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19 November 2015, Volume 19 Issue 47 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement treats elderly osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures Tang Xiao-ming, Dai Jian, Zhu Guo-tai, Sun Hai-lang, Fei Hao-dong 2015, 19 (47):  7545-7549.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.001 Abstract ( 310 )   PDF (769KB) ( 383 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, percutaneous vertebroplasty has been widely used in clinical treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Considering the limitations of the underlying disease in elderly patients (> 65 years of age) at surgery, the relevant detailed studies have gradually attracted the attention of clinicians. OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the clinical effects of vertebroplasty with bone cement and conventional fracture reduction for elderly osteoporotic thoracolumbar fractures. METHODS: Totally 24 elderly patients with osteoporotic thoracolumbar fractures were voluntarily divided into bone cement treatment and conservative treatment groups (n=12 per group) and subjected to vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement and conventional reduction therapy, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the conservative treatment group, the visual analog scale scores, Oswesty dysfunction index and Cobb angle were significantly reduced in the bone cement treatment group, while the degree of anterior vertebral compression was increased. These results suggest that minimally invasive spine treatment is conducive to improve the fracture healing and enhance the quality of life in elderly patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in stable conditions.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fibula reconstruction and small titanium plate fixation for repair of mandibular body defects: a three-dimensional finite element analysis Chen Biao, Qu Peng-fei, Liu Yao-qiang, Fan Xu-hui, Liu Ji-lun, Yang Wei 2015, 19 (47):  7550-7555.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.002 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (673KB) ( 390 )   Save BACKGROUND: In clinic, the mechanical study about fibula reconstruction for the repair of mandibular bone defect is unrealistic; the finite element analysis, however, provides a new approach for the biomechanical study of mandibular reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To establish the three-dimensional finite element model of mandibular body defect under fibula reconstruction and small titanium plate fixation, and to analyze the biomechanical features. METHODS: The three-dimensional model of mandibular body defect under fibula reconstruction and internal fixation was established. 100 N bite force was loaded on the anterior teeth, contralateral first molar and contralateral second molar, respectively. The maximum stress and maximum displacement before and after model reconstruction, the stress of bone tissues around the titanium plate and titanium screw holes under anterior and posterior loading, and the maximum displacement of the front and rear ends of the fibula under anterior and posterior loading were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The maximum stress of the normal mandible concentrated in the condylar neck. In the reconstructed models, the maximum stress concentrated in the contralateral condylar neck. Under the same bite force, the maximum stress value of the reconstructed mandibular model was greater than that of the normal mandible. The maximum stress value of the anterior teeth was greater than that of the posterior teeth. The stress value was maximal between two screw holes inside each titanium plate and almost concentrated in the mandibular angle. The maximum stress of the residual titanium screw of the mandible concentrated in the first titanium screw over the mandibular defect under loading, while the maximum stress of the titanium screw of the fibular end concentrated in the titanium screw below the mesial segment of the fibula. The cortical bone around the screw holes located at the residual end of the mandible near the defect area and the upper plate of the mesial segment of the fibula was the maximum stress concentrated site, and the maximum stress of anterior tooth loading was greater than that of the posterior tooth loading. The displacement values of the fibula gradually reduced from the upper edge to the lower edge in the X-axis, from the anterior and posterior ends to the middle part in the Y-axis, as well as from the anterior end to the posterior end in the Z-axis. The maximum displacement values of the anterior and posterior ends of the fibula were at the Z-axis and Y-axis, respectively. The maximum displacement value under anterior tooth loading was greater than that under posterior tooth loading. These results show that the titanium plate over the mandibular angle that is most easy to break should be reinforced. If the stress of titanium screw tip and neck is relatively large, double cortical titanium screw is preferred; if the stress of titanium screw and titanium plate at the fibula end and residual end of the mandible is relatively large, we should pay attention to their stability and fixation; if the stress of anterior tooth occlusion is greater than that of posterior tooth occlusion, anterior tooth occlusion should be avoided after repair. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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High temperature and high pressure inactivation of autologous bone for bone defect repair Zhu Xia, Wu Zhao-yang, Lin Jian-hua 2015, 19 (47):  7556-7560.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015. 47.003 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (1772KB) ( 319 )   Save BACKGROUND: Inactivated autologous replantation in repair of bone defects after bone tumor resection has obvious advantages. Boiling, alcohol soaking, cryogenic freezing, microwave, radiation and other methods have been used for inactivation; however, they all have shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect and feasibility of high temperature and high pressure inactivated autologous bone in repair of large segmental bone defects.    METHODS: Bone defect models of bilateral distal radius were established in New Zealand white rabbits. Bone defect at the right side was repaired by high temperature high pressure inactivated autologous bone via in situ replantation, as experimental group. Bone defect at the left side was repaired by in situ bone replantation, as control group. The general observation of bilateral radius, X-ray detection, bone radionuclide scan test and histological examination were conducted at the 6th, 12th and 24th weeks after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the 24th week after surgery, X-ray films showed normal bone healing in these two groups. At the 24th week after surgery, bone radionuclide scan test showed that in the experimental group, the radiation on the repaired bone segments was uneven; the concentrations of nuclear elements were still slightly higher on both ends, but decreased in the middle area; and the concentration in the control group was closed to normal. At the 24th week after surgery, histological observation showed that there were a majority of trabecular bone tissues in the bone defect area of the experimental group, and some woven bone tissues were immature, which was similar to the performance of the control group at the 12th week after surgery; and normal bone was visible in the control group. These results demonstrate that high temperature and high pressure  inactivated autologous bone can be used to repair long segmental bone defects, but can result in delayed bone healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene-modified materials repair firearm-induced radial defects Wang Jian-zhong, Li Bing-cang, Ren Bao, Gao Fei, Li Cong-jie, Liu Wei, Wang Xiao-dong, Lei Ming, Gao Wen-shan 2015, 19 (47):  7561-7566.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.004 Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (2111KB) ( 344 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone defects are the leading cause of nonunion after firearm injury. Firearm injury is relatively special. Autograft and allograft all have big drawbacks, which cannot meet the requirements of basic-level hospitals. Using tissue-engineered bone with good blood vessels and osteogenic capability in repair of firearm bone defect will be an ideal and feasible restoration method. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene-modified materials in the repair of firearm-induced radial injury in rabbits. METHODS: A total of 128 rabbits were randomly divided into surgical injury group and firearm injury group (n=64 per group). In the firearm injury group, 0.25 g steel ball was launched using 56-style musket to establish a firearm radial injury model; in the surgical injury group, surgical methods were used to produce a 1.2 cm radial injury model. Human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene-modified materials were used. The related histocytes from rabbits were harvested to obtain bone marrow stromal cells for culture. A porous scaffold material was prepared. The obtained materials were respectively implanted into radial defect sites in the surgical injury and firearm injury groups. The application of human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene-modified materials in rabbit radial defect repair was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the surgical injury group, at 8, 12 and 16 weeks after repair, the gray level ratio of bone defect site and the anti-compression mechanical ratio at the healthy and repairing sides of the radius in the firearm injury group were decreased (P < 0.05), and the new bone area increased (P < 0.05). At 2 and 4 weeks after repair, the local blood flow at the repair area was significantly increased (P < 0.05). These results suggest that compared with the surgical injury group, the curative effect of human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene is more ideal in the firearm injury group because of the emergence of local ischemia and hypoxia in the process of radial defect repair. Human vascular endothelial growth factor 121-modified material can repair bone marrow stromal cells. The application of human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 in firearm burns can enhance the synthesis and secretion of angiogenic factors, improve the local blood flow, reduce anti-compression mechanical ratio, and increase the new bone area. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical property of silver-loaded coralline hydroxyapatite bone in the repair of large segmental contaminative radial defects Zhang Yu, Yin Qing-shui, Zhang Yu 2015, 19 (47):  7567-7574.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.005 Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (3127KB) ( 490 )   Save BACKGROUND: Scholars have made certain progress in the basic and clinical studies regarding antibacterial bone graft materials. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanical property of antimicrobial silver-loaded coral hydroxyapatite bone using in vitro mechanical experiments and to explore its ability to repair large segmental contaminative bone defects. METHODS: Compression test and three-point bending test were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of silver-load coralline hydroxyapatite, coralline hydroxyapatite and coral. Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups to establish right-side large segment of contaminative radial bone defect models. Rabbits in three groups were implanted silver-load coralline hydroxyapatite, coralline hydroxyapatite and in situ autologous bone, and rabbits in the other group were not implanted any material (ascontrol). At 2, 6 and 10 weeks post-operation, the rabbits were sacrificed to take specimens. The repair of bone defects in each group was observed and compared by gross observation, radiographic examination and histological examination. The antimicrobial condition in each group was evaluated by bacteriological examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the mechanical properties of silver-load coralline hydroxyapatite, coralline hydroxyapatite and coral. At the 10th week post-operation, X-ray and histological observation showed mature bone tissues in the silver-load coralline hydroxyapatite bone group. A large number of lacunae and mature bone cells were visible in bone tissues. Haversian system was visible. Most of the materials were degraded, and there was only a small amount of residual material. Partial recanalization was visible in bone marrow cavity. The repair effect of silver-load coralline hydroxyapatite bone group was similar with the autologous bone group, and better than the coralline hydroxyapatite group and the control group. Bacteriological examination showed that the silver-load coralline hydroxyapatite had good antibacterial ability. These results demonstrate that the silver-load coralline hydroxyapatite has good mechanical properties and antibacterial properties, which can be used to repair large segmental contaminative bone defects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of concentrated growth factor in maxillary sinus lift: variation in peri-implant bone levels Huang Na, Wu Feng, Li Ping, Liu Zi-ping, Lin Ju, Tang You-chao, Wang Yuan-qin 2015, 19 (47):  7575-7582.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.006 Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (949KB) ( 570 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many experiments and clinical studies have reported that venous blood, absorbable collagen sponge and rich fibrin clot, without the use of bone graft material, can all promote new bone formation; therefore, whether only transplanting concentrated growth factor in the maxillary sinus lift could effectively promote bone regeneration?   OBJECTIVE: To conduct the maxillary sinus lift with concentrated growth factor as the graft material, and to observe the peri-implant bone level change. METHODS: Totally 26 patients were involved, including 14 males and 12 females, aged 35-73 years. Maxillary sinus lift was conducted and autologous concentrated growth factor was taken as the graft material. Astra Tech implants were implanted simultaneously. Patients were divided into 6-12 months, 13-18 months and > 18 months groups according to the follow-up time. Patients were divided into ≤ 5 mm, 5-7 mm, and ≥ 7 mm groups according to the preoperative alveolar bone height. Patients were divided into ≤ 2 mm, 2.0-3.0 mm, and ≥3 mm groups according to the postoperative maxillary sinus lift height. The survival rate of implants and marginal bone level changes were observed during the follow-up.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 44 implants were implanted, of which 43 implants were considered as successful repair during the 6-18 months of postoperative follow-up. The survival rate of implants was 98%. There were no significant differences in the changes of mesial, distal and middle marginal bone levels between different follow-up time groups. The maxillary sinus lift with transplantation of concentrated growth factor resulted in a good osseointegration within 6-18 months post-operation. In addition, no significant differences were found in the changes of mesial, distal and middle marginal bone levels between different residual alveolar bone height groups, as well as between different maxillary sinus lift height groups. It showed that the residual alveolar bone height and maxillary sinus lifting height had no significant effect on the peri-implant bone formation. Briefly, these findings demonstrate that the maxillary sinus lift with concentrated growth factor transplantation can result in a high survival rate of implants that are simultaneous implanted, and the alveolar bone around the implant is stable. But the long-term effect needs further observation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness of mineralized gelatin electrostatic spinning on inducing periodontal tissue osteogenesis Guo Rui-zheng, Wang Ya-li 2015, 19 (47):  7583-7588.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.007 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (750KB) ( 539 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, little is reported regarding the effectiveness of mineralized gelatin electrostatic spinning fibers on periodontal tissue osteogenic induction. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of mineralized gelatin electrostatic spinning on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. METHODS: Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were respectively compositely cultured with non-mineralized gelatin electrostatic spinning, gelatin electrostatic spinning after 1 day of nano-hydroxyapatite mineralization and gelatin electrostatic spinning after 5 days of nano-hydroxyapatite mineralization. Cell proliferation was determined at 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 days of culture using MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity of cells was determined at 1, 7, 14 days of culture using biochemical analyzer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the 10th day of culture, the periodontal ligament cells on the surface of membrane distributed uniformly, grew well, spread out as sheetsthe gelatin electrostatic spinning after nano-hydroxyapatite mineralization may promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in a time-dependent manner.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 and secreted a large amount of extracellular matrix, linked closely with the materialsl; moreover, the effect was more obvious at 5 days of mineralization. Cell growth density and status were better than those in the non-mineralized gelatin electrostatic spinning membrane group. Cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activities at different time points: 5-day mineralized gelatin electrostatic spinning membrane group > 1-day mineralized gelatin electrostatic spinning membrane group > non-mineralized gelatin electrostatic spinning fibers group (all P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) as a scaffold to construct tissue-engineered larynx-shaped cartilage Sun An-ke, Meng Qing-yan, Li Wan-tong, Liu Song-bo,Chen Wei 2015, 19 (47):  7589-7596.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.008 Abstract ( 244 )   PDF (803KB) ( 323 )   Save BACKGROUND: The study of tissue-engineered cartilage with predetermined shaping and regeneration has provided novel ideas and techniques for repair of laryngeal cartilage erosion; however, due to the special natures of the morphology, location and function of laryngeal cartilage, tissue engineering research has not, to date, exhibited its full advantages in the reconstruction of laryngeal cartilage. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of building tissue-engineered larynx-shaped cartilage using poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHH) as a scaffold filled and encapsulated with pedicled myofascial flaps. METHODS: Porous PHBHH was prepared and formed into a hollow like larynx-shape, and the cell PHBHH composites were cultured for 1 week in vitro prior to implantation in vivo. The cell-PHBHH composite was filled and encapsulated with myofascial flaps with the pedicle for in situ implantation in nine rabbits as experimental group. PHBHH scaffold with no chondrocytes was implanted alone in three rabbits as control group. Cartilage regeneration was assessed at 6, 12 and 18 weeks after surgery through morphological observation, histological and immunohistochemical detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the experimental group, the shape and porosity (> 90%) of the material were ideal, the cells exhibited good adhesion with the material and the blood supply within the myofascial flap with pedicle was rich for effective filling and encapsulation of the cell PHBHH composite. Tissue-engineered laryngeal cartilage with the hollow, semi-trumpet shape was ideally formed at 6 weeks after the surgery. Further maturation of the cartilage was observed at 12 and 18 weeks after the surgery. However, there was no cartilage tissue in the control group. This study shows that PHBHH is a suitable material for the formation of a hollow, semi-trumpet shape with good cellular compatibility. Myofascial flap filling and encapsulating can be used to build tissue-engineered laryngeal cartilage with a hollow, semi-trumpet shape. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of implant structural changes on the cortical bone stress distribution and peak of the implant-bone interface: a three-dimensional finite element analysis Tong Cheng-hao, Lv Xiao-fei, Peng Cheng 2015, 19 (47):  7597-7602.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.009 Abstract ( 403 )   PDF (1933KB) ( 575 )   Save BACKGROUND: The biomechanical effect of the implant-bone interface is one of the most important factors for bone resorption. The new structure of the periodontal-ligament-like implants may improve the distribution of the interfacial stress. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effect of the internal structure changes of traditional implants on the cortical bone stress distribution and peak at the implant-bone interface under different occlusal load conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the optimization design and clinical application of new structure implants. METHODS: Two kinds of digital models, new structure implant (model A) and non-threaded cylindrical implant (model B), were established by Pro/ENGINEER software. Variations of the stress peak and stress distribution of implant-bone interface cortical bone area under the same bone and force environment were analyzed using Ansys software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under a vertical loading, the stress peak under different forces was reduced by 17.54% in model A compared with model B; under a 45° loading, the stress peak of model A was reduced by 2.59% compared with model B, and it showed an evident tendency of high stress area focusing to the buccal side of model B. Under the chew-simulation loading, the stress peak of model A was lower than that of model B. The biggest difference (0.353 2 MPa) appeared at β=12°(β is the angle of force direction and the implant axis), and it gradually reduced at β > 12°. At the same time, model A had a wider range of application degree compared with model B in two quantitative indicators, including optimal peak stress of promoting bone tissue growth and stress peak of maintaining healthy bone tissue. These results suggest that the optimized structure of implants contributes to improve the cortical bone stress distribution at the implant-bone interface, decrease the peak stress, and reduce the risk of cortical bone absorption in a wider range. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Occlusal stimulation regulates bone remodeling during bone defect repair using collagen substitutes: a morphological analysis Mao Chuan-qing, Wang Jin, Wang Cheng-yong, Lu Meng, Chen Wei-hui 2015, 19 (47):  7603-7607.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.010 Abstract ( 239 )   PDF (2098KB) ( 438 )   Save BACKGROUND: Occlusal stimulation is essential for mandible function and remodeling, but there is still a lack of clear understanding about the effect of occlusal stimulation on the bone remodeling in the process of bone defect repair using bone grafts. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the possible regulative effect of occlusal stimulation on bone remodeling in the process of bone defect repair using collagen substitutes. METHODS: Standard models of bone defects were respectively established in left mandible and parietal bone area of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Then the bone defects area were filled with collagen and bone meal. The differences of two bone defects areas were observed by X-ray, hematoxylin-eosin staining, Gomori staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and bone morphogenetic protein 2 immunohistochemical staining at the 12th week after operation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: New bone formation was visible in the bone defect regions of the mandible and parietal bone. The amount of lamellar bone formation and the degree of mineralization of the new bone were significantly increased in the parietal bone defect compared with the mandibular bone defect area, indicating the bone remodeling in the parietal bone defect area was better than that in the mandible bone defect area. The integral absorbance values of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and bone morphogenetic protein 2 in the parietal bone defect area were lower than those in the mandibular bone defect area, indicating that the viabilities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the parietal bone defect area were lower than those in the mandible bone defect area. These results demonstrate that occlusal stimulation may delay the bone remodeling during the repair of mandibular bone defects by regulating bone mineralization and maturation.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of a new medical nickel-free stainless steel Liu Ying, Zhang Wen-jun, Han Xue-song, Zhan De-song 2015, 19 (47):  7608-7612.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.011 Abstract ( 532 )   PDF (2045KB) ( 998 )   Save BACKGROUND: BIOSSN4 nickel-free stainless steel is an austenitic medical stainless steel material, which has passed the standard hemolysis test, cytotoxicity assays and sensitization test of the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and corrosion resistance of a new medical BIOSSN4 nickel-free stainless steel. METHODS:The L929 mouse fibroblasts suspension was seeded in 96-well plates at a concentration of 1×108 /L, and were divided into five groups. BIOSSN4 nickel-free stainless steel extract, 316L stainless steel extract, gold alloy extract, lead material extract (positive control) and RPMI1640 medium (negative control) were added respectively. After 1, 2 and 3 days of culture, cell morphology was observed. The absorbance value in each group was determined using MTT assay. The relative cell proliferation rate was calculated. Toxicity grading was evaluated. In the simulated oral environment, the eletric potential of corrosion, current density of corrosion and polarization resistance of BIOSSN4 no-nickel stainless steel, 316L stainless steel and gold alloy were determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Within 3 days of culture, in lead material extract group, cells shrunk; the number of cells significantly reduced; the relative growth rate was lower than that in the other four groups (P < 0.05). In the other four groups, the cell morphology was good, and the relative growth rate was over 75%. The toxicity of BIOSSN4 nickel-free stainless steel extract, 316L stainless steel extract and gold alloy extract was grade 1. The toxicity of lead material extract was grades 2-3. These results demonstrate that BIOSSN4 nickel-freestainless steel has good biocompatibility. The corrosion resistance of BIOSSN4 nickel-free stainless steel is higher than that of the 316L stainless steel but lower than that of the gold alloys.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of polymethylmethacrylate as a polymer material for dental implants Li Xiao-dong, Li Xin-mei, Sun Xiao-chen, Sun Xiang 2015, 19 (47):  7613-7618.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.012 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (873KB) ( 512 )   Save BACKGROUND: As a kind of dental implant material, the application of titanium has certain restrictions because of its higher probability of postoperative bleeding rate, infection and gingival hyperplasia. Studies have shown that polymethylmethacrylate has been used in artificial joints and artificial bones, but rarely reported to be used as dental implant material. OBJECTIVE: To explore the biocompatibility indexes such as cytotoxicity, cell adhesion rate, relative cell proliferation rate and post-implantation inflammatory response of human osteoblasts when pure titanium and polymethylmethacrylate are used as dental implant materials, so as to provide certain reference basis for the clinical usage of polymethylmethacrylate as the dental implant material. METHODS: Human osteoblasts were cultured in vitro. Three groups were divided as follows: control group (cells cultured normally), pure titanium group (cells cultured with titanium extract) and polymethylmethacrylate group (cells cultured with polymethylmethacrylate extract). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the cell adhesion rate was significantly decreased after 2, 4, 8 and 16 hours of culture with pure titanium and polymethylmethacrylate extracts (P < 0.05); the cell adhesion rate in the polymethylmethacrylate group was higher than that in the pure titanium group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the cells were sparse and grew slowly after 2 days of culture with pure titanium and polymethylmethacrylate extracts. Cells in the polymethylmethacrylate group grew faster with fusiform distribution and obvious drawing phenomenon. Compared with the control group, the relative cell proliferation rate was significantly decreased after 2 days of culture with pure titanium and polymethylmethacrylate extracts (P < 0.05); the relative cell proliferation rate of polymethylmethacrylate group was higher than that of the pure titanium group (P < 0.05). The expression of inflammatory factors in rat serum was significantly increased after 7 days of implantation of titanium and polymethylmethacrylate materials (P < 0.05), the expression of inflammatory factors in the polymethylmethacrylate group was less than that in the titanium group (P < 0.05). There was only one rat developing allergic reaction, but no pyrogen reaction and no death in the polymethylmethacrylate group; and three rats presented with allergic reaction, one rat present with pyrogen reaction and no death occurred in the pure titanium group. These results demonstrate that as the dental implant material, polymethylmethacrylate is superior to pure titanium in the cell toxicity, inflammatory response and biocompatibility. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Feasibility and reliability of osteoinduction active materials in repair of alveolar cleft defects Xia Jin-sheng 2015, 19 (47):  7619-7623.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.013 Abstract ( 455 )   PDF (686KB) ( 533 )   Save BACKGROUND: In clinic, bone grafting can be adopted to treat alveolar bone defect, and the selected bone graft materials will have a certain impact on the ultimate effect of bone grafting. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and reliability of osteoinduction active materials in the repair of alveolar cleft defects. METHODS: A total of 63 patients with alveolar cleft defect, including 33 male and 30 female patients, aged 8 to 15 years, were enrolled and treated by bone grafting. Patients were divided into autologous bone group (n=32) and osteoinduction active material group (n=31) according to different bone graft materials. During 12 months of follow-up after the treatment, the bone grafting effect, bone density, canine condition and adverse reactions were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the total effective rate between the autologous bone and osteoinduction active material groups (P > 0.05). Among the seven unerupted canines in the autologous bone group, two teeth erupted, four moved to the bone grafting area, and one appeared to have no obvious changes. Among the six unerupted canines in the osteoinduction active material group, two teeth erupted, two appeared to have no changes, and two moved to graft bone area. The bone density in these two groups was significantly increased after tooth restoration (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the bone density between these two groups after repair. Infection, rejection, bone graft loss and other adverse events did not occur in these two groups. These results demonstrate that the osteoinduction active materials in the treatment of alveolar cleft defects can achieve similar outcomes with the autologous bone graft, which has a certain clinical feasibility and reliability. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of anhydrous calcium sulfate whisker on the mechanical function of soft denture liners Gao Shi-jun, Ren Guo-xin, Wei Si-yi, Chu Ming-hui, Wang Dong-xia, Hou Yu-ze, Xiao Yuan-yuan, Huang Yan-jun, Jiang Jia-zhen 2015, 19 (47):  7624-7628.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.014 Abstract ( 252 )   PDF (820KB) ( 488 )   Save BACKGROUND: Due to limitations of the physicochemical properties of soft denture liner material itself, whisker has been added in the soft lining material in recent years, so as to enhance its mechanical properties. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different additive amount of anhydrous calcium sulfate whisker on the mechanical function of self-curing soft denture liner. METHODS: There were six groups in this experiment. Anhydrous calcium sulfate whisker at the mass fraction of 0 (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% was respectively added into self-curing soft liner materials, 10 test specimens in each group, a total of 60 test specimens. The shear bond strength, Shore hardness and tensile strength were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the increasing amount of the anhydrous calcium sulfate whisker, the Shore hardness of the soft lining material was increased continuously, and the tensile strength was increased firstly and then reduced. When 3% anhydrous calcium sulfate whisker was added, the bond strength and tensile strength of soft lining material reached the peak. Taken together, the mechanical properties of the soft lining materials became perfect when 3% anhydrous calcium sulfate whisker was added. These results demonstrate that anhydrous calcium sulfate whisker may affect the mechanical properties of self-curing soft liner. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of conventional and new mesh hydroxyapatite in repair of cleft lip and palate Yu Wei, Feng Hong-chao 2015, 19 (47):  7629-7633.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.015 Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (720KB) ( 679 )   Save BACKGROUND: Despite regular mesh hydroxyapatite has certain biocompatibility and bone conductivity, it cannot be absorbed by human body after transplantation, and will affect the growth and eruption of maxilla and fangs when using for filling the injured alveolar cleft. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of conventional and new mesh hydroxyapatite composites in repair of alveolar cleft defects. METHODS: Totally 46 patients with cleft lip and palate were randomly and evenly divided into test and control groups, and all were arranged according to cleft lip and palate sequence treatment. After nasal soft tissue defect repair, new mesh hydroxyapatite composite bone material (hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenetic protein compound). Conventional mesh hydroxyapatite material was adopted in the test and control groups, respectively. Within 6 months after the repair, the vertical distance from the newly formed bone tissue plane to the top of alveolar ridge was observed. The clinical repair effect was comprehensively evaluated from the aspects of complications, alveolar cleft shape and size, callus formation and material absorption. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks, the vertical distance from the newly formed bone tissue plane to the top of alveolar ridge in the test group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The clinical repairing significant efficiency and total effective rate were all higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). These results show that new mesh hydroxyapatite composite bone materials in the repair of alveolar cleft defects have good bone osteoinductivity and biocompatibility, rare complications and rapid callus formation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Different application ways of binders influence the bonding performance of total-etch resin cements with the dentin Ma Guo-lan 2015, 19 (47):  7634-7638.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.016 Abstract ( 456 )   PDF (750KB) ( 477 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the clinical course, dental prostheses often fall off together with adhesive materials or produce small bleeding holes; therefore, it is of clinical significance to explore the effect of binders applied via different ways on the bonding performance of total-etch resin cements with the dentin. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of binders used via different ways on the bonding performance of total-etch resin cements with the dentin. METHODS: Ninety second molars which were freshly extracted from caries-free people were enrolled and randomized into three groups. Enamel crowns were polished and rinsed with water at room temperature to expose the dentin that was used to prepare the bonding surface. Then, these specimens were treated with no binder (control), total-etch resin cements with illumination, and total-etch resin cement with no illumination, respectively. Micro-tensile bond strength was detected immediately after treatment and after ageing treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immediately after treatment, the micro-tensile bond strength was (8.089±3.431) MPa for the control group, (11.671±2.561) MPa for the group of total-etch resin cements with no illumination, and (8.821±2.513) MPa for the group of total-etch resin cements with illumination, and there were significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). After ageing treatment, the micro-tensile bond strength was changed to (1.069±0.421), (7.621±2.061), (4.821±1.513) MPa in these three groups, respectively, and there were also significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the binder treatment with no illumination is an optimal method for the binding between total-etch resin cements and the dentin. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the hardness and bond strength of different composite resin materials Wang Nan-yan, Zhang Hui-yan 2015, 19 (47):  7639-7643.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.017 Abstract ( 873 )   PDF (704KB) ( 1120 )   Save BACKGROUND: Compared with the conventional composite resin materials, large pieces of filling composite resin materials have the features of increasing light-curing depth, decreasing the polymerization shrinkage rate and streamlining operational procedures; however, the properties of different types of large pieces of filling composite resin materials are different. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hardness and bond strength of four kinds of composite resin materials. METHODS: Large pieces of filling composite resin Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, SDR, as well as conventional composite resin P60, Z350 were obtained. The vickers microhardness of these four kinds of composite resin materials under the light-curing depth of 2, 3, 4, 5 mm was detected. The shear bond strength between these four kinds of composite resin materials and the dentin was also detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The hardness order under different light-curing depths was: P60 composite resin > Z350 composite resin > Tetric EvoCeram BulkFill composite resin > SDR composite resin, there was a significant difference between these four groups (P < 0.05). The light-cured hardness of Tetric EvoCream BulkFil and SDR composite resins was not significantly decreased with the increased cured depth. The shear bond strength of Tetric EvoCeram BulkFill and SDR composite resins was significantly higher compared with the P60 and Z350 composite resins (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that large pieces of filling resinous materials, Tetric EvoCeram BulkFill and SDR, show better comprehensive mechanical properties and have a higher shear bond strength.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cast post-core and porcelain-fused-metal combined crowns restore separated mandibular molar residual crowns and roots in 42 cases Liu Wei-feng, Yan Hui-xin, Liu Ji-hua 2015, 19 (47):  7644-7648.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.018 Abstract ( 576 )   PDF (721KB) ( 425 )   Save BACKGROUND: A large number of studies have shown that cast metal post-core has many advantages that it is close to the canal wall has high strength and can shape the core outside the root according to the needs. The cast metal post-core also has good retention, resistance and well effect on clinical repair of dental defects. OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of Co-Cr alloy cast post-core and porcelain fused metal combined crowns in restoration of the separated mandibular molar residual crowns and roots. METHODS: Totally 28 patients (42 teeth) who had the separated mandibular molar residual crowns and roots were enrolled, including 10 males and 18 females, aged 18-32 years. After perfect root canal therapy and part of teeth with crown lengthening, teeth were repaired with Co-Cr alloy cast post-core and porcelain fused metal combined crowns. The patients were followed up for 2 years. The repair effect was evaluated by combining clinical manifestations with X-ray examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During 2 years of follow-up, 26 cases were repaired successfully, 2 cases failed, including 1 case of periapical periodontitis and 1 case of periodontitis. These results demonstrate that the cast post-core and porcelain-fused-metal combined crown has a good result on the residual root and crown of the separated mandibular molar.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of nanosilver and nanohydroxyapatite mixed filling on osseointegration of immediate implants Zheng Yu, Li Bing-ting, Wang Li-jie, Fan Shi-feng, Hou Xiao-wei 2015, 19 (47):  7649-7654.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.019 Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (1020KB) ( 442 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nanosilver has significant antibacterial properties, and nanohydroxyapatite has good biological activity and mechanical strength, while their mixture cannot only promote bone formation but also have antibacterial properties. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of nanosilver and nanohydroxyapatite mixed filling on the osseointegration of immediate implants. METHODS: Nine New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group (n=6) and control group (n=3) after four incisors from the upper and lower jaw were extracted. The mixture of nanosilver and nanohydroxyapatite was filled into the tooth socket in the experimental group, while nanohydroxyapatite was filled into the tooth socket in the control group. Titanium screw was immediately implanted into both groups. The intact maxilla and mandibular specimens were harvested at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks after operation. Gross observation, X-ray bone density analysis, torque test and histological observation were conducted.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The gray value and maximum torque value of regenerated osseous tissue at different time points in experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Within 12 weeks of implantation, the bone formation rate and maturity of new bone tissue were higher in the experimental group compared with the control group, and no inflammatory cell infiltration occurred. At the 4th week after implantation, there was a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration, and few inflammatory existed at the 8th week after implantation. These results demonstrate that compared with nanohydroxyapatite alone, the mixture of nanosilver and nanohydroxyapatite shows better antibacterial effect, biocompatibility and osteoinductive ability, which may accelerate osseointegration and promote osteogenesis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anticoagulant chitosan nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and biological safety Wang Zi-jing, Liu Chao-yang, Qian Zhi-yong, Gao De-wei, Guo Xi-min 2015, 19 (47):  7655-7659.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.020 Abstract ( 422 )   PDF (775KB) ( 1053 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that chitosan and other natural polysaccharides have heparin-like anticoagulant function after sulfonated modification. Sulfonated chitosan has good anticoagulant property because the sulfonate group formed by sulfonated chitosan is similar with the active group of heparin. OBJECTIVE: To prepare the anticoagulant chitosan nanoparticles and to detect its morphology, physical and chemical properties and biological security. METHODS: Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by emulsion-chemical cross link. Sulfonated chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by sulfonation reaction. Its morphology was described by transmission electron microscope. The peak-value change of its specific groups was observed by infrared spectroscopy. (1) Coagulation experiment: Heparin, chitosan nanoparticles and 10, 30 and 50 mg of sulfonated chitosan nanoparticles were added into the blood of Spraque-Dawley rats. The coagulation indicators were detected. (2) Hemolysis experiment: deionized water, physiological saline and 10, 30, 50 g/L sulfonated chitosan nanoparticles extracts were added into 2% red blood cell suspension of rabbits. The hemolysis rate was detected. (3) Cytotoxicity experiments: DMEM medium containing fetal bovine serum and 10, 30, 50 g/L sulfonated chitosan nanoparticle extracts were used to culture human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cell relative growth rate and toxicity grading were detected after 72 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Scanning electron microscopy showed that sulfonated chitosan nanoparticles had good morphology, with a diameter of 50 nm. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the sulfonated replacement occurred. In vitro coagulation experiments showed that sulfonated chitosan nanoparticles had significant anticoagulant effects in a dose-dependent manner. Sulfonated chitosan nanoparticles meet the national safety standard for hemolysis rate of less than 5%, non-induced hemolysis property. Cytotoxicity assays showed that sulfonated chitosan nanoparticles extracts had no significant cytotoxicity, and its biological safety was in line with the national standards.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy with chromium plating Xia Yin-hua, Nie Er-min, Jiang Rui, Zhang Chun-yuan, Zeng Jin-di, Tan Ji-zhou 2015, 19 (47):  7660-7664.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.021 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (759KB) ( 338 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy has desired magnetic properties and machining properties. Surface Cr6+ plating treatment can significantly enhance the corrosion resistance in oral environment, but its biosecurity needs further testing. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biocompatibility of Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy with chromium plating. METHODS: Logarithmic growth phase L929 cell suspension was obtained and seeded in 96-well plates at a cell concentration of 6×107/L. Pure titanium extract, Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy original extract, Cr6+-plated Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy and PVC extract were added respectively. After 5 days of culture, cell morphology and adherent circumstances were observed. The absorbance value was detected using cell counting kit-8 assay. The relative growth rate of cells in each group was calculated. The cytotoxicity grades of materials were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the pure titanium extracts group, the cells with normal morphology showed good adherent growth and no cytotoxicity. In the Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy original extract group, the cell morphology and growth status were both good, with occasionally individual cell lysis. Scattered reddish brown particles were visible in the culture solution, showing no or very mild cytotoxicity. In Cr6+-plated Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy extract group, the cells grew well and showed no or very mild cytotoxicity. In PVC extract group, more than 70% of cells were vacuole-shaped and presented with pyknosis or dissolution, there was a large number of cell debris, and cell growth was inhibited in over 50% cells, showing moderate cytotoxicity or above. The cytotoxicity of Cr6+-plated Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy extract was grade 0-1. These results demonstrate that Fe-Cr-Mo soft magnetic alloy with chromium plating has good biocompatibility. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of different intraocular lenses on postoperative benefit of cataract patients with astigmatism Ju Chao-juan, Chu Miao, Zhang Qian, Lin Wei 2015, 19 (47):  7665-7670.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.022 Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (817KB) ( 485 )   Save BACKGROUND: Monofocal and multifocal Toric intraocular lens that have been widely used in clinic exhibit xcellent biological and optical characteristics and have good safety and stability after implantation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes and rotation stability in patients with cataract and astigmatism after implantation of monofocal and multifocal intraocular lens. METHODS: A total of 210 patients with cataract and astigmatism who received phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were included in this study. Of them, 105 patients were assigned to monofocal intraocular lens implantation and the other 105 patients to multifocal intraocular lens implantation. Uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, residual astigmatism were reexamined at 1, 3 weeks and 1 month after surgery. The rotation of Toric intraocular lens was determined. The incidence of complications and spectacles- independent rate were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Visual acuity and residual astigmatism in each group were significantly improved after 1 week of intraocular lens implantation (P < 0.05); furthermore, these two indicators became better over time. Improvement of visual acuity and residual astigmatism in multifocal intraocular lens group was more obvious than that in monofocal intraocular lens group. Postoperative intraocular lens rotation at < 5° occurred in both groups. The intraocular lens rotation degree in multifocal intraocular lens group was higher than that in monofocal intraocular lens group at different time points (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in incidence of complications and spectacles-independent rates between two groups at 1 month after surgery. These results demonstrate that multifocal Toric intraocular lens provides better visual acuity and residual astigmatism improvement, while monofocal Toric intraocular lens provides better rotation stability. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cyclic polydimethylsiloxane for diabetic retinopathy: a 6-month follow-up on changes of the optic nerve Chen Xiao-jin, Wang Min, Wang Run-sheng 2015, 19 (47):  7671-7675.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.023 Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (707KB) ( 689 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the clinical treatment of diabetic retinopathy, the therapeutic effects of different fillers on the retina and optic nerve after the removal of the vitreous are lack of comprehensive and detailed reports. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of retina and optic nerve in patients with diabetic retinopathy after filling cyclic polydimethylsiloxane. METHODS: Totally 147 patients with diabetic retinopathy undergoing vitreous removal were enrolled, including 77 males and 70 females, aged 35 to 70 years. The vitreous from 74 patients with diabetic retinopathy was filled with cyclic polydimethylsiloxane (test group). The cyclic polydimethylsiloxane was taken out at 3 months post-operation. The vitreous from another 73 patients with diabetic retinopathy was filled with the whole fluorine propane (control group). The changes of retina, optic nerve, intraocular pressure, and the occurrence of vitreous re-hemorrhage and cataract after operation were observed in these two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 7 days of follow-up, the intraocular pressure of patients in the test group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After 6 months of follow-up, there was no significant  difference in the intraocular pressure between these two groups. After 6 months of follow-up, cyclic polydimethylsiloxane was successfully removed in the test group, retinal blood vessels became thinning with the presence of white sheath, and the number of optic nerves was higher than the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of vitreous re-hemorrhage and cataract in the test was higher than the control group (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that after the removal of the vitreous, cyclic polydimethylsiloxane filling can lead to optic atrophy in patients with diabetic retinopathy. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical properties of vascularized patellar tendon graft Xu Chang, Ma Qiang, Aierxiding, Wang Xiao-ting, Shen Zhi-min 2015, 19 (47):  7676-7680.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.024 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (735KB) ( 395 )   Save BACKGROUND: The clinical study on the mechanical properties of biomaterials for cruciate ligament reconstruction is of great importance, which can provide a theoretical basis for the clinical development of materials with good structure, biomechanics and compatibility. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mechanical properties of vascularized patellar tendon graft. METHODS: The anterior cruciate ligaments of the left foreleg from 42 New Zealand white rabbits were cut off. Then, these rabbits were randomly and evenly divided into two groups: experimental group and control group. Rabbits in the experimental group were implanted vascularized patellar tendon graft for anterior cruciate ligament repair. Rabbits in the control group were implanted with autologous non-vascularized patellar tendon graft for anterior cruciate ligament repair. At the 8th, 12th and 16th weeks after implantation, biomechanical properties of specimens from these two groups were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference on the fracture location at different time points between these two groups; at the 12th and 16th weeks after transplantation, the knee laxity in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). At the 8th week after transplantation, there was no significant difference in the knee laxity between these two groups. At the 8th, 12th and 16th weeks after transplantation, the maximum load in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). At the 8th, 12th and 16th weeks after transplantation, the stiffness in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the maximum tensile elongation between these two groups at different time points after transplantation. These results demonstrate that vascularized patellar tendon graft has good mechanical properties.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hemostatic mechanism of calcium alginate dressing Cui Fei-yan, Wang Bin, Wei Li, Wang Hai-tao, Chen Hao, Chu Xiao-xia, Wang Zhen-zhen, Yang Li-hua 2015, 19 (47):  7681-7686.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.025 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (848KB) ( 1114 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, calcium alginate dressing has been widely used in surgical hemostasis, traumatic hemostasis, postoperative nasal hemostasis and puncture site hemostasis, etc.; however, there are few reports on their hemostatic mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: To preliminarily study the hemostatic mechanism of calcium alginate dressing. METHODS: Human anticoagulant blood was respectively dropped on sodium alginate dressing, nasopore dressing and medical cotton gauze. After 2 minutes, the interaction between materials and blood was observed at the room temperature using scanning electron microscopy. Calcium alginate dressing, nasopore dressing and medical cotton gauze were added in human red blood cell suspensions respectively. After 15 minutes, the interaction between materials and red blood cells was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The red blood cells were suspended by different concentrations (10, 5, 2.5 g/L) of alginate dressing extracts. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed at different time points (30, 60, 120 minutes). Platelets rich plasma was incubated with different concentrations (10, 5, 2.5 g/L) of alginate dressing extract at 37 ℃, then CD62P positive platelet percentage was measured by flow cytometry after 10 minutes of incubation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Dense fibrin network was formed after calcium alginate dressing contacting with an anticoagulant. A large number of blood cells were recruited. There were only a small amount of red blood cells and platelets adhesion in the nasopore dressing and medical cotton gauze groups. After the calcium alginate dressing interacting with red blood cells, red blood cell deformability was visible, with a pseudopodia-like change. The red blood cell morphology was unchanged in the nasopore dressing and medical cotton gauze groups. The calcium alginate dressing extract dose-dependently and time-dependently increased the red blood cells aggregation, comparative differences between groups was statistically significant(P < 0.01). The calcium alginate dressing extract dose-dependently enhanced the CD62P positive platelet percentage, comparative differences between groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that calcium alginate dressing promotes hemostasis and coagulation process by releasing of calcium ions, causing red blood cell aggregation and deformation and activating platelets.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro activation of macrophages by decellularized extracellular matrix materials Xu Bin, Huang Xiu-yan, Wei Xiao-hui, Zeng Yao-ying 2015, 19 (47):  7687-7692.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.026 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (920KB) ( 409 )   Save BACKGROUND: Because macrophages play an important role in the body’s inflammatory response, the detection of the impact of biological materials on the behavior of macrophages can assess the immunogenicity of materials. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the activation effect of decellularized extracellular matrix materials on macrophages. METHODS: The peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mouse were obtained and cultured by dividing into five groups. Control group was simple cell culture group, experimental group 1 was acellular matrix membrane material directly contacting with macrophage for culture, experimental group 2 was fresh pericardial material directly contacting with the macrophage for culture, experimental group 3 was acellular matrix membrane material indirectly contacting with macrophages for culture, experimental group 4 was fresh pericardium material indirectly contacting with macrophages for culture. After 24 hours of culture, the secretion of nitric oxide and cytokines in cell culture supernatant was determined. After 48 hours of culture, the absorbance value was determined by MTT method and the toxicity grading was determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The toxicity grading in experimental groups 1-4 was respectively grades 2, 4, 0, 2. The nitric oxide level in experimental groups 1 and 2 was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the nitric oxide level in the experimental group 2 was higher than that in the experimental group 1 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interferon γ, interleukin-17A and interleukin-10 levels between these five groups. The interleukin-6 level in the experimental group 2 was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05); The expression levels of tumor necrosis factors in experimental group 1, 2 and 4 were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and experimental group 2 higher than the experimental group 1 (P < 0.05), experimental group 1 higher than the experimental group 4 (P < 0.05). These results show that acellular matrix material can activate macrophages in direct contact.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Therapeutic effectiveness of sodium alginate microspheres as bronchial artery embolization material on pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis Yu Ping, Ai Yong-lin, Zhang Xiang-wen 2015, 19 (47):  7693-7697.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.027 Abstract ( 497 )   PDF (772KB) ( 469 )   Save BACKGROUND: Different embolic materials can be used for bronchial artery embolization in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis. Sodium alginate microspheres and gelatin sponge are two commonly used materials; however, there are relatively few related reports about the comparative analysis on the application effect of these two materials. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy of sodium alginate microspheres for bronchial artery embolization on pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis. METHODS: Totally 157 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis, including 98 male and 59 female patients, aged 22-75 years, were enrolled and subjected to bronchial artery embolization using different embolic materials: sodium alginate microspheres group (n=74) and gelatin sponge group (n=83). During the 12 months of follow-up, the clinical curative effect, recurrence and complications condition of these two groups were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The total effective rates of sodium alginate microspheres and gelatin sponge groups were respectively 91.19% and 81.93%, and there was a significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). The recurrence rates of sodium alginate microspheres and gelatin sponge groups were respectively 6.8% and 26.5%, and there was a significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the complications between groups (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that sodium alginate microspheres for bronchial artery embolization has a better result in the clinical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis with a high clinically effective rate and low recurrence rate. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status and prospect of orthopedic nanobiomaterials Ma De-chun, Liu Li, Ma Xin-li, Li Lei, Song Qing-hua, Zheng Shuang, Gao Yang 2015, 19 (47):  7698-7702.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.028 Abstract ( 711 )   PDF (676KB) ( 639 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the continuous development of nanotechnology, a growing number of nanotechnologies have been used in the field of biological medicine, providing a great deal of interest for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. OBJECTIVE: To review the research situation of nanobiomaterials and its application in biological medicine. METHODS: The articles about nanobiomaterials and nano bioceramic materials were retrieved from Chinese Journal Full-text Database, PubMed and Wanfang database published during January 2000 to October 2014 by the first author using computer. Key words were “nano, bioceramics” in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the development of nanotechnology, some nanotechnologies have entered the stage of practical application. Application of nanotechnology plays a preventive effect to the occurrence and development of disease. Nano-ceramic significantly increases the strength, toughness and superplasticity of materials, overcomes many deficiencies of biological ceramics, and has been widely used in the field of orthopedics, such as artificial joints, artificial bones, bone filling material, bone replacement materials, artificial vertebrae and so on. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of medical fibrin glue and stitch in pterygium excision: a Meta-analysis Guo Zi-jun, Wang Wei 2015, 19 (47):  7703-7708.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.47.029 Abstract ( 376 )   PDF (749KB) ( 451 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, in pterygium excision combined with limbal epithelial transplantation, there were still some controversies about whether the medical fibrin glue could instead of stitch fixing autologous conjunctival graft. OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect of medical fibrin glue and stitch in pterygium excision combined with limbal epithelial transplantation using Meta analysis.  METHODS: The randomized controlled trials about the therapeutic effect of medical fibrin glue versus stitch in pterygium excision combined with limbal epithelial transplantation were reviewed from PubMed database, CNKI full-text database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, VIP database and Wanfang database from database creation to June 2015. The operative time, complications and recurrence rate of these two groups were analyzed using Meta.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 14 randomized controlled trials, and 879 patients were enrolled. Meta-analysis results showed that the operative time, incidence of postoperative complications, the relapse rate after six months and one-year in the fibrin glue group were lower than those in the suture group [MD=-15.58, 95%CI (-18.96, -12.21), P < 0.000 01]; [OR=0.39, 95%CI (0.19, 0.68), P=0.02]; [OR=0.28, 95%CI (0.12, 0.65), P=0.003]; [OR=0.23, 95%CI (0.07, 0.76), P=0.02]. These results demonstrate that the application of fibrin glue in pterygium excision combined with limbal stem cell transplantation can promote graft attachment, shorten the operation time, reduce postoperative complications and reduce the postoperative recurrence of pterygium. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics