyte transplantation were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were followed up for 12 months, and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and MRI examination were performed at 3, 6, 12 months after transplantation.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the patients exhibited a great improvement in the KOOS scores in terms of pain, symptoms, daily activities, sports and entertainment, various indicators of quality of life at 3, 6 and 12 months after transplantation (P < 0.05). MRI findings showed that the injured cartilage was mostly filled well at 3 months; the transplanted chondrocytes were basically integrated with the surrounding cartilage tissues at 6 months; the signal intensity of the repaired tissues was consistent with that of the surrounding tissues. As time went on, the T2 value of the transplanted area showed a continuous decline. Moreover, the T2 values at 3, 6 and 12 months after transplantation were significantly lower than that before transplantation (P < 0.05); the T2 values at 6 and 12 months after transplantation were significantly less than that at 3 months after transplantation (P < 0.05); the T2 values in the transplanted area before and 3 months after transplantation were significantly greater than those in the normal region (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that MRI examination is a safe and noninvasive follow-up method to understand the biomechanical changes of the cartilage in articular cartilage defects of the knee after autologous chondrocyte transplantation and monitor the therapeutic efficacy.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishing the standard test model of maxillary central incisor using CAD/CAM technology Nie Er-min, Xu Hui-yong, Jiang Rui, Yang Qiu-yuan, Zhang Chun-yuan, Tan Ji-zhou 2015, 19 (51):  8253-8258.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.010 Abstract ( 426 )   PDF (633KB) ( 679 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that because of the differences in tooth size, shape, texture, hardness and the others, the extracted teeth can cause some error to the experimental results. Computer aided design/computer aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) technology used to establish the standard test model can reduce the related experimental error. OBJECTIVE: To establish the standard test model of maxillary central incisor with CAD/CAM technology, and to make the resin models of the extracted tooth, preparation and full crown by using the laser rapid prototyping technology in vitro. METHODS: A complete maxillary incisor was selected, and the tooth surface was sprayed with the DPT-8 development solution. The three-dimensional models of the extracted teeth and preparation were completed with the Freedom scanning software, and the three-dimensional model of the full crown was finished through the model design. Resin models of the extracted teeth, preparation and full crown were made by using the Hyperdent software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional and resin models of the extracted teeth, preparation and full crown were successfully established in vitro, and had good geometric similarity. In laboratory studies, we can use CAD/CAM technology to obtain the standard test model of the extracted teeth with good geometric similarity, and reduce the experimental error.    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tunicamycin-induced neuronal death in the hippocampus: new phenomenon and new hypothesis Yuan Lei, Deng Si-min, Zhang Hai-xia, Qian Shi-lei, Xu Bin, Gong Ji-qin, Zeng Jie, Pan Juan 2015, 19 (51):  8259-8265.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.011 Abstract ( 414 )   PDF (884KB) ( 472 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although both tunicamycin and kainic acid can induce neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus, their processes are very different. OBJECTIVE: To compare the death of hippocampal neurons induced by injection of tunicamycin and kainic acid into the hippocampal CA1 region. METHODS: Ninety-six adult male Kunming mice were randomized into PBS, tunicamycin and kainic acid groups, and then subjected to microinjections of PBS, tunicamycin and kainic acid into the hippocampus, respectively.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fluoro-Jade B staining showed that at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 hours after kainic acid injection, hippocampal neurons appeared to have obvious death at the injured CA1 region; at 4 hours after tunicamycin injection, neuronal death was visible at the injured CA region rather than at the contralateral CA1 region; at 5 hours after tunicamycin injection, there were a large of dead neurons in the contralateral CA1 region rather than at the injured CA1 region. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α at the apoptotic region was up-regulated significantly at 4 and 5 hours after tunicamycin injection. These findings indicate that with the diffusion of tunicamycin concentration, the neuronal apoptosis may have a trend to spread rapidly from the ipsilateral to the contralateral CA1 region at 4-5 hours after hippocampal injection of tunicamycin, and this process is a new discovery that is different from kainic acid-induced hippocampal neuron apoptosis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of persimmon tannin water extract on periodontal ligament fibroblast proliferation Liu Xiao-li, Liu Wen-xuan, Zhou Xiang, Liu Xin, Yin Wei-wei, Liu Xue-cong 2015, 19 (51):  8266-8270.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.012 Abstract ( 254 )   PDF (499KB) ( 392 )   Save BACKGROUND: Persimmon is rich in tannin substances. Tannin has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-tumor effects as well as protects the mucosa and has a role of convergence, and its practicality and safety in the mouth have been certified. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of persimmon tannin water extract with different concentrations on the proliferation of periodontal ligament cells. METHODS: Premolars from adolescents due to orthodontic extraction were placed in a sterile DMEM medium to culture periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Tannin from persimmon fruit was extracted by ultrasound. Cells were cultured in medium containing different concentrations of persimmon tannin water extracts (0.013 3, 0.025 9, 0.038 9, 0.088, 0.147, 0.440, 0 g/L) for 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Then, MTT, coomassie brilliant blue staining and alkaline phosphatase method were used to observe the effects of persimmon tannin water extract on the number of periodontal ligament cells, total protein content and cell viability at different time points, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 24, 48 and 72 hours after culture, the persimmon tannin water extract at different concentrations could promote the cell growth, accelerate the protein synthesis, and strengthen the activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These findings indicate that the persimmon tannin water extraction can promote the proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Serum-free medium suitable for human myoblast culture Wang Lin, Liu Mou-yuan, Zhou Li-dong, Liu Li-jin, Liu Ai-bing 2015, 19 (51):  8271-8275.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.013 Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (665KB) ( 442 )   Save BACKGROUND: Extensive use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) medium to culture myoblasts in vitro has many disadvantages. To develop a more stable, safe, economical serum-free medium that has broad application prospect is indispensable. OBJECTIVE: To preliminarily explore the serum-free medium suitable for the cultivation of human myoblast. METHODS: Three different culture media were made: FBS culture medium (DMEM/F12 containing insulin-like growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor at a ratio of 1:1 and 20% FBS), serum-free medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs; serum-free medium, 2% serum replacement, 2 mmol/L L-glutamine, human umbilical cord-derived MSCs with a purity of > 99%, UltraCULTURETM containing serum replacement and glutamine), and self-made serum-free medium (GibcoTM containing insulin-like growth factor-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, and glutamine). These three media were used to culture human myoblasts respectively. Human  myoblasts were observed morphologically and identified immunohistochemically. Colony forming efficiency was calculated, growth curve was drawn, and viability of human myoblasts was detected using MTT test. Proliferation and differentiation of human myoblasts cultured in the three media were compared and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no obvious difference in the morphology of the cells among different groups. The purification rate of human myoblasts was up to 99% in each group. The colony forming efficiency of FBS group and self-made serum-free medium group was significantly higher than that of MSCs group (P < 0.01), and the colony forming efficiency of FBS group was significantly higher than that of self-made serum-free medium group (P < 0.01). The viable cell count in the FBS group and self-made serum-free medium group were much higher than that of MSCs group. The cell activity of self-made serum-free medium group was significantly higher than that of FBS group and MSCs group (P < 0.01), while there was no significant difference between FBS group and MSCs group (P > 0.05). Self-made serum-free medium is effective for the culture of myoblasts, and further studies on the early adhesion and proliferation of human myoblasts are necessary.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endothelial cells in infantile hemangioma at proliferative phase: culture, identification and growth Li Pan-deng, Chen Run-fang, Zhang Li, Zhang Yuan-gui 2015, 19 (51):  8276-8280.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.014 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (597KB) ( 479 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, the pathogenesis of infantile hemangioma is not yet clear, and therefore, studies on tumor pathogenesis through in vitro culture of endothelial cells from hemangiomas have become a research focus. OBJECTIVE: To explore an in vitro culture method for infantile hemangioma endothelial cells and to observe the biological characters of cultured cells. METHODS: The endothelial cells of infantile hemangioma were cultured by tissue explant method. Immunohistochemical staining of anti-CD31, anti-CD34 and anti-factor VIII associated protein was performed to identify the cultured cells, respectively. Purity of endothelial cell was detected with CD34. The biological characters of the cultured cells were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Vascular endothelial cells were successfully cultivated and positive for CD31, CD34 and anti-factor VIII. The proportion of CD34+ cells was (68.35±3.58)%. The cells were round, oval or polygonal, and cell boundaries were clear. Endothelial cell-specific “paving stone” feature could be observed after cell fusion. These findings indicate that endothelial cells of infantile hemangioma can be isolated and cultured successfully by tissue explant method, and cells at passages 3-4 are the most suitable for in vitro experiments.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Programmed cell death 4 is a novel molecular marker of alternatively activated macrophages Tian Jia, Jiang Xiao-gang Li, Hai-yan, Zhong Bo, Zhang Fu-jun, Ning Qi-lan, Han Yan 2015, 19 (51):  8281-8288.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.015 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (585KB) ( 286 )   Save BACKGROUND: The expression of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is negatively correlated with the phenotype of classically activated macrophages, but the association between PDCD4 and alternative activation of macrophages is undefined. OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of PDCD4 expression in alternatively activated macrophages and the effects of PDCD4 on alternative activation. METHODS: Rat macrophage cell line NR8383 was treated with interleukin-4 and dexamethasone alone or their  combination to induce alternative activation. Molecular markers of alternatively activated macrophages were detected by qPCR to identify the appropriate conditions for inducing alternative activation. The changes of PDCD4 expression in alternatively activated macrophages were detected by qPCR and western blot. NR8383 was transfected with pEGFP- PDCD4 and shPDCD4 respectively, the efficiency of transfection was evaluated by fluorescence inverted microscope, and the levels of PDCD4 were assayed by qPCR. The molecular markers of classical activation and alternative activation were detected in NR8383 with PDCD4 overexpression or knockdown. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Combination of interleukin-4 and dexamethasone induced the alternative activation of NR8383 more efficiently than interleukin-4 or dexamethasone alone, and alternatively activated macrophages were effectively induced by 10 μg/L interleukin-4+50 nmol/L dexamethasone for 24 hours. (2) The expression of PDCD4 increased significantly in alternatively activated macrophages, which is a novel marker of alternatively activated macrophages. (3) The overexpression of PDCD4 upregulated the expression of Arg-1 and CD206 significantly (P < 0.05); the knockdown of PDCD4 down-regulated the expression of CD206 (P < 0.05), but up-regulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (P < 0.05). In conclusion, PDCD4 upregulation is an important molecular marker of alternatively activated macrophages.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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TeeTester versus T-ScanIII: assessment of occlusal characteristics in young students with normal occlusion Zhao Ying, Ding Zhang-fan, Kang Long, Zhou Na, Ren Li-ling, Kang Hong 2015, 19 (51):  8289-8293.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.016 Abstract ( 777 )   PDF (482KB) ( 588 )   Save BACKGROUND: TeeTester and T-ScanIII have been widely used in clinical stomatology, but there is no report on the contrast data of these two occlusal systems in China. OBJECTIVE: To investigate and compare the occlusal characteristics of young students with normal occlusion by using TeeTester and T-ScanIII. METHODS: Thirteen subjects with normal occlusion received examination by TeeTester V3.2.0, and another 13 subjects underwent examination by T-ScanIII V8.01. The two systems were used to record the following parameters: occlusal force percentage in the left and right sections, center of force, asymmetry index of occlusal force, and the proportion of the anterior tooth occlusal force in total at intercuspal position. Above-mentioned parameters were analyzed at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of maximum occlusal force using SPSS 19.0 software.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Occlusal force percentage in the left and right sections had no significant differences in TeeTester and T-ScanIII (P > 0.05). (2) The centers of force were mostly within the gray ellipse, and all in premolar region. The vertical distance from the center of force to the center line and the excursion direction recorded by TeeTester and T-ScanⅢ had no significant differences (P > 0.05). (3) Asymmetry index of occlusal force recorded by the two systems had no significant differences (P > 0.05). (4) The proportion of the anterior tooth occlusal force in total recorded by TeeTester was higher than that recorded by T-ScanIII and the differences at 50%, 75% and 100% of maximum occlusal force were significant (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the occlusion of subjects with normal occlusion is balanced generally; the occlusal force percentage in the left and right sections, center of force, and asymmetry index of occlusal force can be used to estimate the occlusal state in dental clinical conditions; the TeeTester and T-ScanIII systems have differences in the proportion of the anterior tooth occlusal force that needs continued attention and research.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of spectrum water on glucolipid metabolism and mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle cells Feng Zhuo-qun, Xu Xiao-yang, Pan Hong-ying, Li Jie, Peng Yuan 2015, 19 (51):  8294-8299.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.017 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (524KB) ( 378 )   Save BACKGROUND: The ultra-low frequency electromagnetic field treated water (spectrum water) can improve the physiological function of organisms in many aspects. But its effects on glucolipid metabolism and mitochondrial function of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells need further theoretical and experimental research. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of spectrum water on glucolipid metabolism and mitochondrial function of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. METHODS: C2C12 skeletal muscle cells were cultured in spectrum water-prepared DMEM for 96 hours. Then,  the proliferation activity of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, glucose content in the culture medium, intracellular triglyceride content, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate content, mitochondrial membrane potential, protein expression of glucose transporters 1, 4 and cytochrome C oxidase were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the glucose consumption of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells cultured by spectrum water was increased by 2.4% (P < 0.05), the protein expression of glucose transporter 1 was increased by 35.8% (P < 0.05), and the protein expression of cytochrome C oxidase was increased by 43.7% (P < 0.01). Intracellular triglyceride, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate content, and mitochondrial membrane potential had no significant changes (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that (1) the glucose consumption of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells cultured by spectrum water can be enhanced by the overexpression of glucose transporter 1; (2) the mitochondrial membrane potential of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells cultured by spectrum water has no significant variation; (3) the mitochondrial function of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells cultured by spectrum water can be enhanced by the overexpression of cytochrome C oxidase.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modified cell perfusion appliance for improving the separation efficacy of cardiomyocytes Zhang Lin, Zong Jing, Zhang Qing-tao 2015, 19 (51):  8300-8304.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.018 Abstract ( 298 )   PDF (473KB) ( 567 )   Save BACKGROUND: Separating mature cardiomyocytes is is a complex process. Until now, there is no uniform, high-yield, simple method to harvest cardiomyocytes with high viability. OBJECTIVE: To explore a more effective method of isolating adult rat cardiomyocytes by modifying the cell perfusion appliance. METHODS: Cardiomyocytes from adult Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated by collagenase type II perfusion method via a cell perfusion appliance. Traditional Langendorff cell perfusion appliance was used in control group, and modified Langendorff cell perfusion appliance used in experimental group. Under an optical microscopy, morphology of cardiomyocytes was observed and rod-shaped cell ratio was detected to calculate the yield of viable cells. Cardiomyocyte viability was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The yield of viable cells per rat was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group [(3.7±0.5)×107 vs. (2.1±0.4)×107, P < 0.05]. The ratio of trypan blue test-negative cells was also significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group [(85.6±5.5)% vs. (71.8±5.7)%, P < 0.05]. These findings indicate that high-yield and high-viability cardiomyocytes can be harvested  using the modified Langendorff cell perfusion appliance, which improves the separation efficiency of mature cardiomyocytes and lays the foundation for mature cardiomyocyte culture.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha and apoptosis-related proteins in the myocardial tissues under hypoxic training  Zou Zhi-bing 2015, 19 (51):  8305-8310.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.019 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (972KB) ( 316 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many comparative studies addressing the effect of exercise on apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, but few of them are reported on myocardial apoptosis after hypoxic training. It is unclear whether hypoxia-inducible factor 1α has some effects on cell apoptosis through controlling the expression of Bcl-2 family. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and apoptosis-related protein in the cardiomyocytes during hypoxic training. METHODS: Sixty male healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: feeding at room temperature under normoxia and no training (control group); feeding at room temperature under hypoxia and no training (hypoxia group); normoxic training at room temperature (training group); feeding under normoxia+hypoxic training alternating with normoxic training; feeding under hypoxia and normoxic training; feeding under hypoxia+hypoxic training alternating with normoxic training. Rats in the exercise group were subjected to treadmill training under loading for 8 weeks, 6 days a week. The moving speed and time were increased from 10 m/min and 15 minutes to 25 m/min and 50 minutes at the 8th week, respectively. Hypoxia degree was increased from 1 500 meters above sea level to 3 600 meters above sea leave at the 8th week. After training, hematoxylin-eosin staining, TUNEL method and western blot assay were used to detect the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, Bcl-2 and Bax in the myocardial tissues of rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under normoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α rarely expressed; while the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α increased under hypoxia, especially under hypoxic training. Compared with the control group, Bax expression in the myocardial tissues had no changes in the hypoxia group and hypoxic training group, but Bcl-2 expression in these two groups was significantly lowered. Apoptosis in the myocardial tissues was obvious in the hypoxia, training and hypoxic training groups, but no significant difference was found among the three groups. These findings indicate that hypoxic training is unable to increase cell apoptosis and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α can control the cell apoptosis by regulating Bcl-2 and Bax expression.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different intensities of aerobic exercises on rat liver cells Yuan Hai-yan, Hu Ya-zhe 2015, 19 (51):  8311-8316.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.020 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (628KB) ( 295 )   Save BACKGROUND: A large number of experimental studies have shown that different exercise intensities can easily lead to liver injury in rats, thereby resulting in apoptosis. However, the mechanism is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different intensity exercise on the morphology and function of rat liver cells in order to provide some theoretical support for alleviating and preventing sports-induced diseases. METHODS: A computer-based online search of CNKI database, PubMed database and VIP database was performed to search related articles with the keywords of “exercise intensity; hepatocytes; apoptosis; apoptosis detection” in Chinese and English, respectively. The literatures related to the effects of different intensity of aerobic exercise on the liver cells of rats were selected. Articles published in the authoritative journals in the same field were preferred. Totally 44 literatures were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Acute exhaustive exercise can damage the liver cells of rats. Large intensity motion initiates rat liver cell apoptosis, due to the imbalance between the formation and elimination of free   radicals and the reduced capacity of the calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Because of the difficulty in determination of load capacity, however, it is difficult to study and more experiments are needed. Under moderate intensity exercise, the liver tissues exhibit adaptive changes that the damage is weakened and the body tends to recovery. Increasing intensity of exercise and hypoxia both cause damage to the liver tissue and function in rats. These findings indicate that different intensities of aerobic exercise can lead to changes in the structure and function of rat liver cells to different extents, suggesting that the principle of exercise training should be followed to alleviate exercise fatigue and prevent sports-induced diseases.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of T’ai Chi on bone density and bone turnover markers Zhang Ling-li, Wu Wei, Yu Zhu-sheng 2015, 19 (51):  8317-8321.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.021 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (598KB) ( 543 )   Save BACKGROUND: T’ai Chi as a physical and mental movement is gradually being recognized abroad. It can be used as a kind of exercise for preventing disease and remaining health, and of course, it can also be used as an intervention in some health problems such as osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of T’ai Chi on bone mass, bone mineral densit and levels of bone turnover markers in the blood and urine samples of the elderly and osteoporosis patients. METHODS: Databases of PubMed and Wanfang were retrieved with key words of “Taichi, bone mass, bone mineral density, bone turnover biochemical markers, bone formation, bone resorption, estrogen, alkaline   phosphotase, PICP, PINP, pyridinoline” in English and Chinese, respectively, by screening titles and abstracts to search papers related to T’ai Chi effects on the bone. Finally, 48 relevant papers were discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: T’ai Chi effects on bone mass, bone density and other related indicators of the elderly and patients with osteoporosis in some experimental research were summarized and we found that T’ai Chi maintains bone mass through influencing bone turnover related hormones, estrogen and cytokines. Because the general zoology experiment and the involved mechanism studies about bone histomorphometry, positioning and quantification of protein and RNA, active cell proliferation and differentiation experiments cannot work, little is reported on the effects of T’ai Chi on bone mechanism. We can only make a judgment based on the levels of bone turnover markers in the blood and urine. Although the bone biochemical markers have earlier changes than the bone mineral density and based on the bone mineral density, several studies have further deduced that T’ai Chi can maintain the bone mass in the elderly by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting bone formation, T’ai Chi effects on the bone mass of osteoporosis patients are still unclear.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Posterior cruciate ligament injury: repair and reconstruction  Ha Si-lu, Liu Li-guo, Zhang Xie-zhuo, Yilihamu Tuoheti 2015, 19 (51):  8322-8326.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.022 Abstract ( 276 )   PDF (517KB) ( 701 )   Save BACKGROUND: The posterior cruciate ligament is one of the important structures to maintain the stability of the knee joint. When the posterior cruciate ligament is injured, the stability of the knee joint will decrease, thus impact the knee function and even lead to serious joint disability. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the latest progress in the treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injury, aiming to have a better understanding about the treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injury. METHODS: A computer-based online search of Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed databases was performed for articles related to posterior cruciate ligament injury published in the recent 20 years. The keywords were “posterior cruciate ligament; ligament reconstruction; injury” in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Currently, posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has worse effects than anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Choice of grafts, location of the bone tunnel, implantation tension and fixation method are all crucial for the posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Additionally, patient’s compliance and postoperative rehabilitation exercises are also important influencing factors. Currently, there is a lack of adequate randomized controlled trials to compare the efficacy of different treatment modalities.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathogenesis of synovitis in knee osteoarthritis patients Ding Cheng-biao, Zhou Yun 2015, 19 (51):  8327-8332.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.023 Abstract ( 548 )   PDF (558KB) ( 859 )   Save BACKGROUND: We gradually realize that inflammatory changes in the knee synovial membrane play an important role in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the studies on the pathogenesis of synovitis in knee osteoarthritis patients in recent 15 years and to conclude the experimental achievements in the molecular biology. METHODS: Wanfang database, VIP information resource system, CNKI database and PubMed database were retrieved using the keywords of "osteoarthritis, synovitis, pathogenesis” for articles addressing the pathogenesis of synovitis in knee osteoarthritis, which were published from 2000 to 2015. Totally 3 446 articles were retrieved, and finally 36 articles were included in result analysis.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Synovitis of the knee may be a super-early manifestation of knee osteoarthritis, which can influence osteoarthritis progression. In the formation of osteoarthritis, the autoinflammatory reaction of the synovium, released inflammatory mediators, cytokines and proteins exert important role in the occurrence of diseases. Until today, however, we cannot elaborate the accepted pathogenesis of synovitis at the molecular level.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Seed cells and scaffold materials for construction of tissue-engineered tendon to repair exercise-induced tendon injury Yang Jian, Ge Jian-zhong 2015, 19 (51):  8333-8337.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.024 Abstract ( 274 )   PDF (478KB) ( 325 )   Save BACKGROUND: To harvest a large amount of seed cells with regenerative viability and ideal scaffold materials with mechanical properties similar to the human tendon is crucial for current tissue-engineered tendon research. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the progress in seed cells and scaffold materials for tissue-engineered tendon. METHODS: Literatures addressing tendon tissue engineering published in recent years were retrieved and combined with latest achievements to analyze the research progress in seed cell sources, ideal scaffold materials, and histocompatibility for tendon tissue engineering. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Commonly used seed cells for tendon tissue engineering include mesenchymal stem cells, tendon stem cells and embryonic stem cells, all of which are ideal cells that can differentiate to bone, cartilage and fat so as to repair damaged tendons. Tendon tissue engineering scaffolds are made of natural materials and synthetic materials, which should have good biocompatibility and appropriate mechanical properties. In the future, composite materials will be the research focus of tendon tissue engineering scaffold materials.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evidence-based sports medicine: definition, background, development and practice Cai Guo-liang, Qu Jin-tao, Sun Jun-zhi,Zhuang Zhe, Cai Guo-feng 2015, 19 (51):  8338-8343.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.025 Abstract ( 574 )   PDF (602KB) ( 827 )   Save BACKGROUND: Along with the development of traditional sports medicine, “evidence-based medicine” is increasingly introduced into the research and practice of sports medicine. Evidence-based sports medicine is an integrative discipline of evidence-based medicine and sports medicine, which is a new practice pattern of sports medicine. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and conclude the definition, background, development and practice of evidence-based sports medicine. METHODS: The Cochrane Library (No. 12, 2015), EMBASE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases were retrieved by computer, and the retrieval time was from inception to August 2015. The key words were “sports medicine, evidence-based” in Chinese and English. Repetitive studies were eliminated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 156 literatures were included. The number of papers concerning evidence-based human movement science, evidence-based prevention of sports medicine, evidence-based   sports traumatology and evidence-based sports rehabilitation was relatively balanced, indicating the research progress in the above-mentioned fields is relatively good. However, the number of papers concerning evidence-based sports nutriology and evidence-based health care in physical education was lower, indicating the relevant academic progress is relatively slow. Scientific evidence-based medical practice and evidence-based sports movement decisions can be used to systematically guide the athlete’s scientific training, effectively prevent athlete’s injuries and improve athlete’s performance, and moreover, they can also be used to guide public fitness and build up people’s health.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fertilization failure following intracytoplasmic sperm injection: causes and countermeasures Tang Yong-mei, Wei Ji-hong 2015, 19 (51):  8344-8351.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.026 Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (581KB) ( 701 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has become the first choice for treatment of male infertility. Despite its high success rates, fertilization failure following ICSI still occurs in 1%-3% of couples. OBJECTIVE: To review the relevant factors and countermeasures of fertilization failure in ICSI. METHODS: Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed databases were searched for articles related to ICSI published from January 1994 to June 2015. Finally, 60 articles meeting the inclusive criteria were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Oocyte activation failure is closely related to abnormal eggs, sperm defects, age, micromanipulation technology and laboratory environment. Assisted oocyte activation is the gordian technique to solve the fertilization failure in ICSI. To understand the reasons for fertilization failure in ICSI and to take appropriate measures can promote the rate of fertilization and improve the potential of embryonic development.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction through transtibial and anteromedial approaches: a Meta-analysis Dong Zhe, Wang Lei,Ma Yan-hui, Hu Fang, Ma Gai-ping, Wang Feng-feng 2015, 19 (51):  8352-8358.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.027 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (477KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: Some randomized controlled trials attempt to answer the advantages and disadvantages of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction through transtibial and anteromedial approaches, but there are no consistent findings. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a Meta-analysis on the effectiveness of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction via transtibial and anteromedial approaches. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochranel Library, CBMdisc, VIP and WanFang were searched by computer, and relevant Chinese and English orthopedic journals were retrieved manually. Controlled trials related to the effectiveness of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction via the transtibial and anteromedial approaches were included. The methodological quality of trials was critically assessed. RevMan 5.0 software was used for data analysis． RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Seven articles were included. Meta-analysis results showed that there were significant differences between the transtibial and anteromedial approaches in the following aspects: femoral tunnel length [relative risk (RR) 3.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.49, 6.34); RR=12.73, 95%CI (11.91, 13.55)]; tunnel orientation in coronal plane (°) [RR=18.18, 95%CI (17.10, 19.25)]; tibial tunnel orientation in sagittal plane [RR=6.16, 95%CI (5.23, 7.10)], postoperative Lysholm score [RR=6.16, 95%CI (-3.59, -2.63)]. These findings indicate that arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction via the transtibial approaches is better than that via the anteromedial approaches.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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“3P” therapy versus traditional debridement therapy for open fractures of the extremities Ma Chao, Zhao Yan, Qiao Wan-qing, Shao Dong-dong, Ma Le-yuan, Ma Ya-li 2015, 19 (51):  8359-8364.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.51.028 Abstract ( 378 )   PDF (636KB) ( 386 )   Save BACKGROUND: Versajet hydrosurgery system combined with silver ion dressings and negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of Gustilo II and III open fractures of the extremities is known as “3P” therapy. OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effects of “3P” therapy versus traditional debridement therapy in the treatment of open fractures of the extremities. METHODS: Thirty patients with open fractures of the extremities admitted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China were selected, and randomized into “3P” therapy group (test group) and traditional debridement therapy group (control group). Counting of white blood cells, C-reactive protein, bacterial culture and drug sensitivity and the degree of pain were compared between two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 1, 3, 5, 7 days after treatment, the number of white blood cells in the test group was significantly lower than that in the control group. At 1 and 7 days after treatment, the expression of C-reactive protein was significantly higher in the control group than the test group. Results from bacterial culture and drug sensitivity tests showed that “3P” therapy could effectively inhibit bacterial growth. Pain score in the test group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 7 days after treatment (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that Versajet hydrosurgery system combined with silver ion dressings and negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of Gustilo II and III open fractures of the extremities can effectively fight against inflammation and bacterial growth, and reduce the pain of patients during dressing change.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics