中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (19): 5007-5014.doi: 10.12307/2026.218

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

干细胞源性外泌体调控炎性微环境提高少突胶质细胞的修复活性

张希贤   

  1. 河南科技大学基础医学与法医学院,河南省洛阳市   471000
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-25 接受日期:2025-11-09 出版日期:2026-07-08 发布日期:2026-02-24
  • 作者简介:张希贤,男,2004年生,河南省鄢陵县人,汉族,河南科技大学在读本科。
  • 基金资助:
    河南省高等学校重点科研项目基础研究项目(24A360016),项目参与人:张希贤

Stem cell-derived exosomes modulate the inflammatory microenvironment and enhance regenerative capacity of oligodendrocytes

Zhang Xixian   

  1. College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, China
  • Received:2025-08-25 Accepted:2025-11-09 Online:2026-07-08 Published:2026-02-24
  • About author:College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Key Scientific Research Project of Henan Province Higher Education (Basic Research Project), No. 24A360016 (to ZXX)

摘要:

文题释义:

少突胶质细胞:在中枢神经系统中包绕轴突,形成绝缘的髓鞘结构,协助生物电信号的跳跃式高效传递并维持和保护神经元的正常功能。少突胶质细胞异常导致中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病变,调控炎性微环境可以提高少突胶质细胞的修复活性。
干细胞源性外泌体:干细胞分泌的直径30-150 nm的细胞外囊泡,其内容物活性成分主要包括核酸、蛋白质以及脂质等,参与细胞间通讯、免疫调节、组织修复等多种生理和病理过程。

摘要
背景:神经损伤后炎症微环境与少突胶质细胞的动态相互作用是神经退行性疾病和脱髓鞘疾病的核心病理环节。干细胞源性外泌体凭借天然的低免疫原性、高效的屏障穿透能力、靶向递送多样促修复因子特性,在调控少突胶质细胞分化和炎症微环境方面发挥了促进神经修复与再生的关键作用。
目的:探讨干细胞源性外泌体调控炎性微环境促进少突胶质细胞存活、分化和髓鞘修复的作用机制,为干细胞源性外泌体通过多组分协同(miRNA、蛋白、代谢物)和微环境适配治疗神经疾病提供“无细胞治疗”新范式。
方法:检索中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed数据库中2010-2025年发表的文献,中文检索词为“外泌体,干细胞,工程化,诊断,炎性微环境、少突胶质细胞,信号通路”,英文检索词为“Stem cell-derived exosomes,Oligodendrocytes,Inflammatory microenvironment,signaling pathway,regulatory mechanisms”,剔除与研究主题无关的文献,根据纳入及排除标准,对符合纳入标准的65篇文献进行综述分析。
结果与结论:①概述了外泌体的生物学特性及在中枢神经系统中的作用,分析了炎性微环境对少突胶质细胞的影响及外泌体的调控机制,包括miRNA介导的信号通路调节、抗炎因子分泌和免疫细胞功能调控等方面;②阐述炎症微环境对少突胶质细胞生物学行为的调控机制及在疾病发生发展中的作用;③提出基于靶向肽修饰和功能分子负载的工程化外泌体递送系统,结合中药活性成分调控策略构建无细胞治疗新范式;④从分子层面解释外泌体功能网络与髓鞘动态平衡之间的深度互作关系,为开发外泌体靶向递送系统干预神经系统脱髓鞘疾病提供了治疗新方向。

关键词: 干细胞, 外泌体, 炎性微环境, 少突胶质细胞, 信号通路, 调节机制

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The dynamic interplay between the inflammatory microenvironment and oligodendrocytes following neural injury constitutes a central pathological feature in neurodegenerative and demyelinating diseases. Stem cell-derived exosomes, leveraging their inherent low immunogenicity, efficient barrier-penetrating capacity, and targeted delivery of diverse pro-repair factors, play a pivotal role in modulating oligodendrocyte differentiation and the inflammatory microenvironment, thereby facilitating neural repair and regeneration.  
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms by which stem cell-derived exosomes regulate the inflammatory microenvironment to enhance oligodendrocyte survival, differentiation, and myelin repair. It seeks to establish a novel "cell-free therapy" paradigm, utilizing exosome-mediated multi-component synergy (miRNAs, proteins, and metabolites) and microenvironmental adaptation for treating neurological disorders.  
METHODS: Literature searches were conducted in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and WanFang databases, covering publications from 2010 to 2025. Chinese search terms included “exosomes, stem cells, engineered, diagnosis, inflammatory microenvironment, oligodendrocytes, signaling pathways,” while English terms comprised “stem cell-derived exosomes, oligodendrocytes, inflammatory microenvironment, signaling pathway, regulatory mechanisms.” Irrelevant studies were excluded, and 65 articles meeting inclusion criteria were systematically reviewed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.  
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The biological characteristics of exosomes and their roles in the central nervous system were summarized, followed by an in-depth analysis of the inflammatory microenvironment's impact on oligodendrocytes and exosome-mediated regulatory mechanisms, including miRNA-modulated signaling pathways, anti-inflammatory factor secretion, and immune cell function regulation. (2) The regulatory mechanisms of the inflammatory microenvironment on oligodendrocyte behavior and their implications in disease pathogenesis were elucidated. (3) An engineered exosome delivery system incorporating targeted peptide modification and functional molecule loading was proposed, combined with traditional Chinese medicine-derived bioactive components to construct an innovative cell-free therapeutic strategy. (4) At the molecular level, the intricate crosstalk between exosome functional networks and myelin homeostasis was elucidated, providing a novel therapeutic direction for exosome-based targeted delivery systems in treating demyelinating neurological disorders.


Key words: stem cell, exosome, inflammatory microenvironment, oligodendrocyte, signaling pathway, regulatory mechanism

中图分类号: