中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (3): 701-710.doi: 10.12307/2026.013

• 骨与关节综述 bone and joint review • 上一篇    下一篇

免疫微环境调节骨再生

杨  虎1,郑 宇2,贾承明2,王  通1,张广飞1,纪垚垚1   

  1. 1陕西中医药大学,陕西省咸阳市   712000;2陕西省中医医院,陕西省西安市   710000
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02 接受日期:2025-02-06 出版日期:2026-01-28 发布日期:2025-07-07
  • 通讯作者: 郑宇,博士,副主任医师,硕士生导师,陕西省中医医院,陕西省西安市 710000 共同通讯作者:贾承明,硕士,主治医师,陕西省中医医院,陕西省西安市 710000
  • 作者简介:杨虎,男,1991年生,湖北省十堰市人,汉族,陕西中医药大学中西医结合学院在读硕士,主治医师,主要从事中西医结合骨科疾病的基础与临床研究。
  • 基金资助:
    陕西省自然科学基础研究青年项目(2024JC-YBQN-0948),项目负责人:贾承明;陕西省中医药管理局共建类项目(2019-GJ-JC011),项目负责人:郑宇;陕西省自然科学基础研究青年项目(2019JQ-557),项目负责人:郑宇

Immune microenvironment regulates bone regeneration

Yang Hu1, Zheng Yu2, Jia Chengming2, Wang Tong1, Zhang Guangfei1, Ji Yaoyao1    

  1. 1Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi Province, China; 2Shaanxi Provincial Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China

  • Received:2024-12-02 Accepted:2025-02-06 Online:2026-01-28 Published:2025-07-07
  • Contact: Zheng Yu, MD, Associate chief physician, Master’s supervisor, Shaanxi Provincial Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China Co-corresponding author: Jia Chengming, MS, Attending physician, Shaanxi Provincial Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
  • About author:Yang Hu, Master candidate, Attending physician, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Shaanxi Province Natural Science Basic Research Youth Project, No. 2024JC-YBQN-0948 (to JCM) ; Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Chinese Medicine, No. 2019-GJ-JC011 (to ZY); Shaanxi Province Natural Science Basic Research Youth Project, No. 2019JQ-557 (to ZY)

摘要:

文题释义:

免疫微环境:由骨髓间充质干细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞、各种免疫细胞、造血细胞和分泌的细胞因子共同组成的微环境,在骨再生过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。
骨再生:是一个复杂的、精心策划的骨形成生理过程,涉及多种细胞类型以及细胞内和细胞外分子信号传导途径,以促进骨骼修复和恢复骨骼功能,最常见的骨再生形式是骨折愈合。

摘要
背景:局部免疫微环境在骨生成过程中起着重要的调节作用,免疫系统与骨骼系统有着千丝万缕的联系。
目的:从免疫细胞调节微环境、小细胞外囊泡调节免疫反应和骨生物材料诱导免疫反应3个方面促进骨再生进行系统综述,阐明骨再生过程中的免疫调节机制。
方法:检索PubMed数据库、中国知网、万方数据库及维普数据库中免疫微环境影响骨再生或骨组织修复的相关文献,以“骨免疫学,免疫微环境,小细胞外囊泡,骨再生,骨组织修复,生物材料,组织工程”为中文检索词,以“Osteoimmunology,Immune Microenvironment,Small Extracellular Vesicles,Bone Regeneration,Bone Tissue Repair,Biomaterials,Tissue Engineering”为英文检索词,删除重复和与研究目的无关文献,最后筛选出符合标准的92篇文献进行精读和综述。
结果与结论:多种免疫细胞和骨细胞处于同一微环境,免疫细胞能够调控骨细胞的分化和活性,共同组成影响骨再生的免疫微环境。中性粒细胞在骨损伤初期能够显著降低局部炎症反应,为骨再生形成有利的微环境。M1型巨噬细胞能够清除异物和降低早期炎症反应,M2型巨噬细胞能够促进成骨标志物和因子的表达,共同在骨损伤的修复过程中发挥重要作用。B细胞和T细胞可直接或间接影响成骨细胞和破骨细胞的生成和活性,调节骨代谢,促进骨再生。小细胞外囊泡以旁分泌方式调节局部免疫微环境,促进骨损伤部位的骨生成和血管生成。生物材料表面的金属离子、表面亲水性、孔隙度、孔径、表面形态和表面粗糙度均能直接调节局部免疫反应,具有抗炎、促进血管生成和成骨的作用,从而加速骨再生。

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

关键词: 免疫微环境, 骨再生, 骨免疫学, 骨组织工程, 巨噬细胞, 小细胞外囊泡, 生物材料

Abstract: BACKGROUND:  The local immune microenvironment plays an important regulatory role in the process of bone formation, and the immune system is intricately linked to the skeletal system.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the promotion of bone regeneration from three aspects: immune cell regulation of microenvironment, regulation of immune response by small extracellular vesicles, and induction of immune response by bone biomaterials, and to elucidate the immune regulatory mechanisms involved in bone regeneration.
METHODS: Relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed, CNKI, WanFang Database, and VIP Database, using the search terms of “osteoimmunology, immune microenvironment, small extracellular vesicles, bone regeneration, bone tissue repair, biomaterials, and tissue engineering” in English and Chinese. Repeat and irrelevant literature was screened and removed, and 92 articles that met the criteria were selected for intensive reading and review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Multiple immune cells and bone cells are in the same microenvironment, and immune cells can regulate the differentiation and activity of bone cells, collectively forming an immune microenvironment that affects bone regeneration. Neutrophils can significantly reduce local inflammatory responses in the early stages of bone injury, creating a favorable microenvironment for bone regeneration. M1 macrophages can clear foreign bodies and reduce early inflammatory responses, while M2 macrophages can promote the expression of osteogenic markers and factors, playing an important role in the repair process of bone injury. B cells and T cells can directly or indirectly affect the generation and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, regulate bone metabolism, and promote bone regeneration. Extracellular vesicles of small cells regulate the local immune microenvironment through paracrine secretion, promoting bone formation and angiogenesis at the site of bone injury. The metal ions, surface hydrophilicity, porosity, pore size, surface morphology, and surface roughness on the surface of biomaterials can directly regulate local immune responses, and have anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and osteogenic effects, thereby accelerating bone regeneration.

Key words:  , immune microenvironment, bone regeneration, osteoimmunology, bone tissue engineering, macrophages, small extracellular vesicles, biomaterials

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