[1] Lima AL, Oliveira PR, Carvalho VC, et al. Periprosthetic joint infections. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2013;2013:542796.[2] Kotelnicki J, Mitts K. Surgical treatments for patients with an infected total knee arthroplasty. JAAPA. 2009;22(11):40, 43-46.[3] Toms AD, Davidson D, Masri BA, et al. The management of peri-prosthetic infection in total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88(2):149-155.[4] Stammers J, Kahane S, Ranawat V, et al. Outcomes of infected revision knee arthroplasty managed by two-stage revision in a tertiary referral centre. Knee. 2015;22(1):56-62.[5] Cui Q, Mihalko WM, Shields JS, et al. Antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infection associated with total hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(4): 871-882.[6] Anagnostakos K. Therapeutic Use of Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement in the Treatment of Hip and Knee Joint Infections. J Bone Jt Infect. 2017;2(1):29-37.[7] Antoci V, Phillips MJ, Antoci VJ, et al. The treatment of recurrent chronic infected knee arthroplasty with a 2-stage procedure. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(1):113-159.[8] Kim JK, Lee DY, Kang DW, et al. Efficacy of antifungal- impregnated cement spacer against chronic fungal periprosthetic joint infections after total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 2018.[9] George J, Miller EM, Curtis GL, et al. Success of Two-Stage Reimplantation in Patients Requiring an Interim Spacer Exchange. J Arthroplasty. 2018.[10] Lee YS, Chen AF. Two-Stage Reimplantation in Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2018;30(2):107-114.[11] Zimmerli W. Infection and musculoskeletal conditions: Prosthetic- joint-associated infections. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006; 20(6):1045-1063.[12] Pozo JLD, Patel R. Infection Associated with Prosthetic Joints. New Eng J Med. 2009,361(8):787.[13] Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, et al. Executive summary: diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(1):1-10.[14] Della VC, Parvizi J, Bauer TW, et al. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guideline on: the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(14):1355-1357.[15] Parvizi J, Zmistowski B, Berbari EF, et al. New definition for periprosthetic joint infection: from the Workgroup of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(11):2992-2994.[16] Buchholz HW, Elson RA, Heinert K. Antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement: current concepts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;190(190): 96.[17] Singer J, Merz A, Frommelt L, et al. High rate of infection control with one-stage revision of septic knee prostheses excluding MRSA and MRSE. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(5): 1461-1471.[18] Oussedik SI, Dodd MB, Haddad FS. Outcomes of revision total hip replacement for infection after grading according to a standard protocol. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92(9):1222-1226.[19] Hanssen AD. Managing the infected knee: as good as it gets. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17(4 Suppl 1):98-101.[20] Frommelt L. Principles of systemic antimicrobial therapy in foreign material associated infection in bone tissue, with special focus on periprosthetic infection. Injury. 2006;37 Suppl 2:S87-S94.[21] Borden LS, Gearen PF. Infected total knee arthroplasty. A protocol for management. J Arthroplasty. 1987;2(1):27-36.[22] Fehring TK, Odum S, Calton TF, et al. Articulating versus static spacers in revision total knee arthroplasty for sepsis. The Ranawat Award. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;(380):9-16.[23] Emerson RJ, Muncie M, Tarbox TR, et al. Comparison of a static with a mobile spacer in total knee infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;(404):132-138.[24] 张晓岗,曹力. 人工全髋关节置换术后假体周围感染的处理[J]. 中华关节外科杂志(电子版),2014,8(1):101-104.[25] Faschingbauer M, Bieger R, Reichel H, et al. Complications associated with 133 static, antibiotic-laden spacers after TKA. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24(10):3096-3099.[26] Jacobs C, Christensen CP, Berend ME. Static and mobile antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the management of prosthetic joint infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17(6): 356-368.[27] Mazzucchelli L, Rosso F, Marmotti A, et al. The use of spacers (static and mobile) in infection knee arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(4):373-382.[28] Antoci V, Phillips MJ, Antoci VJ, et al. Using an antibiotic-impregnated cement rod-spacer in the treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2009;38(1):31-33.[29] Hsu YC, Cheng HC, Ng TP, et al. Antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer for 2-stage reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty: a simple and economic method. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(7):1060-1066.[30] Park SJ, Song EK, Seon JK, et al. Comparison of static and mobile antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2010;34(8):1181-1186.[31] Classen T, von Knoch M, Wernsmann M, et al. Functional interest of an articulating spacer in two-stage infected total knee arthroplasty revision. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100(4): 409-412.[32] Choi HR, Malchau H, Bedair H. Are prosthetic spacers safe to use in 2-stage treatment for infected total knee arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(8):1474-1479.[33] Voleti PB, Baldwin KD, Lee GC. Use of static or articulating spacers for infection following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic literature review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(17):1594-1599.[34] Pivec R, Naziri Q, Issa K, et al. Systematic review comparing static and articulating spacers used for revision of infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(3):553-557.[35] Guild GR, Wu B, Scuderi GR. Articulating vs. Static antibiotic impregnated spacers in revision total knee arthroplasty for sepsis. A systematic review. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(3):558-563.[36] Lee C, Gondalia S. Do articulating spacers or static spacers have more effect on the mental health status of patients undergoing two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infection? Curr Orthop Prac. 2016;27:1.[37] Macmull S, Bartlett W, Miles J, et al. Custom-made hinged spacers in revision knee surgery for patients with infection, bone loss and instability. Knee. 2010;17(6):403-406.[38] Kotwal SY, Farid YR, Patil SS, et al. Intramedullary rod and cement static spacer construct in chronically infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(2):253-259.[39] Anagnostakos K, Fink B. Antibiotic-loaded cement spacers - lessons learned from the past 20 years. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2018;15(3):231-245.[40] Freeman MG, Fehring TK, Odum SM, et al. Functional advantage of articulating versus static spacers in 2-stage revision for total knee arthroplasty infection. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(8):1116-1121.[41] Van Thiel GS, Berend KR, Klein GR, et al. Intraoperative molds to create an articulating spacer for the infected knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(4):994-1001.[42] Fink B, Rechtenbach A, Buchner H, et al. Articulating spacers used in two-stage revision of infected hip and knee prostheses abrade with time. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(4):1095-1102.[43] Singh G, Deutloff N, Maertens N, et al. Articulating polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacers may have an immunomodulating effect on synovial tissue. Bone Joint J. 2016; 98-B(8):1062-1068.[44] Villanueva-Martinez M, Rios-Luna A, Pereiro J, et al. Hand-made articulating spacers in two-stage revision for infected total knee arthroplasty: good outcome in 30 patients. Acta Orthop. 2008; 79(5):674-682.[45] Durbhakula SM, Czajka J, Fuchs MD, et al. Antibiotic-loaded articulating cement spacer in the 2-stage exchange of infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19(6):768-774.[46] Coe PO, Jain NP, Johnson DS. Custom fitted articulating cement spacers for use in two-stage revision knee replacement. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2014;96(8):624-625.[47] Marothi DP, Sharma V, Sheth AN, et al. Management of Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty by a New Innovative Customized Articulating Knee Spacer: An Early Experience. J Orthop Case Rep. 2016;6(4):20-22.[48] Shaikh AA, Ha CW, Park YG, et al. Two-stage approach to primary TKA in infected arthritic knees using intraoperatively molded articulating cement spacers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014; 472(7):2201-2207.[49] Burnett RS, Kelly MA, Hanssen A, et al. Technique and timing of two-stage exchange for infection in TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;464:164-178.[50] Mcpherson EJ, Lewonowski K, Dorr LD. Techniques in arthroplasty. Use of an articulated PMMA spacer in the infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10(1):87-89.[51] 王利,哈巴西•卡肯,殷剑,等. 自制活动型抗生素骨水泥间隔器:在全膝关节表面置换后感染翻修中的应用[J]. 中国组织工程研究,2015, 19(13):2017-2022.[52] Ha CW. A technique for intraoperative construction of antibiotic spacers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;445:204-209.[53] Garg P, Ranjan R, Bandyopadhyay U, et al. Antibiotic- impregnated articulating cement spacer for infected total knee arthroplasty. Indian J Orthop. 2011;45(6):535-540.[54] Hanssen AD, Spangehl MJ. Practical applications of antibiotic-loaded bone cement for treatment of infected joint replacements. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(427):79-85.[55] Hofmann AA, Kane KR, Tkach TK, et al. Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty using an articulating spacer. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;(321):45-54.[56] Hofmann AA, Goldberg T, Tanner AM, et al. Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty using an articulating spacer: 2- to 12-year experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;(430):125-131.[57] Evans RP. Successful treatment of total hip and knee infection with articulating antibiotic components: a modified treatment method. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(427):37-46.[58] Spivey JC, Guild GR, Scuderi GR. Use of Articulating Spacer Technique in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty Complicated by Sepsis: A Systematic Meta-Analysis. Orthopedics. 2017;40(4): 212-220.[59] Mcconoughey SJ, Howlin R, Granger JF, et al. Biofilms in periprosthetic orthopedic infections. Future Microbiol. 2014; 9(8):987-1007.[60] Antony S, Farran Y. Prosthetic Joint and Orthopedic Device Related Infections. The Role of Biofilm in the Pathogenesis and Treatment. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2016;16(1):22-27.[61] Jia YT, Zhang Y, Ding C, et al. Antibiotic-loaded articulating cement spacers in two-stage revision for infected total knee arthroplasty: individual antibiotic treatment and early results of 21 cases. Chin J Traumatol. 2012;15(4):212-221.[62] Kim YS, Bae KC, Cho CH, et al. Two-stage revision using a modified articulating spacer in infected total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surge Relat Res. 2013;25(4):180-185.[63] Lee JK, Choi CH. Two-stage reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty using a re-sterilized tibial polyethylene insert and femoral component. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(9):1701-1706.[64] Anderson JA, Sculco PK, Heitkemper S, et al. An articulating spacer to treat and mobilize patients with infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(4):631-635.[65] Huang HT, Su JY, Chen SK. The results of articulating spacer technique for infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(8):1163-1168.[66] Cuckler JM. The infected total knee: management options. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20(2):33-36.[67] Lee BJ, Kyung HS, Yoon SD. Two-Stage Revision for Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty: Based on Autoclaving the Recycled Femoral Component and Intraoperative Molding Using Antibiotic-Impregnated Cement on the Tibial Side. Clin Orthop Surg.2015;7(3):310-317.[68] Jämsen E, Sheng P, Halonen P, et al. Spacer prostheses in two-stage revision of infected knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2006;30(4):257-261.[69] Brunnekreef J, Hannink G, Malefijt MW. Recovery of knee mobility after a static or mobile spacer in total knee infection. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica. 2013;79(1):83-89.[70] Meek RM, Dunlop D, Garbuz DS, et al. Patient satisfaction and functional status after aseptic versus septic revision total knee arthroplasty using the PROSTALAC articulating spacer. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19(7):874-879.[71] Qiu XS, Xu S, Mphil D, et al. Application of an articulating spacer in two‐stage revision for severe infection after total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Surg. 2010;2(4):299-304.[72] Kalore NV, Maheshwari A, Sharma A, et al. Is there a preferred articulating spacer technique for infected knee arthroplasty? A preliminary study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(1):228-235.[73] Castelli CC, Gotti V, Ferrari R. Two-stage treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty: two to thirteen year experience using an articulating preformed spacer. Int Orthop. 2014;38(2):405-412.[74] Shen H, Zhang X, Jiang Y, et al. Intraoperatively-made cement-on-cement antibiotic-loaded articulating spacer for infected total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 2010;17(6):407-411.[75] Pascale V, Pascale W. Custom-made Articulating Spacer in Two-stage Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty. An Early Follow-up of 14 Cases of at Least 1 Year After Surgery. Hss J. 2007;3(2): 159-163.[76] Pitto RP, Castelli CC, Ferrari R, et al. Pre-formed articulating knee spacer in two-stage revision for the infected total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2005;29(5):305-308.[77] Ocguder A, Firat A, Tecimel O, et al. Two-stage total infected knee arthroplasty treatment with articulating cement spacer. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010;130(6):719-725.[78] Su YP, Lee OK, Chen WM, et al. A Facile Technique to Make Articulating Spacers for Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Chin Med Assoc. 2009;72(3):138-145. |