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15 January 2012, Volume 16 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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International development trends of three kinds of biological materials used in general surgery: A bibliometric analysis based on Web of Science database Li Hong-xiu1, Li Hang-yu2, Zhao Zuo-wei3, Ju Pei-xin1, Piao Ren-jing1, Nan Jin-niang1 2012, 16 (3):  381-390.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.001 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (518KB) ( 390 )   Save BACKGROUND: Medical biomaterial is a new type of material which can be used in diagnosis, treatment, and repairing or replacing the lesion tissues or organs to improve their functions. Medical biomaterial has become a basic discipline in research of artificial organs and medical devices.   OBJECTIVE: To analyze the literatures on abdominal wall repair materials, suture materials or hemostatic materials used in general surgery and to evaluate the overall trend in this field to provide a reference for further research in the field. DESIGN: Bibliometric analysis based on different retrieval types. DATA RETRIEVAL: A search of related literatures was performed in Web of Science database from January 2006 to December 2010 using the key words of “surgery, patch, suture material, hemostasis material/hemostatic material/hemostasia material” in English. The retrieval results were analyzed, and the trends were described in words and graphics. SELECTION CRITERIA: The literatures included articles, reviews, technical studies, proceedings papers and letters. Unpublished articles, meeting abstracts, book chapters, news and those needed to be obtained by manual or phone search were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The literatures were analyzed by national distribution, institutional information, foundation supporting, publish year, discipline distribution, and citation frequency. RESULTS: The number of literatures on patch was the most in Web of Science database, which was 1 302. Articles published by authors from USA were the most, including 395 papers about patch, 199 about suture material, and 144 about hemostatic material. China has occupied an important position in the international research of these materials. CONCLUSION: The research of biomaterial is becoming more mature, and the number of literatures in this field is increasing. Patch material is the research hot in recent years. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and characterization of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) nanofiber scaffolds using thermally induced phase separation method Chen Cong, Wang Ying-jun, Shao Jun-dong, Du Chang 2012, 16 (3):  391-395.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.002 Abstract ( 230 )   PDF (408KB) ( 313 )   Save BACKGROUND: Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a polymer of microbial source with excellent biocompatibility and processing performance, which has great potential to be used as a biological material. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the synthesis methods and crystallization of nanofibrous matrix of a semicrystalline biopolyester PHBV via thermally induced phase separation. METHODS: The formation of the matrix was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The quenching/gelation temperatures showed a great effect on the crystallization and thermal property of the nanofibers, then affected the morphology of the scaffolds. The crystallization of the PHBV matrix during the phase separation process primarily involved HB units with small amounts of crystals incorporating HV units at higher gelation temperatures. When the quenching/gelation temperature decreased, the crystallinity and crystallite size were decreased but better crystalline perfection was obtained by excluding HV units from the PHB lattice. Meanwhile, cells experimental results show that nanofibers structure of scaffolds are really more conducive to cell adhesion and growth. The morphological and structural dependence on temperature may provide a simple way to fine tune the properties of PHBV scaffolds including biodegradability and bioresponsiveness to cellular activity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of poly lactic acid-glycolic acid nanoparticles   Wang Xi1, Xue Jing2, Huang Yue-shan2 2012, 16 (3):  396-400.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.003 Abstract ( 241 )   PDF (411KB) ( 373 )   Save BACKGROUND: Poly lactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a type of biodegradable material with good biocompatibility. Optimum preparation conditions of PLGA are conductive to the follow-up studies of drug delivery and their establishment of industrial production conditions. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of preparation conditions of nanoparticles based on the wrapping material of PLGA on their particle size and surface morphology, and determine the optimum preparation and process. METHODS: PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. The particle size of nanoparticles was measured. The effects of emulsifier type, emulsifier concentration, oil phase type, sonic time, volatile time, the volume ratio of water to oil, and polymer concentration on the particle size were analyzed to establish the optimum preparation conditions of PLGA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The optimization parameters at the room temperature, with a certain stirring speed and drop acceleration, selection of the commonly used non-toxic emulsifier, the concentration was from 0.3% to 1%, acetone as organic phase, extraction time was from 8 to 15 minutes, volatile time was from 6 to 10 hours, ratio of water and oil > 25:1, and the polymer concentration < 60 g/L. The preparation process is simple, stable and optimized. The PLGA nanoparticles can be prepared with structured morphology surface and proper particle size. Related Articles | Metrics

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Degradation of biodegradable ureteral stent composed of electrospun nanofibers implanted into the muscle   Zhang Long, Wang Xiao-qing, Jiang Feng-ming, Guan Jing-jing, Wang Chun-xi 2012, 16 (3):  401-404.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.004 Abstract ( 218 )   PDF (410KB) ( 375 )   Save BACKGROUND: The author has completed the preliminary investigation on degradation of electrospun nanofiber poly lactic acid- glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) biodegradable ureteral stent material in vitro and found the degradation time of 80/20 PLGA material in urine could meet the clinical needs. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the degradation properties of 80/20 PLGA electrospun nanofiber ureteral stents implanted in muscle. METHODS: The 80/20 PLGA electrospun nanofiber ureteral stents were prepared by electrostatic spinning. The degradation properties of the stents in rabbit paravertebral muscle were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Electrospun nanofiber ureteral stents were successfully prepared with a good morphology under scanning electron microscopy. At 10 weeks of degradation of 80/20 PLGA electrospun nanofiber ureteral stents, their mass was 60% of initial mass, and fracture and disintegration of the stents could be seen. Degradation rate of the stents was slightly decreased than that in vitro, but they were still able to meet the clinical needs of biodegradable ureteral stents.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Antibacterial performance of nano-silver-zirconium phosphate antibacterial polyurethane Zou Zhao-wei, Shi Fu-jun, Huang Zong-hai, He Yan, Li Qiang, Chen Fei, Cui Chun-hui 2012, 16 (3):  405-408.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.005 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (274KB) ( 362 )   Save BACKGROUND: Polyurethane material has excellent physical and chemical performances, good biocompatibility and anti-clotting properties, and is easy to shape. However, artificial organs manufactured using the polyurethane are vulnerable to the invasion of bacteria and other microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of nano-silver base inorganic antimicrobial agent on the antibacterial performance of polyurethane. METHODS: The nano-silver base inorganic antimicrobial agent RHA-2 was added to polyurethane by the mass fractions of 0% (blank control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 5%, respectively. Antimicrobial properties of the polyurethane materials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were assayed using the pellicle sticking method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The polyurethane added with nano-silver base inorganic antimicrobial agents had a good antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The inhibitory rate against Staphylococcus aureus in the groups containing 0.5%-5% antimicrobial agents were 80.23%, 91.32%, 95.23%, 99.19%, 99.87% and 99.93%, respectively; the inhibitory rate against Escherichia coli in the corresponding groups were 76.70%, 86.96%, 92.92%, 95.43%, 99.34% and 99.87%, respectively. The antimicrobial properties of polyurethane increased significantly with the increasing proportions of the antibacterial agents. These results indicate that nano-silver base inorganic antimicrobial agents can endow the polyurethanes an excellent antibacterial property. From the antimicrobial perspective, the recommended adding proportion of the nano-silver base inorganic antimicrobial agents in the polyurethane is no less than 1.5%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Nano-chitosan effect on ion-heavy radiation protection and sensitization   Pan Xiao-jing1, Li Zhen-ya2, Wang Lin1, Wang Min1, Liu Bin1, Zhang Hong3 2012, 16 (3):  409-412.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.006 Abstract ( 242 )   PDF (306KB) ( 354 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chitosan has been proved to enhance immunity and play a radiation protection role. OBJECTIVE: To investigate nano-chitosan protection effect on osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cell line and sensitization effect for human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line KB radiated by ion-heavy. METHODS: Radiation protection and sensitization effect was detected by MTT assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Proliferation of KB cell line was inhibited by nano-chitosan, and the nano-chitosan showed a dose-dependent effect to the dosage of ion-heavy radiation. To osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cell line, nano-chitosan showed a protection effect. The nano-chitosan plays the dual role of radiotherapy sensitization and radiation protection on different cells.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and biological characterization of c(RGDyK)@SiO2@Fe3O4 nanoparticles targeted for angiogenesis   Sun Peng-fei1, Cao Xiang-rong1, Zhu Hao1, Jiao Zong-xian2, Zhang Feng-wei3, Xie Ke-rong1 2012, 16 (3):  413-416.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.007 Abstract ( 252 )   PDF (399KB) ( 371 )   Save BACKGROUND: SiO2 has a great amount of hydroxyl groups, It can be further functionalized to couple targeting ligand in order to expand the application of Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles in the biomedical field. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preparation method of targeted c(RGDyK)@SiO2@Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and its property testing. METHODS: Oleic acid-loaded hydrophobic Fe3O4 NPs were prepared via a pot chemical coprecipitation, and the biocompatible Fe3O4@SiO2 compound NPs were synthesized with a reverse microemulsion. By means of the 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilan (APTMS) as couplant, the hydroxyl groups of SiO2 surface in compound particles were changed into amino or aldehyde groups. Then 1.0 mg of c(RGDyK) peptide was added into the reaction system under ultrasound shake in order to prepare c(RGDyK)@SiO2@ Fe3O4 NPs. The Fe3O4@SiO2 or c(RGDyK)@SiO2@Fe3O4 NPs were co-cultured with EA.hy926 cells for detection at 24, 48 and 72 h hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs prepared by a pot chemical coprecipitation and reverse microemulsion had a mean diameter of 40 nm, and c(RGDyK) peptide was successfully connected to SiO2 surface of compound NPs via APTMS. After EA.hy926 cells were cultured accompanied with Fe3O4@SiO2 or c(RGDyK)@SiO2@Fe3O4 NPs for 24 hours, the cell activity was significantly improved (P < 0.05), especially with the c(RGDyK)@SiO2@Fe3O4 NPs, and there was no difference in cell activity between the control group and c(RGDyK)@SiO2@Fe3O4 group at 72 hours (P > 0.05). Electron microscopy showed that the ability of EA. hy926 cells phagocytizing targeted c(RGDyK)@SiO2@Fe3O4 NPs was more stronger than no-targeted Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs at 24 hours of cell culture. The c(RGDyK)@SiO2@Fe3O4 NPs are a kind of excellent biomaterial because of their biocompatibility, superparamagnetism and higher ability of targeted for vascular endothelial cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the effects of nano-hydroxyapatite and calcium hydroxide on the cell activity of odontoblasts   Wang Jian-ping, Wang Ben-cai, Jia Xin 2012, 16 (3):  417-420.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.008 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (372KB) ( 313 )   Save BACKGROUND: Culturing odontoblasts with nano-hydroxyapatite can more intuitively reflect the biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite as dental pulp capping materials. However, odontoblasts are difficult to culture in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite and calcium hydroxide on the cell activity of mouse odontoblasts. METHODS: Tooth germ of the first mandibular molar was took in fetal mice; mouse dental papilla cells were primary cultured using tissue block culture method. Cells with the cellular morphology of odontoblast-like shape were selected for the observation under inverted microscope. RT-PCR was used to detect the dentin sialophosphoprotein expression in order to identify the odontoblasts. Passage 4 odontoblasts in log-phase were cultured in the media containing 100 mg/L nano-hydroxyapatite and  100 mg/L calcium hydroxide respectively for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Blank control group was set up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: CCK-8 results showed that cells in the nano-hydroxyapatite group grew well on 1, 3, 5 and     7 days after culture. Cell activity in the calcium hydroxide group was lower than that in the blank control group on 3, 5 and 7 days after culture (P < 0.01). Alkaline phosphatase test results showed that nano-hydroxyapatite and calcium hydroxide had no obvious effect on the activity of alkaline phosphatase. These findings indicate that nano-hydroxyapatite has no effect on the activity of the odontoblasts, while calcium hydroxide has an inhibition effect on the activity of the odontoblasts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and in vitro evaluation of poly(lactide)/tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate-curcumin nanoparticles Pan Yi-ming, Huang Yue-shan 2012, 16 (3):  421-425.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.009 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (457KB) ( 345 )   Save BACKGROUND: Poly(lactide) (PLA) and its copolymer are a class of biodegradable polymer materials with good biocompatibility, which have been widely used for biodegradable sustained release drugs or targeted drug delivery systems. OBJECTIVE: To explore the preparation method of the drug-loaded nanoparticles on entrapment rates (ER) and drug loading (DL) efficiency, and to determine the optimal preparation conditions using tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as emulsifier, curcumin as a model drug and PLA as carriers. METHODS: Curcumin loaded PLA nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by an O/W emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The ER and DL were used as the main guiders. Singe factor test was used in order to find the effect of all kinds of parameters on the NP’s preparation, and then NP’s formulations were optimized by orthogonal design test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The optimal preparation conditions of NPs were determined through orthogonal experiment. The optimal technique parameters were followed: water to organic ratio of 10:1, polymer concentration of 15 g/L, drug concentration of 3 g/L, emulsifier TPGS concentration of 0.03%. NPs prepared under the optimum condition were spherical and smooth with narrow particle size distribution and sustained drug release. The mean diameter was 167.5 nm, the ER was 89.52%, and the DL was 13.72%. This preparation process is stable, simple and feasible, and the NPs with a highly ER, DL, and uniform size distribution can be prepared under optimal preparation conditions.   Related Articles | Metrics

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In vivo osteogenesis of bionic periosteum constructed by adipose-derived stem cells seeded onto small intestinal submucosa  Zhang Kai-gang1, Zhang Yue-dong1, Wang Mei2 2012, 16 (3):  426-430.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.010 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (536KB) ( 260 )   Save BACKGROUD: Both adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and small intestinal submucosa (SIS) have good biocompatibility. But the effects of bionic periosteum composite constructed by them on bone defects repairment need further investigation. OBJECTIVE: To study the osteogenic feasibility of bionic periosteum constructed by ADSCs seeded onto SIS in vivo. METHODS: After osteogenic induction, ADSCs isolated from the rabbits inguinal fat were co-cultured with porcine SIS in vitro for 3 weeks to build bionic periosteum. Bionic periosteum was embedded in nude mice. ADSCs without osteogenesis induction seeded onto SIS were also embedded in nude mice as control. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After osteogenic induction, ADSCs were well adhered onto the SIS and a large amount of extracellular matrix was found in cells. At 4, 8 and 12 weeks after grafting, there was a large amount of bone formation detected by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscope. There was no cortical bone formation in the non-induced composite group. At 8 weeks after bionic periosteum grafting, immunohistochemistry results of osteopontin and osteocalcin were positive. It is indicated that bionic periosteum transplanted into nude mice can form new bone with good blood supply.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Fabrication and properties of nanometer hydroxyapatite/calcium polyphosphate/poly(L-lactic acid) composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering Zhu Ling-yun, Wang Yan-ping, Shi Zong-li, Zhang Hong-mei 2012, 16 (3):  431-433.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.011 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (448KB) ( 349 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have achieved great progresses in compound materials for bone and cartilage tissue scaffolds. However, there are still some problems. OBJECTIVE: To observe the fabrication and properties of nanometer hydroxyapatite/calcium polyphosphate/poly(L-lactic acid) (nanometer HAP/CPP/PLLA) composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. METHODS: Nanometer HAP/CPP/PLLA composite scaffold was prepared by solvent casting, particulate leaching combined with gas foaming. The properties of physical mechanics were tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The experimental results showed that the composite scaffold had high porosity and compressive modulus as well as the three-dimensional, connectivity network microstructures. Therefore, this composite may be one of scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering with potentially broad applicability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Enhanced osteogenesis of implantation of heterogeneous demineralized bone matrix combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the tympanic bullas of guinea pigs   Duan Li-fu1, Wan Hai-tao2, Li Hua-jing1, Ma Yan3, Liu Li-zhong1 2012, 16 (3):  434-437.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.012 Abstract ( 232 )   PDF (342KB) ( 262 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, there are studies on the related applications of demineralized bone matrix and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in orthopedic surgery and craniofacial reconstruction. However, the application in mastoid obliteration is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the osteogenic effectiveness of heterogeneous demineralized bone matrix combined with BMSCs implanted into the mastoid cavity. METHODS: Inbred female guinea pig BMSCs were isolated with the whole bone marrow adherent culture method, and the demineralized bone matrix was prepared with cancellous bone of bovine femoral head. Twenty guinea pigs were equally divided into two groups: the experimental group was implanted by demineralized bone matrix combined with BMSCs into the tympanic bulla, and the control group was treated with implantation of autologous lliac into the tympanic bulla. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The new bone quantity in the two groups had no significant difference at 1 month after implantation; 2 months later, the new bone quantity in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). It is indicated that the implantation of heterogeneous demineralized bone matrix combined with BMSCs into the mastoid cavity can effectively promote the osteogenesis after mastoid obliteration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of rosiglitazone on the growth of CD34 modified decellularized vascular scaffold in vivo  Liu Yu, Zhang Yu-hai, Shi En-yi, Song Lai-chun, Gu Tian-xiang 2012, 16 (3):  438-442.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.013 Abstract ( 289 )   PDF (575KB) ( 315 )   Save BACKGROUND: CD34 antibody-modification can promote the re-endothelialization of decellularized vascular scaffold, but it can also increase the intima hyperplasia. Related studies in China confirm that rosiglitazone as a type of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist can inhibit the hyperplasia and migration of smooth muscle cells in vivo and reduce intima hyperplasia in vascular injury region. OBJECTIVE: To further verify the effect of rosiglitazone as a type of PPAR-γ agonist on the growth of smooth muscle cells and intima hyperplasia after transplantation of CD34 antibody modified decellularized vascular scaffold in vivo. METHODS: Fresh carotid arteries from rabbits were involved. CD34 antibody was fixed onto the decellularized vascular scaffolds using photochemical coupling to construct modified tissue engineering vascular which were transplanted into the carotid arteries of the experimental rabbits. Oxidation-treated vascular were transplanted into the control group. CD34 antibody modified vascular were transplanted into the CD34 group and rosiglitazone group, besides, the rosiglitazone group were treated with rosiglitazone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After transplantation of 10 days, there was few endothelial cells in the transplanted vascular of the control group and more endothelial cells in the CD34 group and the rosiglitazone group, and the intima in the CD34 group was thicker than that in the rosiglitazone group. Alpha-smooth muscle actin showed that the smooth muscle cells in the CD34 group are obviously more than that in the rosiglitazone group. At 30 days, the endothelial cells almost overlaid the whole lining endothelium in the CD34 group and the rosiglitazone group, but the number of endothelial cells in the control group was still small. There were much more smooth muscle-like cells and extracellular matrix in the CD34 group. CD34 antibody-modification can promote the re-endothelialization of decellularized vascular, and rosiglitazone can inhibit the hyperplasia of smooth miscle cells and reduce the intima hyperplasia. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with small intestinal submucosa to construct tissue-engineered skin for repair of diabetes mellitus induced full-thickness skin defects Wang Shao-yun1, Wu Di2, Zhang Li3, Zhu Xiao-song2, Yang Hao2, Li Ci-hui4, Wu Shu4, Li Shi-he2, Dong Jian5 2012, 16 (3):  443-448.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.014 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (457KB) ( 328 )   Save BACKGROUND: Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has been shown to guide the specific regeneration of many tissues. OBJECTIVE: To construct tissue-engineered skin by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with SIS to treat full-thickness skin defects in rabbits with diabetes mellitus, and to observe the healing condition and effects. METHODS: Full-thickness skin defect models were prepared in rabbits with diabetes mellitus. BMSCs with SIS were used to construct tissue-engineered skin for full-thickness skin defects in comparison with SIS scaffold and blank control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The repairing area in the combination group was larger than that of SIS scaffold and blank control groups (P < 0.05). The rate of skin growth in the combination group was also faster than that of the other two groups. There were no skin appendage structures in the three groups. It was indicated that the satisfactory effect was obtained by tissue engineered skin transplantation, and the tissue engineered skin could be used to treat the full-thickness skin defects following diabetes mellitus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomineralization behavior of electrospun polyphosphazene/gelatin composite fibrous scaffold Cai Rong, Mao Ji-fu, Cao Xiao-yan, Cai Qing, Feng Yao, Yang Xiao-ping 2012, 16 (3):  449-454.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.015 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (970KB) ( 368 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although, there are many reports about the biomineralization of electrospun polymer fibers, the reports about the biomineralization of electrospun polyphosphazene/gelatin composite fibers are rare. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility of polyphosphzaene/gelatin composite fibrous matrix as the bone tissue engineering scaffold. METHODS: Poly(alaine ethyl ester-co-glycine ethyl ester)phosphazene (PAGP)/gelatin composite nanofibers were prepared by blend electrospinning. Five times simulated body fluid (5SBF) was used to perform the biominerialization. And its bone binding activity was evaluated by scanning electron microscope, X-ray spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy techniques. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared to pure gelatin fibers, the PAGP/gelatin composite fibers could remain their morphology, no fiber conglutination and damage of porous structure were observed after crosslinking treatment. In the 5SBF balanced with continuous CO2 bubbling, formation of sheet-like dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD) and its transformation into hydroxyapatite (HA) have been detected on both pure PAGP and PAGP/gelatin composite fibers. However, the procedure took place much faster on the latter than on the former, owing to the presence of gelatin component. Nevertheless, only DCPD have been observed on pure gelatin fibers during the 24 hours of 5SBF soaking period. The results illustrated that the presence of hydrophobic PAGP prevented the dissolution of gelatin and helped to maintain the fiber morphology, thus increased the biomineralizaiton behavior of PAGP/gelatin composite fibers in comparison with pure PAGP and gelatin fibers.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Cellular biocompatibility of silk fibroin/chitosan composite scaffolds  She Rong-feng, Deng Jiang, Huang Wen-liang, Dong Zhi-jun, Liu Bin 2012, 16 (3):  455-458.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.016 Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (343KB) ( 295 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many studies show that silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CS) are natural polymer materials that have good biocompatibility.  OBJECTIVE: To discuss the biocompatibility of induced rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with SF/CS composite scaffolds. METHODS: Rabbit BMSCs were isolated, cultured and induced, and then cocultured with three-dimensional SF/CS scaffolds   in vitro. Cell toxicity of scaffolds, cell viability, cell adhesion rate were determined to evaluate cellular biocompatibility of the materials as well as scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After being induced, the rabbit BMSCs adhered and grew well on the scaffolds to keep normal division and proliferation. As time went, the cell adhesion rate increased and the scaffolds group had a stronger adhesion rate than the control group, and the difference had statistic meaning (P < 0.05). The SEM observation found that the cells grew well after 48 hours, which were closely adhered to scaffolds as well as divided and proliferated actively. The above findings indicate that the three-dimensional SF/CS scaffolds have a better cellular biocompatibility. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cellular biocompatibility of induced human bone marrow stromal cells to fluoride conversion coating magnesium alloys   Jiang Hai-ying1, Yan Zheng-bin1, 2, Zhang Zhao3, Ai Hong-jun1 2012, 16 (3):  459-462.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.017 Abstract ( 257 )   PDF (345KB) ( 311 )   Save BACKGROUND: As newly developed magnesium alloy, whether fluoride conversion coating and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) coating Biodegradable AZ31B magnesium alloy has better cell compatibility is not confirmed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cell compatibility of fluoride conversion coating and β-TCP coating Biodegradable AZ31B magnesium alloy tested with the induced human bone marrow stromal cells.  METHODS: The experiment was divided into three groups: AZ31B magnesium alloy group, fluoride conversion coating AZ31B magnesium alloy group and β-TCP coating Biodegradable AZ31B magnesium alloy group. The induced human bone marrow stromal cells were regarded as the tested cells, and the extracts of the three materials were used in the compatibility experiments in vitro.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The toxicity of cells in the leaching liquor of fluoride conversion coating and β-TCP coating Biodegradable AZ31B magnesium alloys were Grade 1. The toxicity of cells in the leaching liquor of AZ31B magnesium alloys was Grade 2. This experiment had proved that the fluoride conversion coating and β-TCP coating Biodegradable AZ31B magnesium alloys were superior than AZ31B magnesium alloys . Related Articles | Metrics

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Collagen eye drop improves corneal wound healing of rabbits  Lei Jing1, Chen Dan-chang1, Huang Dong-jing1, Song E2, Yang Wei2, Sun Ya-bin2 2012, 16 (3):  463-499.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.018 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (273KB) ( 330 )   Save BACKGROUND: Type I collagen is not only a major component of the cornea, but also can repair the injured cornea and play the role of nutrition, with a good drug delivery capability. OBJECTIVE: To understand the effect of collagen eye drop on the repairing of injured rabbit’s corneal and to evaluate the biological safety.    METHODS: Corneal Ring Drill was used for rabbit cornea injury model preparation. Anti-infection treatment was performed after surgery. Right eyes treated with collagen eye drop were used as experimental group, and left eyes treated with normal saline served as controls. Secretion and edema degrees, 2% fluorescent element corneal dyeing ratings, damage healing rates were used for evaluation of the effect of collagen eye drop on cornea injury. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The conjunctival secretions in the experimental group were greatly lower than that in the control group. Compared with the control group, the edema and congestions of rabbits after surgery were lighter in the experimental group. The healing rates of the cornea lesion at 11 and 13 days after surgery in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In vitro cytotoxicity test showed not more than 2 levels of reaction. And there was no allergic reaction, and the results showed that the collagen eye drops had no biological hazards and could accelerate the wound healing of the cornea. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of new nanotopograpgy  Liu Ji-chun1, Xu Peng1, Yu Jiang-ming1, Pu Dong-lin2, Ye Xiao-jian1 2012, 16 (3):  467-470.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.019 Abstract ( 249 )   PDF (334KB) ( 286 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many studies about biological effect of nanotopography, but the research of safety evaluation of nanotopography has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biocompatibility of new nanotopography. METHODS: The experiments of systemic toxicity, irritation and sensitization, and acute hemolysis of nanotopography were performed in Kunming mice, New Zealand rabbits and human according to “GB/T_16886”. The morphology and proliferation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured on nanotopography were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All test animals were alive. Acute toxicity: there was no significant difference in weight before and after experiment. Tests for irritation and sensitization: there were no erythema or fester on surfaces of test animals, and the difference between the experimental group and control group was significant. Acute hemolysis: hemolytic reaction could not be observed in the experimental group, and hemolytic rate was less than 5% according to absorbance. Well cell morphology and adhesion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured on nanotopography were observed by experiments in vitro, and cell proliferation at 1 day was increased compared with that at 3 days. All the results suggested that nanotopography is no-biotoxicity and has a good biocompatibility. Therefore, it can be used as orthopedic substitute implant in clinic. However, its long-term effect of biotoxicity needs to be evaluated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/type-Ⅰcollagen/chitosan composite membrane in rabbit models of spinal cord injury  Bai Wan-shan, Wang Xin-wei, Yuan Wen, Wang Zhan-chao, Liang Lei, Wang Hui-xue 2012, 16 (3):  471-474.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.020 Abstract ( 243 )   PDF (357KB) ( 288 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autologous tissue, allograft tissue, and dural substitute materials originated from animals are all difficult to reduce the morbidity and mortality of spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/type-Ⅰcollagen/chitosan composite membrane in rabbit models with spinal cord injury. METHODS: Seventy rabbits were randomly divided randomly into sham-operation group (n=10, simple laminectomy without spinal cord injury), model group (n=20, spinal cord injury without treatment), chitosan group (n=20, spinal cord injury treated with artificial dura mater of chitosan), and composite group (n=20, spinal cord injury treated with PLGA/type-Ⅰcollagen/chitosan composite membrane). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Twenty-four hours after spinal cord injury, the motor behavior scores was higher in the chitosan group and composite group than model group (P < 0.01), and the scores in the composite group were also higher than those in the chitosan group (P < 0.05). The latency of somatosensory evoked potential was longer in the model, chitosan, and composite groups than the sham-operation group after spinal cord injury. The latencies were increased at 6 hours after spinal cord injury and reached the peak at 24 hours, and then began to decrease. Two days after spinal cord injury, the differences in the latencies were insignificant among the model, chitosan and composite groups. The apoptotic rate of the sham-operation group was lower than that of other groups (P < 0.05). At 6 and 24 hours after spinal cord injury, the apoptotic rates of the chitosan and composite groups were lower than that of the model group (P < 0.05). Early surgical intervention with PLGA/type-Ⅰcollagen/chitosan composite membrane can acquire best neurological functional recovery in rabbit models of spinal cord injury.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Inhibition effect of silver ion-loaded wollastonite coating on streptococcus mutans   Jia Ying1, Liu Yan2, Qin Bo1, Wang Jin-sheng2 2012, 16 (3):  475-478.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.021 Abstract ( 443 )   PDF (336KB) ( 317 )   Save BACKGROUND: Coating material has no antibacterial. Implants containing coatings may result in infection after implantation   in vivo. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inhibition effect of silver ion-loaded wollastonite coating on streptococcus mutans in vitro. METHODS: The bacteriostatic annulus of silver ion-loaded wollastonite coating were measured using disc diffusion method in order to evaluate the antibacterial properties of the material. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the increase of the concentration of nitric acid silver, the silver ion in the coatings was increased. The bacteriostatic annulus of the 5% silver ion-loaded wollastonite group sustained for over 40 days, and the maximum diameter was bigger than those of the 1% silver ion-loaded wollastonite group and the none silver ion-loaded wollastonite group (P < 0.01). It is indicated that the silver ion-loaded wollastonite coating can slowly release Ag+ which can inhibit bacteria. The bacteriostatic efficiency of silver ion-loaded wollastonite coating and its duration time can be regulated in some degree by adding Ag+ solution of different initial concentrations into it. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and release in vitro and in vivo of isoniazid-chitosan sustained release microsphere-loaded human allogeneic bone Zhang Hong-qi, Gao Qi-le, Guo Hu-bing, Li Jin-song, Guo Chao-feng, Lu Shi-jin, Huang Shu 2012, 16 (3):  479-483.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.022 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (442KB) ( 293 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chitosan microspheres are widely used in various drug sustained release systems because of their good biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. OBJECTIVE: To study the preparation and release in vivo of isoniazid-chitosan microsphere-loaded human allogeneic bone. METHODS: After the preparation of the isoniazid-chitosan microspheres (ICMs) by spray-drying process, a 45-day in vitro drug release experiment was carried out. Isoniazid-loaded human allogeneic bone grafts (control group) and ICMs-loaded human allogeneic bone grafts (experimental group) were respectively implanted into both sides of the iliac in rabbits. The drug release characteristics in vivo were determined by high efficiency liquid chromatography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The appearances of ICMs were round, smooth and well-dispersed. Their average diameter and drug-loading rate were (3.33±0.9) μm and (16.25±1.24)% respectively. There was no burst release in vitro. The release quantity was about 20% of total amount at 24 hours, and about 76% at 45 days. The release curve was flat. The drug release was stable. Mathematical model was in line with Ritger-Peppas model. In the experimental group, the concentration of isoniazid was slowly increased at first 28 days, and then slowly decreased and lasted for more than 56 days in vivo. The concentration range was 38.05-155.75 µg/g. In the control group, the isoniazid concentration reached a peak 1982.5 ug/g in about 1 week, and the isoniazid could not be detected around the bone after 21 days. The ICMs have the characteristics of slow isoniazid releasing both in vitro and in vivo, and the release can last for a long time. ICMs-loaded bone can be used as an implanted material, which can provide mechanical support and long time local chemotherapy after the operation of bone tuberculosis.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Modified polylactic acid scaffold with hyaluronic acid Liu Chun-dong1, Zhang Zhi-guang2, Su Kai2, Kuang Shi-jun2 2012, 16 (3):  484-488.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.023 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (462KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: Polylactic acid (HA) materials do not have the good cell affinity of extracellular matrix materials. Hydrogel cross-linked with HA by chemical methods has a good biocompatibility.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in cell compatibility of new porous polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds followed its modification with HA. METHODS: Highly porous PLA scaffolds were made by salting-out method. EDC and HA were used to modify the scaffolds following mild hydrolysis on the surface of scaffolds by NaOH with low concentration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The modified PLA scaffolds with HA showed three-dimensional microporous structure underscanning electron microscopy, the pore walls and interfaces were smooth, and connection of smaller pores could be seen between the pores. Infiltration of water droplets in the modified PLA scaffolds was rapid. Water-holding capacity and water absorption capacity of the scaffolds were significantly improved. Cell adhesion and proliferation in modified scaffold were better than those unmodified. Density of cartilage cell growth and matrix secretion were more vigorous in the modified PLA scaffolds with HA. The porous three-dimensional structure of PLA scaffolds did not change after their modification with HA, and their water affinity, water absorption capacity, water capacity and biocompatibility were obviously improved after modification.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of ferric nanoparticles on surface properties of methyl vinyl silicone rubber Wu Xing1, Tian Hong-jun2, Yin Shi-heng3, Chen Jian-yun1, Li Jun1, Wang Zheng-wen1 2012, 16 (3):  489-494.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.024 Abstract ( 277 )   PDF (382KB) ( 444 )   Save BACKGROUND: X-ray image visible new composites can be harvested after ferric nanoparticles being mixed with methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVSR), however, surface properties of the composites still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of ferric nanoparticles on surface properties of MVSR. METHODS: Both previously prepared iron nanoparticle enhanced silicone rubber (INESR) and carbon-coated ferric nanoparticle enhanced silicone rubber (Fe/CESR) were chosen to be experimental group, MVSR as a control group. The surface roughness, topography, chemical components, water and diiodomethane contact angles as well as free energy of above-mentioned groups were tested respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with MVSR, the changes of surface property in the experimental groups including the increase of both Ra and Ry values of roughness, the rise of Ry values was more apparent by adding into iron nanoparticles, more nanoparticles existed among molecular chains of base rubber, atomic percentages of C, O and Si in the surfaces had been altered with a big increase in carbon-based groups caused by carbon-coated ferric nanoparticles, small decreases of water contact angles and surface free energy by adding nanoparticles and a small increase of that by adding carbon-coated ferric nanoparticles, the polar components of free energy were promoted. MVSR added with iron nanoparticles or carbon-coated nanoparticles resulted in changes of its surface property, but the changes caused by the two metal nanoparticles were not completely similar, those attributed to the structure and chemical component differences existing between the nanoparticles.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis and in vitro bioactivity of mesoporous-macroporous bioactive glass   Li Yang1, Yan Peng-hua2, Liu Bin1, Wang Jin-qing2 2012, 16 (3):  495-498.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.025 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (555KB) ( 320 )   Save BACKGROUND: As the bone substitute materials, the bioactive glasses with excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility are used to repair the bone defects. Especially, porous bioactive glasses are benefiicial to form bone in virtue of its high specific surface area and pore volume. OBJECTIVE: To utilize citric acid as a substitution of inorganic acid so as to synthesize self-assembled mesoporous- macroporous bioactive glass (MMBG). METHODS: Citric acid and P123 were dissolved in ethanol, and the mixture was continuously stirred for 2 hours. Tetraethyl orthosilicate, Ca(NO3)2•4H2O, and triethyl phosphate were then added to the solution and stirred for 24 hours, followed by putting the solution in a beaker for 7 days under static conditions. Finally, calcination was performed for removing the organic composition. Samples were evaluated by immersion studies in simulated body fluid. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The synthesized material had mesoporous-macroporous structure with high porosity and BET surface. The samples also showed good bone-forming activity. It is anticipated that the synthesized MMBG can be used in bone defect repairing and bone tissue engineering. Related Articles | Metrics

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Different thickness ratios of core to veneer influence the flexural strength of bilayered zirconia ceramic Shi Hai-lan, Hu Shu-hai, Zhang Lei, Ren Xiang, Zuo En-jun 2012, 16 (3):  499-502.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.026 Abstract ( 255 )   PDF (325KB) ( 351 )   Save BACKGROUND: Zirconia ceramic has superior strength and toughness to traditional feldspar porcelain and alumina ceramic; however, the flexural strength relates to the thickness ratio of core to veneer. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different core: veneer thickness ratios to veneer on the flexural strength and failure mode of bilayered dental ceramic sheet specimens. METHODS: Zirconia ceramic blocks (15 mm×5.0 mm) after sintering were cut into 30 sheets with low speed saw according to the following thickness: 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm. After veneering porcelain was fired, all bilayered ceramic sheets and simple zirconia sheets had same specimen thickness of 2.0 mm and equally divided into six groups of five each according to core: veneer thickness ratio: A group (1:3), B group (2:3), C group (1:1), D group (3:2), E group (3:1) and F group of simple zirconia as control. All specimens were mounted in a custom-made jig (span: 12 mm) and subjected to a 3-point flexural testing in a universal testing machine. Recorded maximum load (N) of each specimen and calculated flexural strength (MPa). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mean flexural strength (MPa) of 6 groups were as follows: A group (522.17±41.11), B group (664.00±68.44), C group (695.06±31.16), D group (794.10±46.11), E group (843.20±38.22) and F group (926.89±44.46). The strength of bilayered ceramic specimens was smaller than simple zirconia ceramic. There was statistically significant difference between any two of six groups except B and C, D and E. The number of fracture fragments in A and B groups was higher than that in the other groups, and most of specimens presented with delaminations in A and B groups and no in the others. Different core: veneer thickness ratios could significantly influence the flexural strength and failure mode of bilayered zirconia and veneering porcelain materials, and flexural strength could be enhanced with the increase of core:veneer thickness ratio. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bending properties of glass fiber-reinforced plastic for post materials evaluated by cantilever test   Hu Shu-hai1, Fujishima Akihiro2○, Liu Yang1, Ren Xiang1, Zuo En-jun1 2012, 16 (3):  503-506.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.027 Abstract ( 225 )   PDF (432KB) ( 248 )   Save BACKGROUND: Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) has been introduced as an alternative root canal post material for conventional metal cast- and prefabricated posts, but the unique shape and small sizes of the commercial GFRP posts has made the mechanical evaluations difficult using conventional bending tests. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bending properties of three types of commercial GFRP posts using a sensitive cantilever test. METHODS: Three commercial GFRP posts with different diameters were used in this study, and tested posts were divided into four groups based on diameter ranges (0.9-1.0 mm, 1.2-1.25 mm, 1.4-1.5 mm and 1.6 mm). Bending specimens were prepared by embedding half of each post into resin cement in a mould, and then fixed into the jig and subjected to a cantilever test in a texture analyzer with a load speed of 6 mm/min. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Typical load-deflection curves of the GFRP posts included a number of sharp decreases of load after the proportional limits and before fractures. The peak load before the first decrease of load was defined as a pop-in load, and used as an index of an important mechanical property. Debending of the fibers from the matrix and crack initiation after the pop-in load appeared in scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs of the GFRP post surfaces. The maximum bending load tended to increase with an increase of post diameter; however, the bending strength decreased with an increase in diameter. The elastic modulus of GFP and FBK posts decreased significantly with an increase of post diameter. The bending strength and elastic moduli of FBK posts with a diameter of 1.0 mm were the highest among the tested posts. The bending properties of GFRP posts may be evaluated under clinical situation using a sensitive cantilever test. The behavior of pop-in load was a useful index of evaluation of clinical prognoses of GFRP posts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of damage degree of gingival retraction materials with different dosage forms on the gingival tissues Yang Chun-jiang1, Liu Xuan2, Wu Wen-hui3 2012, 16 (3):  507-510.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.028 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (316KB) ( 248 )   Save BACKGROUND: Gingival retraction contributes to the accurate records of the position and morphology of the tooth prepare edge, thereby enhance the suitability of the gingival margin in the fixed restoration, to ensure the success and long-term stability of the restoration. OBJECTIVE: To observe the damage degree of gingival tissues in rats treated with gingival retraction cord and gingival retraction paste gum. METHODS: A total of 65 Wistar rats were involved in this experiment. Experimental rats were treated with gingival retraction cord and gingival retraction paste gum; control rats did not receive gingival retraction treatment. Rat gingival tissues were collected at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 12 days after gingival retraction for observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pathology observation showed that both gingival retraction cord and gingival retraction paste gum can lead to gingival tissue damage and inflammatory reaction. The inflammatory reaction in the gingival retraction cord group was severe than that in the gingival retraction paste gum group; however, the histology manifestation of gingival tissues in both groups returned to normal on 12 day after gingival retraction. These findings indicate that the two dosage forms of gingival retraction materials are safe and reliable; but the damage of the gingival tissues caused by gingival retraction paste gum is lighter than that caused by gingival retraction cord, therefore the gingival retraction paste gum has better biological effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Retention performance of new type molar bands: Shear bond strengths and bonding of glass ionomer in three directions   Fu Wei1, Zhou Shan1, Ding Yuan-feng1, Wang Pei-jun1, Xu Shi-qian2 2012, 16 (3):  511-514.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.029 Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (291KB) ( 345 )   Save BACKGROUND: Molar band has important anchorage capacity during orthodontic process based on its high fixation strength. However, traditional molar band has many disadvantages. OBJECTIVE: To compare the retention performance between new type molar bands and traditional molar bands. METHODS: Extracted human lower third molars were collected and randomly divided into two groups, the control group was designed for traditional bands bonding with glass ionomer cements, and then the bands were subjected to vertical directional load; the experimental group was designed for new type bands bonding with resin-modified glass ionomer cements, and then the bands were subjected to three directional load (vertical, mesial and distal). The surface areas of the two types of bands were tested to calculate their maximum load of complete loss. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Shear bond strengths of the experimental group were significantly stronger than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Shear bond strengths in mesial and distal directions were stronger than that in the vertical direction of the experimental group (P < 0.05). The combination of new type bands with resin-modified glass ionomer cements highlight the advantages of new type bands, and their retention performances are superior to the traditional bands bonding with glass ionomer cements. New type bands bonding to molars can produce a anchorage capacity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chroma value comparison of three kinds of shade guides under different lights Xin Wei1, Chen Xiang-tao1, Yue Chang-jun2, Cheng Lei3 2012, 16 (3):  515-517.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.030 Abstract ( 374 )   PDF (248KB) ( 485 )   Save BACKGROUND: Color is an important sign to test whether the restoration is successful during dental repair. OBJECTIVE: To compare the color ranges of three kinds of shade guides under three different lights, and compare these color ranges with that of Chinese teeth. METHODS: Chroma values of Vita Classial, ShoFu Vintage and Ivoclar Chromascop shade guides under different lights were collected and measured by digital camera and computer software on International Commission on Illumination 1976L*a*b*color system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Vita Classial shade guide was lack of red and yellow shade chips with large saturation because of its low a* value and narrow a* and b* value ranges. ShoFu Vintage and Ivoclar Chromascop shade guides were lack of color chips with lower b* value which was blue shade chip with small saturation. Chroma values of each shade guide under different lights changed, the difference between natural light and fluorescent light was reflected in lightness, while the differences between stage light and natural light or fluorescent light were reflected in lightness and chroma. Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta analysis of polishing effect after ultrasonic scaling Zhang Yong-hong, Feng Yun 2012, 16 (3):  518-521.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.031 Abstract ( 234 )   PDF (226KB) ( 322 )   Save BACKGROUND: Silicon points polishing, rubber cup polishing and air peen polishing are three principal polishing methods at present. OBJECTIVE: To study the different clinical effects of three polishing methods after ultrasonic scaling using a systematic review process. METHODS: Papers published between January 1981 to 2011 referred to polishing after ultrasonic scaling were obtained by a search of Medline database and a manually retrieve. 6 papers were selected to quality assess according to inclusion criteria. The plaque index was taken as the unify index used for balanced detection of the papers. The data from the studies underwent statistical analysis by pooling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 278 patients from 6 clinical controlled trials were included. Meta-analysis results indicated that the three polishing methods could delay the formation of plaque. There was no difference in the effects of the three methods. More randomized controlled trials are required to verify these conclusions owing to the limitations of the present study. Related Articles | Metrics

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Literature review of scaffold materials in cartilage tissue engineering  Wu Cheng-jun, Huo Ran, Lü Ren-rong 2012, 16 (3):  522-526.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.032 Abstract ( 288 )   PDF (457KB) ( 485 )   Save BACKGROUND: Four types scaffold materials in cartilage tissue engineering have been reported at present, they are natural polymers, synthetic biodegradable materials, new composite biomaterials of natural materials and natural polymers, and nano-materials. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the literatures at home and abroad in recent years about scaffold materials in tissue engineering and to explore the problems and application prospects currently. METHODS: A computer-based online search of literatures related to scaffold materials in cartilage tissue engineering from January 1997 to January 2011 was performed in PubMed database and CNKI database using the key words of “natural polymer materials, synthetic materials, new biological materials, nanometer materials, scaffold materials, cartilage tissue engineering” in English and in Chinese. A total of 33 literatures excluded repetitive studies were chosen to summarize. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Single materials of tissue engineering are gradually replaced by composite materials which have higher pore porosity, lower antigenicity, better histocompatibility, and better abilities for adhesion and proliferation of chondrocytes. Biodegradable materials can be processed with exact shapes by computer-aided design and three-dimensional printing rapid prototyping technology. The future direction of development is to develop a type of biodegradable material which has an exact shape, a certain mechanical strength and appropriate aperture based on inner support scaffolds with slow rate of degradation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Antibacterial properties and mechanism of nano-zinc oxide Hu Zhan-jiang1, Zhao Zhong1, Wang Xue-mei2 2012, 16 (3):  527-527.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.033 Abstract ( 462 )   PDF (389KB) ( 1448 )   Save BACKGROUND: The zinc oxide has a good biocompatibility, security and long effectiveness, and can be used as a type of antibacterial material of active oxide category. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the antibacterial properties and mechanism of nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO). METHODS: A computer-based online search of related papers from December 1995 to February 2011 was performed in Elsevier (Science Direct) and Web of Science databases using the key words of “antibacterial properties of nano-ZnO” in English, and in CNKI and Wanfang databases using the key words of “antibacterial properties of nano-ZnO” in Chinese. Totally 75 literatures were selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The nano-ZnO has a strong bactericidal property in many fields. It can replace other materials of active oxide category based on its good biocompatibility, security and long effectiveness. The antibacterial properties and mechanism of nano-ZnO were summarized in this study from the sides of modified antibacterial properties and the effects of morphology and structure of nano-ZnO on antibacterial properties. However, more studies are in need to solve how to improve the utilization and antibacterial properties, and to expand the applications of nano-ZnO in antibacterial and other fields.      Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical performance of materials for knee joint injury repair Yan Hai-lian 2012, 16 (3):  531-534.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.034 Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (367KB) ( 320 )   Save BACKGROUND: Knee joint is the main weight loading joint of human body and the center part of human body motion. The physiologic structure and motion composition are very complex. Knee joint injury is common in sports and daily lift. Therefore, selection of appropriate knee joint biomaterials is critical for repair and functional reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To summarize performance and clinical application of knee biomaterials and analyze selection of biomaterials and correlation with biomechanics. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed, VIP and Wanfang database was performed for articles published between January 1980 and October 2011 regarding knee joint injury treatment and materials, with key words “knee; materials; mechanics” in English and Chinese. Finally, 27 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During knee regeneration or reconstruction or prosthesis replacement, ideal materials play important roles in treatment effects. The selection of materials and biomechanics are closely correlated. Study and development of materials with ideal biomechanics are important, and modification for the materials is also necessary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Different cardiovascular stent materials effects on endothelin and vascular restenosis in elderly patients with coronary artery disease Liu Yan-ming1, Wang Xue-fang2 2012, 16 (3):  535-538.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.035 Abstract ( 265 )   PDF (441KB) ( 257 )   Save ACKGROUND: Stent implantation is an effective way to treat coronary heart disease. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of different cardiovascular stent materials on vascular restenosis and endothelin content in elderly patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS: The first author searched VIP databases for articles published 1995-01/2011-06 using the keywords of cardiovascular stents, elderly coronary heart disease, endothelin, vascular restenosis”. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Diffuse coronary vascular disease, vascular wall damage, thrombosis, inflammatory factors and cytokines are more seen in elderly patients than young and middle-aged patients receiving simple balloon angioplasty. Postoperative long- and middle-term vascular restenosis rate is also higher in young and middle-aged patients. Bare-metal stents can reduce the incidence of vascular restenosis and thrombosis and the production of various growth factors and cytokines as compared with simple balloon angioplasty. Drug stents are effective to inhibit vascular recoil and negative remodeling, reduce the incidence of long- and middle-term restenosis, decrease the occurrence of complications and improve the quality of life of elderly patients with coronary heart disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of SeaSorb-Ag dressing combined with hydrogel on healing of chronic wound Ge Xiao-jing, Zhang Hong-wei, Shi Jing-ping, Li Qian, Hu Ming-yu 2012, 16 (3):  539-542.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.036 Abstract ( 513 )   PDF (334KB) ( 661 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies show that the alginate and hydrogel dressings can promote wound healing. The effects of SeaSorb-Ag dressing combined with hydrogel dressing on healing of refractory chronic wound are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy of SeaSorb-Ag combined with hydrogel dressing on healing of chronic wound. METHODS: A total of 34 patients were selected from the Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital from April 2010 to March 2011. All cases were divided into two groups randomly. The treatment group was treated with SeaSorb-Ag dressing and hydrogel dressing sequentially, and the control group was treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine on the vaseline gauze. Secretions extracted from wound were used for bacterial culture at 7, 10, 14, 17 and 21 days after treatment. Healing condition and velocity, adverse drug reactions, wound painfulness, and granulation damage were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The detection rate of wound bacteria in the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.01). Wound healing time of the treatment group was shorted in about 6 days compared with the control group. The speed of wound healing in the treatment group was significantly faster than that of the control group (P < 0.05). There were no adverse reactions in both groups. The treatment group had no significant pain and damage to granulation tissue during healing. The sequential treatment of SeaSorb-Ag dressing and hydrogel dressing can promote the regeneration of granulation tissue and epithelial cells, and accelerate wound healing in chronic wound. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of vacuum-sealing drainage based on wound surface dressing biomaterials in large area skin grafting Xu Hai-dong, Zhao Jian-ning, Shang Hou-lai, Lu Jun-hao, Chen Yong 2012, 16 (3):  543-546.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.037 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (278KB) ( 363 )   Save BACKGROUND: The key points of large area skin grafting are blocking wound surface, decreasing exudation and avoiding diff-healing wounds. A new wound surface dressing biomaterial can improve the achievement ratio of skin grafting. OBJECTIVE: To study the curative effect of vacuum-sealing drainage (VSD) based on wound surface dressing biomaterials on large area skin grafting. METHODS: Sixty patients with large area skin grafting were divided into three groups by their wishes: wound surface bio-dressing group, synthetic material group and routine pressure dressing group. Dressing group patients were covered by wound surface dressing biomaterials and synthetic materials after debridement and skin graft, and then biological semipermeable membrane was used to construct a vacuum device or routine pressure dressing directly. The coverage of skin grafting was calculated at one week after skin grafting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The coverage of skin grafting was improved by using VSD. The coverage of skin grafting in the wound surface dressing biomaterial group was higher than that of the synthetic material group (P < 0.05). Compared with the routine pressure dressing group the coverage of skin grafting was significantly increased in the other two groups. New wound surface dressing biomaterials can improve the curative effect of VSD.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between narrow carotid artery aneurysm around Willis ring and selection of embolic materials Shi Yue1, Huang Yu-jie2, Cai Ting-jiang3, Wang An-ming1, Gao Cong-jing1 2012, 16 (3):  547-550.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.038 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (404KB) ( 332 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the continuous development of the imaging equipments and embolic materials, intracranial aneurysm endovascular embolization has become a treatment method. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of the morphological features of narrow carotid artery aneurysm around the Willis ring with the embolic material selection and endovascular embolization treatment. METHODS: Dual-source CT angiography screening examination was performed in patients undergoing Seldinger technique of cerebral angiography with digital signature algorithm, according to the different anatomical forms of aneurysm, the appropriate choice of coil was conducted for embolization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Thirty-one patients with 36 aneurysms were successfully embolized, complete thrombosis in 31, accounting for 86.11%, the majority of embolization in 5, accounting for 13.89%. After a follow-up of 6 to 12 months, all patients did not present with re-bleeding or thrombosis. Aneurysm embolization was not only related to the aneurysm shape, but also related to embolic materials. Therefore, to choose appropriate endovascular coil according to the morphological characteristics is a safe and effective method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical hemostasis effect of a novel hemostatic material SURGICELTM versus gelatin sponge in neurosurgery Huo Lei, Ruan Wen-hua, Ding Zhi-liang, Cheng Zhi-qi, Wu Gang 2012, 16 (3):  551-554.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.039 Abstract ( 323 )   PDF (262KB) ( 760 )   Save BACKGROUND: A novel hemostatic material SURGICELTM has achieved good clinical results in the micro-surgery of many sections, and in neurosurgery, there is no prospective randomized controlled study reported. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of SURGICELTM and gelatin sponge in the management of active and local bleeding in neurosurgery. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing cranial neurosurgery in the Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital between April 2008 and December 2010 were randomized into the SURGICELTM group (n=30) and gelatin sponge group (n=30) with the use of SURGICELTM and gelatin sponge as hemostatic materials, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: One case of hemostasis failed in the SURGICELTM group, whereas 3 cases failed in the gelatin sponge group. The failure rate of the gelatin sponge group was 10%, significantly higher than that of the SURGICELTM group (3%, P < 0.05). The mean hemostasis time in the SURGICELTM group and gelatin sponge group was (2.43±0.75) and (4.23±0.89) minutes, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two group (P < 0.05). No allergic reaction and rejection occurred postoperatively. SURGICELTM allows faster hemostatic effect and larger hemostatic success rate than gelatin sponge during neurosurgeries. Related Articles | Metrics

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Universality and specificity of esophageal stents with different materials and structures during perioperative period of patients with malignant esophageal strictures: A life quality questionnaire  Sun Xiao-na, Yu Jin-zhong, Dang Zhong-qin 2012, 16 (3):  555-559.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.040 Abstract ( 196 )   PDF (373KB) ( 327 )   Save BACKGROUND: Z-type stainless steel stent and memory alloy net-like stent are commonly used for esophageal surgery at present, while whether there are differences in efficacy between them is still confused. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of implantation of esophageal stent with different materials and structures on treatment of patients with malignant esophageal strictures using life quality questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 79 patients with advanced esophageal cancer were involved. Thirty-eight patients were treated with Chinese-made Z-type stainless steel stent and 41 patients were implanted with nickel-titanium shape-memory alloy net-like stent. Evaluation of universal life quality questionnaire and specific questionnaire of esophageal cancer was performed at 1 and 3 months after implantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The universal life quality questionnaire showed that the physical, role, emotional and social function scores and general healthy scores of all patients after implantation were obviously increased than before (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). The specific questionnaire of esophageal cancer showed there were no significant differences in each functional score and general healthy score before and after implantation  (P > 0.05). However, the scores were reduced at 1 and 3 months after implantation, and the scores of each function and general health in the memory alloy net-like stent group were obviously higher than those in the Z-type stainless steel stent group (P > 0.05). The results indicate that both Z-type stainless steel stent and nickel-titanium shape-memory alloy net-like stent can improve the life quality of patients with malignant esophageal strictures, but the nickel-titanium shape-memory alloy net-like stent is superior to the Z-type stainless steel stent in improving the specific life quality scores of esophageal cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Soluble Fas level changes in serum and synovial fluid of patients with knee osteoarthritis following injection of sodium hyaluronate   Lan Tian-lu 2012, 16 (3):  560-562.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.041 Abstract ( 233 )   PDF (245KB) ( 291 )   Save BACKGROUND: Apoptosis of articular chondrocytes plays an important role in the progression of osteoarthritis. Fas is an important protein in apoptosis pathway, which is a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor family. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of soluble Fas (sFas) in serum of patients with knee osteoarthritis and the effects of sodium hyaluronate on sFas in serum and synovial fluid. METHODS: Sixty-four patients with knee osteoarthritis and forty-eight healthy controls were enrolled. Patients with knee osteoarthritis were divided into sodium hyaluronate group and regular treatment group randomly. Patients in the regular treatment group were given regular treatment. Patients in sodium hyaluronate group were treated with intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate (2 mL, once for 1 week) for 5 weeks based on regular treatment. The levels of sFas in serum and synovial fluid were examined in controls and patients before and after therapy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The serum sFas levels were significantly increased in patients with knee osteoarthritis compared with normal controls. Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that the increased serum sFas was an independent risk factor of the presence of knee osteoarthritis. After 5 weeks treatment, the sFas levels in serum and synovial fluid were significantly decreased in the sodium hyaluronate group compared with those before treatment. However, there were no significant differences in the sFas levels in serum and synovial fluid of the regular treatment group before and after treatment. Sodium hyaluronate can reduce the sFas levels in serum and synovial fluid of patients with knee osteoarthritis.   Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of double-deck complex patches in repair of large and huge abdominal incisional hernias Zhang Lei, Chen Jian-min, Chen Ya-ke, Wang Wei-bin 2012, 16 (3):  563-566.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.042 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF (219KB) ( 348 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional hernioplasty and tissue-autografting hernioplasty have some limitations in repair of large abdominal wall defects. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of synthetic double-deck complex patch on repairing large and huge abdominal incisional hernias. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 71 cases suffered large and huge abdominal incisional hernia from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from December 2008 to December 2010. All the cases were treated by tension-free repair with double-deck complex patches. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the cases recovered smoothly without serious complications. Subcutaneous hydrops occurred in 5 cases, and were cured by dressing treatment. No recurrence and incision infection occurred during the follow-up of 6-30 months after operation. The results suggested that the double-deck complex patch is a type of safe and reliable material which can be used to repair large and huge abdominal incisional hernias in present. Related Articles | Metrics

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Unilateral versus bilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures  Luo Xian-lu, Zheng Chang-kun, Kan Wu-sheng, Li Peng 2012, 16 (3):  567-570.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.03.043 Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (273KB) ( 386 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are differences between unilateral and bilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy difference of unilateral versus bilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures. METHODS: The patients with osteoporotic compression fractures were randomly divided into unilateral and bilateral puncture group. Patients underwent unilateral or bilateral kyphoplasty with bone cement. The X-ray film of lateral spinal was taken during follow-up. The changes of anterior, middle and posterior vertebral body height and the convex angle were measured. The pain visual analogue score was used to determine the relief of low back pain, and the oswestry functional disability index was used to assess the quality of life. A follow-up of 12-36 months was preformed with an average of 26.3 months.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mean operation time, the mean volume of cement injected into one level and the times of intraoperative fluoroscopy of unilateral group was lower than that of bilateral group (P < 0.05). There were significant difference in pain visual analogue score, Cobb’s angle, oswestry functional disability index and the anterior, middle and posterior vertebral body height in two groups before puncture. Unilateral kyphoplasty for osteoporotic compression fractures is effective similar to bilateral kyphoplasty. But less time, fluoroscopy and cement were the advantage of unilateral kyphoplasty.   Related Articles | Metrics