中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (19): 5024-5032.doi: 10.12307/2026.220

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡干预细胞调控网络治疗肺纤维化的机制与临床策略

丁  炎1,聂宏光1,孙  宇2   

  1. 中国医科大学基础医学院,1干细胞与再生医学研究室,2病理生理学教研室,辽宁省沈阳市   110122
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18 接受日期:2025-10-14 出版日期:2026-07-08 发布日期:2026-02-24
  • 通讯作者: 孙宇,高级实验师,中国医科大学基础医学院病理生理学教研室,辽宁省沈阳市 110122
  • 作者简介:丁炎,女,1987年生,辽宁省沈阳市人,汉族,博士,高级实验师,主要从事干细胞与肺损伤研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(82170093),项目负责人:聂宏光;辽宁省科学技术计划项目(2023JH2/20200072),项目负责人:丁炎;辽宁省自然科学基金计划项目(2023-BS-103),项目负责人:孙宇

Mechanisms and clinical strategies of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles intervening in cell regulatory networks to treat pulmonary fibrosis

Ding Yan1, Nie Hongguang1, Sun Yu2   

  1. 1Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, 2Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
  • Received:2025-08-18 Accepted:2025-10-14 Online:2026-07-08 Published:2026-02-24
  • Contact: Sun Yu, Senior experimentalist, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
  • About author:Ding Yan, MD, Senior experimentalist, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82170093 (to NHG); Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Project, No. 2023JH2/20200072 (to DY); Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project, No. 2023-BS-103 (to SY)

摘要:

文题释义:

间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡:是由间充质干细胞分泌的纳米级膜包裹的囊泡,直径通常在30-1 000 nm之间。这些囊泡是细胞间通讯的重要媒介,携带多种生物活性分子,包括蛋白质、脂质、核酸和代谢产物。间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡保留了母细胞的许多治疗特性,具有更低的免疫原性和更高的安全性。它们通过旁分泌机制发挥作用,能够穿越生物屏障(如血脑屏障),在组织修复和免疫调节中表现出显著的效果。
肺纤维化:以肺泡结构进行性破坏、细胞外基质大量沉积和肺瘢痕形成为特征的间质性肺部疾病,伴随不可逆的肺功能下降及进行性呼吸衰竭。

摘要
背景:肺纤维化是一种以细胞外基质异常沉积为特征的慢性进行性肺疾病,目前缺乏有效的治疗手段。间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡凭借脂质包膜结构可穿越体内屏障,将多种抗纤维化、免疫调节因子(如生长因子、免疫调节细胞因子、趋化因子)、脂质和核酸(mRNA和miRNA)等生物活性物质直接递送至肺内靶细胞。
目的:系统综述间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡治疗肺纤维化的核心机制,总结和阐述间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡将携带的生物活性物质直接递送至肺内不同靶细胞,展现出调控肺纤维化微环境的独特优势,为将来利用间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡治疗肺纤维化疾病提供理论基础。
方法:应用计算机检索中国知网、PubMed数据库、clinicaltrials.gov数据库和中国临床试验注册中心,英文检索关键词为“Mesenchymal stem cells,Extracellular vesicles,Pulmonary fibrosis,Alveolar epithelium,Microvascular endothelium,Macrophages,Neutrophils”,中文检索关键词为“间充质干细胞,细胞外囊泡,肺纤维化,上皮细胞,血管内皮细胞,巨噬细胞,中性粒细胞”,最终纳入56篇文献进行总结。
结果与结论:在肺泡上皮细胞中,通过调控蛋白激酶B/糖原合成酶激酶3β、转化生长因子β/Smad等信号通路抑制上皮间质转化进程,以及特定miRNA(如miR-466f-3p、let-7等)阻断促纤维化通路网络。而在成纤维细胞和内皮细胞中,分别通过miR-21-5p和miR-218/miR-214-3p干预成纤维细胞的活化和内皮间质转化,同时从宏观上重编程单核细胞、调控巨噬细胞极化、抑制树突细胞成熟及平衡Th17/Treg反应,重塑免疫微环境。此外,基于工程化修饰(靶向肽修饰、药物共载)的间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡还可增强病变区域多细胞亚型的精准靶向性,而囊泡异质性、规模化制备标准及体内动态示踪技术仍是临床转化的关键瓶颈。未来研究需结合单细胞测序与空间多组学技术,深入解析间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡干预细胞调控网络的深入机制,制定以细胞为靶点的新型肺纤维化临床治疗策略。

关键词: 肺纤维化, 细胞外囊泡, 细胞调控网络, 生长因子, 上皮间质转化

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive lung disease characterized by abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix, with current therapeutic options remaining limited. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells, with their lipid membrane structure, can cross the internal barriers in the body and directly deliver various anti-fibrotic, immunomodulatory factors (such as growth factors, immunomodulatory cytokines, and chemokines), lipids and nucleic acids (mRNAs and miRNAs) and other bioactive substances to target cells in the lungs. 
OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the core mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, summarize and elaborate on how extracellular vesicles directly deliver the bioactive substances they carry to different target cells in the lungs, demonstrating their unique advantages in regulating the pulmonary fibrosis microenvironment, providing a theoretical basis for the future use of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis diseases.
METHODS: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry were searched. English search terms were “mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular vesicles, pulmonary fibrosis, alveolar epithelium, microvascular endothelium, macrophages, neutrophils.” A total of 56 articles were finally included for the summary.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In alveolar epithelial cells, the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition is inhibited by regulating signaling pathways such as protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β and transforming growth factor β/Smad. The pro-fibrotic signaling network can be blocked by specific miRNAs (such as miR-466f-3p and let-7). In fibroblasts and endothelial cells, miR-21-5p and miR-218/miR-214-3p are used to intervene in the activation of fibroblasts and endothelial-mesenchymal transition, respectively. From a macroscopic perspective, monocytes are reprogrammed, macrophage polarization is regulated, dendritic cell maturation is inhibited, and the Th17/Treg response is balanced, reshaping the immune microenvironment. Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles modified through engineering approaches (targeted peptide modification and drug co-loading) can also enhance the precise targeting of multiple cell subtypes in the lesion area. However, vesicle heterogeneity, large-scale preparation standards, and in vivo dynamic tracing techniques remain key bottlenecks for clinical translation. Future research should integrate single-cell sequencing and spatial multi-omics technologies to deeply explore the underlying mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in regulating cellular networks and develop novel clinical treatment strategies for pulmonary fibrosis targeting cells.


Key words: pulmonary fibrosis, extracellular vesicles, cell regulatory network, growth factor, epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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