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12 November 2015, Volume 19 Issue 46 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Repeated transient ischemia during fracture healing: a micro-CT observation Wang Dong, Liu Yang, Zhao Yan-rui, Shan Lei, Zhou Jun-lin 2015, 19 (46):  7381-7385.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.001 Abstract ( 344 )   PDF (772KB) ( 261 )   Save BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown that blocking the venous return can promote fracture healing but there is no study about the effect of repeated transient ischemia on promoting fracture healing. OBJECTIVE: To observe the promoting effect of repeated transient ischemia on early fracture healing based on micro-CT technique. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats were used to make animal models of right tibial midpiece closed fractures followed by K-wire fixation. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: 24-hour group, 48-hour group, 72-hour group and control group. Tourniquet was used on the root of the affected thigh, inflated for 10 minutes, and then released for 10 minutes. Three above-mentioned cycles were taken as an ischemic treatment. At 24 hours after fracture fixation, the ischemic treatment was first carried out, and after that, it was done every 24 hours in the 24-hour group, every 48 hours in the 48-hour group and every 72 hours in the 72-hour group. In the control group, the tourniquet with no inflation was used once on the right lower limb every 24 hours after fixation. All the rats were killed at 2 weeks after modeling to take out the right tibia with removal of K-wires for micro-CT observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The trabecular bone volume and total volume in the regions of interest were significantly higher in the 24-hour group than the other three groups (P < 0.05), but the tissue mineral density and callus tissue mineral density were significantly lower in the 24-hour group than the other three groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant statistical difference in the bone volume fraction among the four groups (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that within 2 weeks after fractures, the repeated transient ischemia can promote fracture healing, which may be related to the improvement in the secretion of growth factor, revascularization and osteoblast proliferation induced by repeated transient ischemia. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The potential role of original fracture hematoma in fracture healing Lin Liang, Tang Ya-hui, Wu Lu-han, Xie Zeng-ru 2015, 19 (46):  7386-7390.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.002 Abstract ( 517 )   PDF (863KB) ( 276 )   Save BACKGROUND: In closed fractures, the initial hematoma that is inclined to remove is seldom considered as the important reasons for bone healing. OBJECTIVE: To observe the mechanism and potential role of original fracture hematoma in fracture healing. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with closed fractures of the long bones undergoing open reduction and internal fixation were randomly divided into experimental group (n=48) and control group (n=48). In the experimental group, original fracture hematoma, 1.0-2.0 mL, was first taken out during the internal fixation and placed into a special sterile plastic bag; then, 3-4 pieces of hematomas were filled into the fracture site and sutured layer by layer. On the contrary, original fracture hematomas from the control group were discarded. Blood samples were extracted to detect the biochemical indicators at 1 month after internal fixation. X-ray examination was done at 1, 3, 6 months after internal fixation for observation of fracture healing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: X-ray films showed that the healing rate at 3 months after operation was 95% in the experimental group and 78% in the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Levels of bone glaprotein, I-type precollagen carboxy terminus peptide and serum bone alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the original fracture hematoma can accelerate callus formation, promote bone induction, provide nutrition to the fracture site, and participate in revascularization. Therefore, the original fracture hematomas is one of the effectively therapeutic methods for union and nonunion of fractures.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Apoptosis-related genes in human osteoblasts induced by sodium fluoride Deng Qiang, Zhang Ya-lou, Sheng Wei-bin 2015, 19 (46):  7391-7375.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.003 Abstract ( 323 )   PDF (1069KB) ( 325 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are no systematic and coherent studies on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway of fluoride-induced osteoblast apoptosis, and the specific pathways to induce apoptosis in osteoblasts by fluorine are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible pathways of apoptosis in osteoblasts induced by fluoride and its molecular characteristics. METHODS: A fluorosis model of human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 was established in vitro. After in vitro culture, the cells were treated with sodium fluoride at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 mg/L). Flow cytometry was used to inspect the mitochondrial membrane potential at 24 hours after intervention; 84 apoptosis-related genes were detected by PCR Array; parts of the differentially expressed genes were verified by western blot method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When the concentrations of sodium fluoride were 20, 40 and 80 mg/L, the mitochondrial membrane potentials in osteoblasts were 27.0%, 28.8%, 38.6%, respectively (all P < 0.05). PCR   array found 13 genes upregulated and 15 genes down-regulated. Immunoblotting results showed Bim, Caspase 9, Caspase 14, BCL2, BAX expressions enhanced with increasing doses of sodium fluoride; Caspase 3 expression was decreased at the concentration of 5 mg/L, but increased gradually at over 10 mg/L. Caspase 7 expression had no significant difference. The expression of Caspase 10 decreased with the increasing doses of sodium fluoride. These findings indicate that fluoride may induce apoptosis in osteoblasts through the mitochondrial pathway (including the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway) and death receptor pathway. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and target gene mapping of differentially expressed microRNAs in the degenerative intervertebral disc of degenerative scoliosis patients Li Hao-ran, Cui Qing, Dong Zhan-yin, Zhang Jian-hua, Li Hai-qing, Zhao Ling 2015, 19 (46):  7396-7400.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.004 Abstract ( 283 )   PDF (1076KB) ( 383 )   Save BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in many diseases. To analyze the miRNA expression profile in degenerative scoliosis patients is helpful for classifying its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To compare miRNAs expression profile in the intervertebral disc tissue between degenerative scoliosis patients and healthy controls, and to investigate its role in the pathogenesis of degenerative scoliosis. METHODS: Degenerative nucleus pulposus tissues from 48 patients with degenerative scoliosis (male 36, female 12; 58-69 years old) and normal nucleus pulposus tissues from 36 patients with lumbar fractures were harvested to isolate, culture and identify nucleus pulposus cells followed by total RNA extract. Differentially expressed miRNAs were screened by microRNA microarray analysis and validated by real-Time qPCR. Target genes of highly expressed microRNAs were predicted by analyzing information from MicroCosm v5, TargetScan 5.1 and microRNA.org databases. Biological signal pathways associated with the target genes were analyzed, and qPCR was used to validate the screening results. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nineteen differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. The miR-98 was highly expressed in degenerative nucleus pulposus tissue, and the fold change was 6.368. Predicted miR-98 target gene was interleukin-10, which was involved in JAK-STAT signaling pathway and located in upstream of this pathway. In degenerative nucleus pulposus cells of degenerative scoliosis patients, miR-98 was highly expressed, and the corresponding target gene was interleukin-10. These results indicate that JAK-STAT signaling pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of degenerative scoliosis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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MRI comparison of lumbar facet joint degeneration and intervertebral disc degeneration in patients with low back pain Fu Chang-lin, Zhang Bin, Liu Yuan, Dai Min, Zhou Xin, Fu Xiao-xing 2015, 19 (46):  7401-7405.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.005 Abstract ( 313 )   PDF (836KB) ( 253 )   Save BACKGROUND: During spinal degeneration process, the intervertebral disc and facet joints are interrelated and interacted to impact the normal function and stability of the spine, thereby resulting in low back pain. Moreover, there is always a controversy on the degeneration order of the intervertebral disc and facet joint. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between lumbar facet joint degeneration and intervertebral disc degeneration in patients with low back pain. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 186 patients with low back pain. The facet joint degeneration and intervertebral disc degeneration at L2-S1 motion segments of each patient were evaluated. Enrolled patients were divided into three age groups: < 40 years old, 40-60 years old and ≥ 60 years old. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The incidence of lumbar facet joint and intervertebral disc degeneration was increased with age, and degeneration of the lumbar facet joint and intervertebral disc were the most obvious at L4-5 and L5-S1 segments. The incidence of intervertebral disc degeneration was more than that of facet joint degeneration at each segment in all age groups, except groups of < 40 years old and 40-60 years old at L2-3 segments, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). There was a weak correlation between facet joint degeneration and intervertebral disc degeneration (χ2=100.9, P < 0.001, gamma=0.22). These findings show that the incidence of intervertebral disc degeneration and facet joint degeneration is increased with age, and there is a weak correlation between them. However, the lumbar degenerative order is still unclear and further research is needed. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of nicotine intake on the periodontal tissue during orthodontic tooth movement Pan Xu, Zulihuma Arefujiang, Hu Ming-hua, Nie Jing, Mi Cong-bo, Yang Feng-lian 2015, 19 (46):  7406-7412.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.006 Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (7694KB) ( 304 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking can seriously damage the periodontal tissues and root, and the nicotine in tobacco accelerates the progression of periodontal diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different doses of nicotine on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in the periodontal tissue during orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: Totally 110 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into blank control group (n=10), normal saline group (n=25), 0.5 mg/kg nicotine group (n=25), 0.75 mg/kg nicotine group (n=25), 1 mg/kg nicotine group (n=25). Rats in the normal saline groups were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL normal saline, and those in the three nicotine groups were respectively injected with 0.5, 0.75, 1 mg/kg nicotine tartrate solution. Except the blank control group, the unilateral maxillary first molars of rats in the other four groups were exposed to 50 g force. At 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days under force, the rats were sacrificed to take the maxillary tissues. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the changes of periodontal tissues, immunohistochemical staining was employed to count positive cells, and in situ hybridization staining was adopted to detect the mean absorbance value of cyclooxygenase-2 in the periodontal tissues. RESULTTS AND CONCLUSION: The number of odontoclasts and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the nicotine groups were higher than those in the non-nicotine groups. With the increasing dose of nicotine, the number of odontoclasts gradually increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At 7 days under force, the number of odontoclasts reached the peak. With the increasing dose of nicotine, the positive expression intensity of cyclooxygenase-2 was also increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 reached peak at 5 days under force. These findings indicate that with the increasing dose of nicotine, the number of odontoclasts and the expression intensity of cyclooxygenase-2 are both increased at the same time point under force. During the orthodontic tooth movement, the intake of nicotine can damage the periodontal tissue, and the dose of nicotine can directly influence the severity of damage to the periodontal tissue.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Distance between knee anatomic landmarks and the joint line in Chinese people: measurement and characteristic analysis Chen Tong, Qu Tie-bing, Pan Jiang, Lin Yuan, Wang Zhi-wei, Ren Shi-xiang, Wen Liang, Zhang Bo, Zhou Lei, Ma De-si 2015, 19 (46):  7413-7418.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.007 Abstract ( 376 )   PDF (4769KB) ( 424 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is important to maintain the height of joint line in total knee arthroplasty or renovation. Foreign scholars have reported the parameters of the distance from different landmarks to knee joint line, but there is still a lack of relevant data for Chinese people. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships of the knee anatomic landmarks and joint line in normal Chinese, thereby providing clinical evidence for primary total knee replacement and knee renovation. METHODS: Totally 746 normal knee joints of 409 healthy volunteers from North China and Southwest China were randomly enrolled, including 214 males and 195 females, with a mean age of 37.7 years. CT scan was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional knee joint, and the distance between the anatomic landmarks and the joint line was measured using Mimics software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The distance from the center of femoral medial sulcus to the joint line was (25.72±2.52) mm. The distance from the center of lateral femoral condyle prominence to the joint line was (26.30±2.65) mm. The distance from the adduction muscle tubercle to the joint line was (44.60±4.32) mm. The distance from the peak of the tibial tubercle to the joint line was (21.50±3.57) mm. These parameters in male group were significantly higher than those in female group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings provide  anatomic evidence for the recovery of joint line in knee replacement or renovation; the variability of the distance from the center of femoral medial sulcus, lateral femoral condyle prominence and adductor tubercle to the joint line is smaller, and therefore, these landmarks have more reference values in total knee arthroplasty. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-intensity endurance exercise inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle Zhang Guo-hua, Chen Shu-zhuang, Li Su-ping 2015, 19 (46):  7419-7424.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.008 Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (1025KB) ( 342 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many reports on the effects of low-to-moderate intensity endurance exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle, but there is no understanding about the high-intensity endurance exercise. It has not been reported whether the high-intensity endurance exercise influence the mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle through 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/silent information regulator factor 2 related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) signal molecules. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling cascade on the mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle during different intensities of endurance exercises. METHODS: Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sedentary group, moderate-intensityexercise group and high-intensity exercise group. Moderate-intensity exercise load was 28 m/min, 60 min/d; high-intensity exercise load was 38 m/min, 60 min/d. In both exercise groups, the rats had 5 days of exercise and 2 days of rest within 1 week, and the exercise lasted for totally 7 weeks. The animals of exercise groups were killed immediately, 6 hours and 24 hours after exercise. Quantitative PCR was used to detect peroxisome proliferators γ activated receptor coativator-1α (PGC-1α) and SIRT1 gene expression, and western blot to detect phosphorylated-AMPK (P-AMPK) and SIRT1 protein expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Immediately, 6 hours, 24 hours after moderate-intensity exercise, PGC-1α mRNA expression in the skeletal muscle was 362% (P < 0.01), 675% (P < 0.01) and 116% of that in the sedentary group, P-AMPK protein expression was 112%, 165% (P < 0.05), 129% (P < 0.05) of that in the sedentary group, the expressions of SIRT1 protein and mRNA were 55% (P < 0.05), 86%, 103% and 109% (P < 0.05), 155%, 132% (P < 0.05) of those in the the sedentary group, respectively. (2) Immediately, 6 hours, 24 hours after high-intensity exercise, PGC-1α mRNA expression in the skeletal muscle was 274% (P < 0.01), 130% (P < 0.05), 68% (P < 0.05) of that in the sedentary group, the expression of P-AMPK protein was 235% (P < 0.01), 166% (P < 0.05), 160% (P < 0.05) of that in the sedentary group, the expressions of SIRT1 protein and mRNA were 199% (P < 0.01), 166% (P < 0.05), 164% (P < 0.05) and 255% (P < 0.01), 292% (P < 0.01), 122% of those in the sedentary group, respectively. These findings indicate that (1) 7 weeks of moderate-intensity endurance exercise significantly increased PGC-1α gene expression in the skeletal muscle, and its mechanism may involve AMPK/SIRT1 signaling cascade; (2) 7 weeks of high-intensity endurance exercise significantly inhibited PGC-1α gene expression at 24 hours after exercise, and this process was carried out in an AMPK/SIRT1 signal cascade independent manner. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isokinetic muscle strength characteristics of the knee, ankle and trunk Song Ai-jing, Deng Jing-jie, Lv Xiao-hong, Zhang Yuan 2015, 19 (46):  7425-7429.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.009 Abstract ( 711 )   PDF (785KB) ( 762 )   Save BACKGROUND: Isokinetic test has been generally used as an objective indicator for assessing the functional state and sports injury of the muscle system in athletes. OBJECTIVE: To explore the isokinetic muscle strength characteristics of the knee, ankle and trunk in football players. METHODS: Cybex-Norm isokinetic testing system was used to test the flexion and extension peak torque, relative peak torque and relative endurance of the isokinetic double knees double ankles and trunk at different angular velocity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the muscle strength of the bilateral knees and ankles (< 5%). The extensor peak torque and relative peak torque of the knee were lower, and the flexor peak torque and relative peak torque of the knee were higher, especially in the left knee, which is not conductive to the effective completion of ball control, kicking and vertical jump. The relative peak torque of the trunk was relatively weak, which is prone to damage during exercise and results lower back pain. Relative endurances of the knee, ankle and trunk are not satisfied, which can be improved greatly. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Speech disorder correction after cleft palate repair with levator veli palatini retropositioning Yan Da-yong, Zhang Rui, Dong Han-hua, Su Hui-zhi 2015, 19 (46):  7430-7434.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.010 Abstract ( 383 )   PDF (908KB) ( 311 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cleft palate repair with levator veli palatini retropositioning can achieve good effects on pharyngeal function and voice quality by dissecting the muscle and rebuilding the muscle function only at the incision, without opening the mucoperiosteal flap,  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effects of cleft palate repair with levator veli palatini retropositioning versus traditional surgery treatment on speech disorder correction. METHODS: Totally 176 children with cleft palate were randomly assigned into treatment group and control group, 88 cases in each group. Patients were subjected to traditional surgery treatment in the control group and levator veli palatini retropositioning in the treatment group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The postoperative speech intelligibility in the treatment group and the control group were 81.8% and 54.5%, respectively, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). After cleft palate repair, the following indicators were all improved in the two groups, including soft palate functional length at static state and when pronouncing, and soft palate elevation angle (P < 0.05), and moreover, these indicators were better in the treatment group than the control group (P < 0.05). Scores on high nasal tone and rhinorrhea tone were decreased significantly in the two groups after repair, and the scores were significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that cleft palate repair with levator veli palatini retropositioning can effectively rebuild soft palate function and perfect velopharyngeal competence in patients, which is of great significance for speech disorder correction and voice quality recovery. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Drug therapies for osteoporosis: tensile properties of the humerus Wang Qiang, Zhan Xiang-bo, Wang Wei, Yang Qi 2015, 19 (46):  7435-7439.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.011 Abstract ( 409 )   PDF (968KB) ( 333 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mechanical property test is an important method to evaluate the effect of drug treatment on the animal model of osteoporosis. But there are rare reports on the tensile mechanical test for evaluating the therapeutic effects of a variety of drugs on a female rat model of senile osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Gusukang capsule, alendronate, vitamin K and calcium on tensile properties of the humerus in the rat model of osteoporosis. METHODS: Totally 180 female Wistar rats, 4-5 months old, were randomized into six groups, 30 in each group. Except the rats in the normal control group, all the rats were subjected to make ovariectomized osteoporosis models. Then, rats were given Gusukang capsule (0.9 g/kg/d), alendronate (1 mg/kg/d), vitamin K (0.1 mg/kg/d) and calcium (2 mg/kg/d) in the Gusukang capsule, alendronate, vitamin K and calcium groups, respectively. After 15 weeks, the bilateral humeri were taken from all the rats, and the tensile test was carried out on an electronic universal testing machine at a speed of 5 mm/min. The fracture morphology of the specimen was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The maximum load and maximum strain of the rat fumerus were significantly  lower in the model group than in the normal control, Gusukang capsule, alendronate and vitamin K groups (P < 0.05). There were no differences in the maximum load, maximum stress and maximum strain between the calcium group and model group (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that the tensile properties of the humerus can be improved by Chinese medicine, western medicine and vitamin K, especially by the Chinese medicine.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-point bending mechanical properties of the bone in a rat model of osteoporosis after treatment with four kinds of drugs Yang Qi, Peng Chuan-gang, Wang Ye, Wang Qiang 2015, 19 (46):  7440-7444.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.012 Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (901KB) ( 332 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mechanical property test is an important method for assessing the therapeutic effect of drug therapy in osteoporosis animal models. But there are rare reports on the three-point bending mechanical test for evaluating the therapeutic effects of a variety of drugs on a female rat model of senile osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To explore the interventional effects of Danqi particles, premarin, ipriflavone and αD3 in a rat model of osteoporosis through the three-point bending mechanical test. METHODS: Forty-eight female Wistar rats were randomized into six groups, and animal models of senile osteoporosis were made in all rats except for those in the normal control group. Then, the rats were given Danqi particles (0.9g/kg/d), ipriflavone (1 mg/kg/d), αD3 (0.1 mg/ka/d) and premarin (0.3 mg/kg/d) in the Danqi, ipriflavone, αD3 and premarin groups, respectively. An electronic universal testing machine was used to perform the three-point bending mechanical test on the bilateral tibiae of rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, the maximum load, maximum stress, maximum bending moment, maximum stress, elastic modulus of the tibia were significantly higher in the Danqi, ipriflavone and premarin intervention groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the maximum load, maximum stress, maximum strain and modulus of elasticity between αD3 and model groups (P > 0.05). There were also no significant differences in the maximum load, maximum stress and maximum strain between the Danqi and normal control groups (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that Danqi, ipriflavone and premarin interventions have good achievements in the three-point bending mechanical test, and the Danqi particles have the best intervention effects. αD3 has no obvious effects on the three-point bending mechanical performance.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Inflammatory transmitter changes during tourniquet-induced limb ischemia-reperfusion injury and the role of ischemic preconditioning Yan Bin, Hasilu, Maihemuti Yakufu, Hou Yan-jie, Xu Chao, Yilihamu Tuoheti 2015, 19 (46):  7445-7450.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.013 Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (951KB) ( 203 )   Save BACKGROUND: Over-expression of serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 may be involved in tourniquet-induced limb ischemia-reperfusion injury to the lung ventilation function. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tourniquet effect on serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels of the rat limb within the safety time limit. METHODS: Sixty rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups, 30 rats in each group. Rats in the control group had no ischemic preconditioning and were directly subjected to stop bleeding for 2, 3, 4 hours; rats in the experimental group were subjected to ischemic preconditioning (short-time hemostasis for several times within 1 day before ischemia-reperfusion injury), and then underwent 2-, 3-, 4-hour hemostasis at the 2nd day. At 1, 3, 7, 14 days after the recovery of limb blood flow, blood samples were extracted to detect serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels using ELISA method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The levels of interleukin-6 interleukin-8 showed an increasing and decreasing trend in the two groups, which both reached the peak at the 3rd day (P < 0.05). The levels of interleukin-6 in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 1, 3, 7, 14 days (P < 0.05), and only at 7 days, the level of interleukin-6 in the rats undergoing 3-hour hemostasis was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). At 7 days, the level of interleukin-8 in the rats undergoing 3-hour hemostasis was lower than that in the control group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05), and at 3, 7, 14 days, the level of interleukin-8 in the rats undergoing 4-hour hemostasis was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). At 1 and 3 days, the levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in the experimental group had an increasing trend with the bleeding time and ranked as follows: 2-hour hemostasis < 3-hour hemostasis < 4-hour hemostasis, and there was a significant difference; while in the control group, there was also an increasing trend in the levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, but there was no statistical difference. These findings indicate that the tourniquet preconditioning treatment is preferred at 3 days after limb ischemia-reperfusion injury, when the inflammatory response was the most obvious in rats, and this treatment can dramatically reduce inflammatory response. Additionally, the inflammatory become more obvious with the bleeding time. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Different components of chicken egg-white extracts affect cell cycle and apoptosis Ruan Guang-ping, Yao Xiang, Liu Ju-fen, Wang Jin-xiang, Pang Rong-qing 2015, 19 (46):  7451-7455.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.014 Abstract ( 298 )   PDF (831KB) ( 261 )   Save BACKGROUND: If an extract can prolong the S phase and reduce the percentage of apoptosis after co-culture with cells, it is proved that the extract is able to promote cell proliferation. OBJECTIVE: To prove the effects of chicken egg-white extracts with different components on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of 293T cells. METHODS: An ultrafiltration unit was used to separate chicken egg-white extracts into different components that were > 10 ku, < 10 ku, > 3 ku and < 3 ku to co-culture with cells for 3 days. Then, cell proliferation, cell cycle and cell apoptosis were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chicken egg-white extract components of < 10 ku and < 3 ku could promote cell proliferation, increase the percentage of S-phase cells and reduce the percentage of apoptosis. In conclusion, chicken egg-white extract components that are < 10 ku and < 3 ku can promote cell proliferation, as well as increase the percentage of S-phase cells and reduce apoptosis percentage. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modified isolation and culture methods of human ovarian granulosa cells Chen Dong-si, Qi Xiu-juan, Liu Jian-xin, Ding Yu, Ma Wen-cong 2015, 19 (46):  7456-7460.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.015 Abstract ( 511 )   PDF (4867KB) ( 325 )   Save BACKGROUND: To build up an effective method of isolating and culturing granule cells is a pivotal step to enhance fertilization-embryo transfer rate. Current studies mainly focus on the isolation methods of human ovarian granulosa cells rather than cell counting, purity and subsequent growth. OBJECTIVE: To establish the effective methods of isolating, purifying and culturing human ovarian granulosa cells in vitro. METHODS: Follicular fluid was harvested from women undergoing fertilization-embryo transfer procedures. Human ovarian granulosa cells were obtained from the follicular fluid by lysis treatment, precipitation method or density gradient centrifugation. Granulosa cell mucus masses were digested with type I collagen enzyme or hyaluronidase and then cultured in the culture medium with or without autologous follicular fluid. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Lysis treatment yielded the largest amount of granulosa cells compared to the precipitation method and density gradient centrifugation (P > 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively). Cells prepared by the three methods showed the same cell viability. After 24 hours of culture, the precipitation method obtained the largest amount of adherent granulosa cells (P < 0.05); and the density gradient centrifugation obtained the least  amount of cells (P < 0.05). Compared with type I collagen enzyme, hyaluronidase took less time to digest the cells thoroughly. Autologous follicular fluid could promote the growth and survival of granulosa cells. These findings indicate that the precipitation method, though time-consuming, can obtain the highest cell viability and harvested the largest amount of granulosa cells after culture; hyaluronidase is more suitable for digesting granulosa cell mucus mass than type I collagen enzyme; autologous follicular fluid added into the culture medium is more conducive to granulosa cell growth. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide against the cytotoxicity of lactacystin Guan Li-na, Ji Yong-qiang, Ba Mao-wen, Lian Pei-wen, Li Ning, Mu Xian-yu, Yu Guo-ping 2015, 19 (46):  7461-7465.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.016 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (4809KB) ( 491 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease is not completely understood, and there is yet no effective therapy that can prevent the neurodegenerative process of the disease fundamentally. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on lactacystin-induced Parkinson’s disease dopaminergic PC12 cell apoptosis and its molecular mechanism. METHODS: Under induction by nerve growth factors, PC12 cells differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, and then were treated with different concentrations of lactacystin for different time. When the cell survival rate was about 50%, the concentration and action time oflactacystin were selected to establish cell models of Parkinson’s disease. In the study, there were control group, lactacystin group, PACAP1-27 group (intervention group 1) and PACAP1-27+PACAP6-27 co-intervention group (intervention group 2). Changes of cell morphology were observed under inverted microscope; cell viability was detected with MTT method; the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress specific protein caspase-12 was detected by western blot. Then the action of PACAP1-27 and PACAP6-27 to the cytoxicity of lactacystin was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With different concentrations and action time of lactacystin, the viability of PC12 cells presented a concentration- and time-dependent decline. When the lactacystin at 20 μmol/L acted for 24 hours, the cell viability was declined by about 50%. Under same conditions of lactacystin concentration and action time (20 μmol/L, 24 hours), the cells in the lactacystin group appeared to have damaged changes, declined cell viability, and increased caspase-12 activity in comparison with the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the lactacystin group, the cell damage was relieved and cell viability was increased significantly in the intervention group 1 as well as the expression of caspase-12 was decreased (P < 0.01). Experimental findings in the intervention group 2 were similar to those in the lactacystin group. These results suggest that lactacystin, an ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor, can lead to cell damage; PACAP1-27 plays a protective role by regulating the above-mentioned signal pathway. As one PACAP1-27 receptor antagonist, PACAP6-27 can attenuate this effect of PACAP1-27.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Corneal distribution of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and chemokine receptor-4 as homing factors   Zhang Wei, Huang Wen-zhi, Zhang Yu-ping 2015, 19 (46):  7466-7471.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.017 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (4364KB) ( 317 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) play an important role in stem cell homing during bone marrow, organ and tissue transplantation. But there are few reports on limbal stem cell transplantation and homing as well as the distribution and content of SDF-1/CXCR4 on the cornea. OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression levels of SDF-1/CXCR4 mRNA in rat corneal tissue by fluorescence quantitative PCR. METHODS: The normal rat cornea was taken completely, and subdivided into central cornea, peripheral corneal and limbal area. Fluorescence quantitative PCR method was employed to detect SDF-1/CXCR4 mRNA levels at corresponding positions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression levels of SDF-1 and CXCR4 mRNA were 0.213±0.015 and 0.189±0.02 in the central cornea, 0.529±0.077 and 0.285±0.015 in the peripheral cornea, 0.666±0.069 and 0.258±0.067 in the limbal area, respectively. These data show that there are significant differences in the expression levels of SDF-1 and CXCR4 mRNA in the central cornea, peripheral corneal and limbal area, and these differences exert an important role in cell homing and migration during limbal stem cell transplantation for treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Continuous monitoring of peripheral blood retinol blinding protein-4 in the early stage after renal transplantation Zhou Yu, Zheng Xue-yang, Lu Han-lan, Chen Yu, Fu Shang-xi, Wang Li-ming 2015, 19 (46):  7472-7477.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.018 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (1251KB) ( 544 )   Save BACKGROUND: Retinol binding protein-4 is a most sensitive biomarker for loss of function of the human proximal renal tubule, which is applied in the early detection of acute kidney injury. It is speculated that retinol binding protein-4 may be associated with acute rejection and delayed graft function after renal transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of peripheral blood retinol binding protein-4 and renal allograft function in the early stage after renal transplantation. METHODS: The venous blood samples of renal transplantation recipients were continuously collected for detection. As a retrospective nested case-control study, 20 cases of clinical diagnosed acute rejection were selected as acute rejection group. Another 20 cases of delayed graft function and 20 cases with normal graft function were randomly selected according to the ratio of 1:1:1 and taken as delayed graft function group and control group, respectively. Retinol binding protein-4 level was detected by the immune turbidimetric method, and meanwhile, the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were dynamically examined by the sarcosine oxidase method. Then, all the data were comparatively analyzed at vertical and horizontal levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, retinol binding protein-4 and serum creatinine levels in the acute rejection group and the delayed graft function group were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Retinol binding protein-4 and serum creatinine levels in the acute rejection group were significantly different between the rejection and non-rejection periods (P < 0.01). Similarly, these two indicators in the delayed graft function group were significantly different between the normal and abnormal renal function periods (P < 0.05). Retinol binding protein-4 levels were positively correlated with serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Both in the acute rejection group and delayed graft function group, retinol binding protein-4 levels changed earlier than the serum creatinine levels. Retinol binding protein-4, an independent biomarker indicator, is positively correlated with serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and has certain time advantage in predicting the change of renal function, which is very conducive to the clinical diagnosis and monitoring of acute rejection and delayed graft function. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional visualization of angioarchitecture in spinal cord contusion using propagation phase contrast tomography Wu Tian-ding, Lv Hong-bin, Cao Yong, Ni Shuang-fei, Li Ping, Hu Jian-zhong 2015, 19 (46):  7478-7483.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.019 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (2013KB) ( 387 )   Save BACKGROUND: Propagation phase contrast tomography can greatly improve the spatial resolution of chondrocytes and microvessels depending on the high collimation and high coherence performance of hard X-ray. OBJECTIVE: To detect the alteration of angioarchitecture after spinal cord injury in rats using propagation phase contrast tomography. METHODS: Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: in experimental group, an acute spinal cord injury model was induced in rats by the modified Allen’s method; in sham control group, rats were subjected to laminectomy. At 1 day after operation, normal and injured spinal cord segments were taken and treated with formaldehyde-methyl salicylate sequentially for 48 hours. The segments were scanned by propagation phase contrast tomography in BL13W1 beamline experimental station of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, China. Harvested data were analyzed by VGStudio Max 2.1 software for three-dimensional reconstruction and microvasculature quantitative analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The propagation phase contrast tomography successfully simulated the morphology of angioarchitecture following spinal cord injury. After acute spinal cord contusion, the destruction of nerve tissues was accompanied by severe microvasculature damage. Intramedullary tissue damage and loss of blood supply was spread from the central zone to the ends. Three-dimensional microvascular quantitative data showed that after spinal cord contusion, the number of microvessels and vascular perfusion volume drastically reduced (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that the propagation phase contrast tomography without angiography has potential as a new ultra high-resolution visualization technique for three-dimensional microvessel imaging and quantitative analysis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomics features before and after 800 meters race Li Zhi, Ma Hai-feng, Wu Ying, Jia Yin-hao 2015, 19 (46):  7484-7491.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.020 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (2595KB) ( 852 )   Save BACKGROUND: Metabolic characteristics of the 800 meters race is not very clear, which creates a lot of obstacles for the exercise training of 800 meters race. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of material and energy metabolism of 800 meters race, to improve the scientific training of the 800 meters race and to verify the feasibility of nuclear magnetic resonance-based urine metabonomics in sports training monitoring. METHODS: Seven middle distance athletes were subject to an 800 meters race at ultimate intensity, and their urine metabonomics analysis was conducted in combination with the Human Metabolism Database and other databases before and after exercise. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: OPLS-DA model showed that the metabolic samples before and after movement presented the cluster-like distribution. The change was mainly caused by the following metabolites, including leucine, lactic acid, creatinine, succinic acid, hypoxanthine, and adenosine. Through the analysis we could infer that the 800 meters race is a sport event mainly dependent on glycolysis for energy supply, working together with raw phosphate and aerobic oxidation for energy supply. The amino acid metabolism and methane metabolism of the athletes were more vigorous after 800 meters running, and moreover, there were certain oxidative stress during the 800 meters race. These findings indicate that nuclear magnetic resonance-based urine metabonomics takes the advantages of invasive, high sensitivity, less sample requirement, simple processing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of virtual reality technology in oral and maxillofacial anatomy and three-dimensional digital model construction Gao Lu, Zhang Xiao-hong, Jin Hai-wei, Cong Wei, Wang Fu 2015, 19 (46):  7492-7497.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.021 Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (1019KB) ( 314 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the rapid development of medical technology, computer image technology and the urgent needs of computer-aided clinical teaching, the application of virtual reality technology in oral and maxillofacial anatomy has become an issue of concern. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the application of virtual reality technology in oral and maxillofacial anatomy, thereby providing the better methods for clinical and basic research of oral medicine, laying the foundation for building the digital repository, and realizing the informatization and networking construction. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author in the CNKI and PubMed databases to search papers related on the virtual reality technology applied in oral and maxillofacial anatomy published between January 2004 and December 2014, using the key words of “tissue engineering, virtual reality, oral and maxillofacial anatomy, digital, 3D reconstruction, multimedia, teeth, skull” in Chinese and English, respectively. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 papers were included in the final analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The application of virtual reality technology in oral and maxillofacial anatomy mainly includes 3D digital model and virtual digital database of human body. 3D medical reconstruction software includes 3D-Doctor and Minics that support the original data sources including continuous fault anatomical images, varieties of image data and 3D scanning data. A variety of virtual reality technologies can successfully reproduce the tooth, dentition and oral and maxillofacial anatomy, laying the foundation for building the virtual reality platform in oral clinical application and teaching. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of angiogenesis by Notch signaling Wang Zheng, Zhang Ting-wei, Han Xiang-long 2015, 19 (46):  7498-7503.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.022 Abstract ( 647 )   PDF (849KB) ( 538 )   Save BACKGROUND: The Notch signaling pathway is evolutionarily highly conserved and mediated by cell-cell interactions, which is widely involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. This critical transduction system participates in coordinating various functions of vascular endothelial cells, thus playing a vital role in the formation and remodeling of vascular network. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the components of Notch signaling pathway and its impact on angiogenesis. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed and CBM databases was performed. High-quality articles related to mechanism of angiogenesis regulated by Notch signaling were included, and repetitive studies were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 31 literatures were selectively included in this review. Angiogenesis is a complicated and muti-stage biological event and has been delicately regulated. Notch signaling participates in the regulation of every stage of angiogenesis directly or indirectly via the crosstalk with vascular endothelial growth factor, BMP-SMAD signaling and extracellular matrix molecules. Furthermore, consistent output of Notch signaling is essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of adult vascular system. This review will thoroughly clarify the latest progress on angiogenesis regulated by Notch signaling and provide theoretical basis and a potential target for designing therapeutic methods against vascular disease. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pericyte-related signaling pathways in angiogenesis Jiang Fu-lin, Ai Dong-qing, Guan Qiu-yue 2015, 19 (46):  7504-7508.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.023 Abstract ( 954 )   PDF (684KB) ( 339 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pericytes, which are widely distributed in the microvasculature except lymphatic vessels, are not only a constituent of microvessels, but also play an important role in microvascular occurrence, development, stability, maturity and remodeling. Its signal transduction is currently a hot spot. OBJECTIVE: To review recent advances in the signal pathways related to pericytes and angiogenesis. METHODS: We retrieved PubMed database, Wanfang database, CNKI database and China Biology Medicine disc for articles addressing pericytes and angiogenesis published from 1994 to 2014. The keywords were “pricytes; endothelial cells; microvessels; signal transduction” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the early stage of capillary formation, recruitment of pericytes contributes to the occurrence and development of new blood capillaries. However, in the late stage of angiogenesis, pericytes inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and promote endothelial cell differentiation, thereby promoting vascular maturation, maintaining normal structure and regulating their permeability. In this process, signaling pathways of platelet-derived growth factor B/platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, transforming growth factor β, angiopoietin-1/Tie-2, human heparin binding epidermal growth factor/ErbBs, and stromal cell derived factor 1α/CXCR4 play an important regulatory role in pericytes and angiogenesis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Autonomic nervous system: its response and adaptation to exercises Shao Lian-jie 2015, 19 (46):  7509-7516.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.024 Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (1049KB) ( 298 )   Save BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular system meets the demand of different tissues and organs in the motor process. One-time exercise and long-time exercise will cause different responses and changes of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. Information about changes of the human body can be extracted via indicators of heart rate variability, which will be used for formulation of exercise effect and individualized program. It will be an important field in the future. OBJECTIVE: To study the conventional indicators of heart rate variability used in exercise in combination with the latest research trends, and to provide theoretical support for studying the response and adaptation of cardiac autonomic nervous system to exercises. METHODS: A computer-based search of Google Scholar and PubMed database was performed for relevant articles published from January 1997 to March 2015 using the keywords of “autonomic nervous system, heart rate variability, HRV, exercise intervention, exercise training” in English. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 405 articles were retrieved, and finally 79 articles were included in result analysis. We can assess aerobic capacity and make individual intervention program through observing the changes of cardiac autonomic nervous system during a one-time exercise. Response and adaptation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system to exercise depend on exercise intensity and duration, but there is a great inter-individual difference. The long-term inhibition and excitement of the sympathetic nerve and vagus nerve may indicate overtraining. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exercise intensity exerts a two-way regulatory role in the immune response Yi Xue 2015, 19 (46):  7517-7522.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.025 Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (829KB) ( 353 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that high-intensity exercise has immunosuppressive effect, while low- and medium-intensity exercises have anti-inflammatory effect, both of which offer protection against many chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between immune system and exercise so as to explore the relevant mechanism underlying immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. METHODS: CNKI, Wanfang, and PubMed databases were retrieved for articles related to exercise immunology published from January 1990 to April 2015. Relevant mechanisms of action and research prospects were analyzed and expected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sixty articles related to sports and immune were included. High-intensity exercise has been proved to have a inhibitory effect on the immune function, and theories about immunosuppressive effect after high-intensity exercise is elementarily systemized. How to reduce and avoid immunosuppression impact of high-intensity exercise is still worth exploring. Anti-inflammatory effect of low- and medium-intensity exercises is becoming more and more popular. Especially, the endocrine effects of the skeletal muscle and the two-way regulatory role of interleukin-6 in the effects of different intensity exercise on the immune response are worthy of further exploration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of Sonic Hedgehog signal pathway in embryogenesis and neural regeneration Wang Su-ping, Wu Xiao-jun, Yan Xu, Zhao Hong 2015, 19 (46):  7523-7528.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.026 Abstract ( 521 )   PDF (871KB) ( 578 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many studies have showed that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signal pathway regulates the proliferation and differentiation of nerve cells, axon guidance and neural regeneration after brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the role of Shh signal pathway in embryonic development and post-natal nerve repair. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author in PubMed and CNKI database to search related papers published from January 1980 to July 2015 using the keywords of “Shh signal pathway, embryogenesis, neural regeneration” in English and Chinese, respectively. Articles related to Shh signal pathway in embryonic cells differentiation, tissue development, post-natal neural regeneration, axon migration and tumor formation. A total of 38 relevant literatures were retrieved. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Recently, Shh signal pathway has become an issue of concern because this signal pathway is closely related with neural regeneration after brain injury. Shh is widely expressed in Hedgehog (Hh) family and plays a crucial role in embryogenesis and organogenesis. Shh is well known to contribute to the patterning of neural tube system, regulate the proliferation and migration of progenitor cells, and control axonal  growth and guidance. In addition, Shh is closely related to tumor formation. Studies have shown that Shh can reduce infarct volume and improve behavior prognosis of stroke rats.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone marrow edema resulting from nontraumatic femoral head necrosis: Association Research Circulation Osseous staging and pain grading 2015, 19 (46):  7529-7533.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.027 Abstract ( 475 )   PDF (799KB) ( 335 )   Save BACKGROUND: The relationship between the occurrence time and clinical symptoms of bone marrow edema in nontraumatic femoral head necrosis is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of bone marrow edema in nontraumatic femoral head necrosis with Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging and pain grading. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with nontraumatic femoral head necrosis (58 hips) were confirmed to have bone marrow edema on MRI T1 weighted images and T2 fat suppression images. Then, the patients were graded according to the MRI Classification Method reported by Zhao Pei-rong, the ARCO Staging System and Harris hip score for pain grading. We analyzed the correlation of bone marrow edema with ARCO staging and pain grading. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of bone marrow edema in ARCO I-III was increased in sequence, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=27.69, P=0.001); the average rank of bone marrow edema in ARCO I-III was increased significantly (χ2=19.947, P=0.000). The incidence rate of bone marrow edema also increased among different pain grading, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=57.0, P=0.000); the average rank of bone marrow edema among different pain grading was increased significantly (χ2=174.0, P=0.000). The presence and aggravation of bone marrow edema indicate the enlargement of necrosis area and the aggravation of symptoms in patients with nontraumatic femoral head necrosis, which can be used as an auxiliary index for the appraisal of disease progression. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Percutaneous vertebroplasty with high-viscosity bone cement for treatment of severe osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures Zhou Wei 2015, 19 (46):  7534-7538.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.028 Abstract ( 458 )   PDF (894KB) ( 385 )   Save BACKGROUND: Because it can reduce the risk of postoperative bone cement leakage, percutaneous kyphoplasty is increasingly used for treatment of severe osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures. Studies have found that injection of mixed bone cement with high viscosity can significantly reduce the leakage of bone cement. OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty with high viscosity bone cement and percutaneous kyphoplasty with standard viscosity bone cement in the treatment of severe osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures. METHODS: Eighty patients with severe osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures were enrolled and randomized into vertebroplasty group and kyphoplasty group, 40 patients in each group. Visual analog scale score and Oswestry disability index score were compared between groups before and after treatment. Incidence rate of bone cement leakage and other complications were also compared between two groups after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the visual analog scale scores of two groups after treatment (P > 0.05). Patients in the two groups all presented with good recovery of spinal function after treatment, and there was no difference in the Oswestry disability index scores between groups at 3 months after treatment (P > 0.05). The incidence rate of bone cement leakage was 45% in the vertebroplasty group and 30% in the kyphoplasty group, with a significant difference (P < 0.05). But the patients in both groups showed no obvious clinical symptoms and underwent no treatment. After treatment, all patients had no pulmonary embolism, bone cement toxicity, spinal cord and nerve root injury. These findings show that there is no significant difference between percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty with high-viscosity bone cement in the following aspects: pain improvement, recovery of the spinal function, incidence rate of bone cement leakage and clinical efficacy.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ilizarov bone transport for repair of diabetic foot: a functional and imaging evaluation Xian Cheng, Zhao Jin-min, Su Wei, Lao Shan, Yang Xin, Hua Qi-kai 2015, 19 (46):  7539-7544.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.46.029 Abstract ( 462 )   PDF (1070KB) ( 467 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous therapies for diabetic foot are not ideal with large cost, and moreover, amputation is often required. OBJECTIVE: To perform the Ilizarov bone transport in the treatment of patients with diabetic foot (Wanger grades 3-4), and to observe the limb salvage conditions. METHODS: Eighteen patients with diabetic foot, Wanger grades 3-4, admitted in the Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from December 2013 to June 2015 were enrolled in this trial. All of patients were subjected to Ilizarov bone transport. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the 18 patients were followed up for 3 to 20 months, and presented with ulcer healing. Scores on ankle-brachial index and 10-g nylon line test were both increased significantly in the patients after treatment, but the visual analog scale scores were reduced. These findings indicate that the Ilizarov bone transport is an effective method for treating ulcer of diabetic foot at Wanger grades 3-4.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics