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Neural crest is a temporary structure for early embryo development in vertebrate, composed by neural crest stem cells and precursor cells, which widely migrated into different embryo positions and derived various cell types in certain stage of embryo development, and participated in local developing. Cell population in cranial neural crest were migrated along ventrolatere to the first branchial arch and localized at the maxillofacial and mandibular processes, called ectomesenchymal cells[1].
Studies regarding birds and vertebrate have demonstrated, ectomesenchymal cells comprise pluripotency stem cells, which can differentiate into various mesenchymal cells, melanoblasts, or certain endocrine cells[2]. In mammal system, rat neural crest cells can differentiate into 3 kinds of cells, namely, autonomic neuron, glia and smooth muscle; in mouse, neural crest cells can differentiate into neuron, glial cells and melanoblasts[3]. All these studies revealed that, ectomesenchymal stem cells may exist in mammalian maxillofacial and mandibular processes. Primary studies had supported that mammalian ectomesenchymal cells have multipotential differentiation properties[4-5]. However, the current studies can not identify whether mammalian ectomesenchymal stem cells derived from migrated neural crest stem cells. Accordingly, emaxillofacial and mandibular processes obtained from embryo with different embryonic days were performed a serial of molecular detection for analyzing the source and differentiation phenotype of ectomesenchymal stem cells.  

The expressions of varied molecules were diverse at different development stages, the deflection of expression profile suggesting these progenitors were in active differentiating stage. Generally, the neural profile markers were gradually down-regulated, but some new markers were presented or up-regulated, such as VWF, which can not detected at E9.5 days, but strong expressed at E12.5 days. In addition, the expressions of VIM and MG were also increased with several days. These findings suggested that, plenty of progenitor cells had differentiated quickly into definite directions, which was not united[7-9], thus, it is supposed that microenvironment plays an important role in this process, additionally, there were stem cells in these progenitor cells.
Flow cytometry results showed that progenitor cells from maxillofacial and mandibular processes contained CD57+ and P75+ cells; in addition, the dynamic monitoring demonstrated cell proportion had not changed obviously, however, exception of S-100, neural profile markers were significant down-regulated. All of these comparisons suggested, these cells could maintain their quantity and characteristics during development. CD57 can identify majority of migrating neural crest cells, while P75 is the specific marker of neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells, thus, the existence of these two molecules revealed roles on stem cells[10-12]. Though the function of CD57 remains unclear, it still has significance for culture and identification of ectomesenchymal cells.
In conclusion, combined with migration models of neural crest cells from birds and vertebrate, we presume that: cranial neural crest cells migrated from ventrolateral to maxillofacial and mandibular processes comprise neural crest stem cells, positive for CD57 and P75, which settle down in maxillofacial and mandibular processes mesenchymal tissues as ectomesenchymal stem cells, occupy an active differentiating stage, and maintain their stability using stem cell mechanism. Maybe this stability would maintain during differentiation and eventually differentiates into adult stem cells, which plays roles in body repair after injury.  

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