中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (31): 8237-8246.doi: 10.12307/2026.336

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

单细胞RNA测序技术在膝关节各组织相关疾病中的研究与应用

杨文戟1,2,戴 祝2   

  1. 1南华大学,湖南省衡阳市   421000;2南华大学附属第一医院,湖南省衡阳市   421000
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-06 接受日期:2025-08-15 出版日期:2026-11-08 发布日期:2026-05-25
  • 通讯作者: 戴祝,博士,教授,博士生导师,南华大学附属第一医院创伤骨科,湖南省衡阳市 421000
  • 作者简介:杨文戟,男,1998年生,湖南省株洲市人,汉族,南华大学在读硕士,主要从事关节疾病与运动损伤的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    湖南省卫生健康委临床重点课题项目(20201907),项目负责人:戴祝;湖南省自然科学基金项目(2023JJ60050),项目负责人:戴祝

Applications and research advances of single-cell RNA sequencing in diseases of knee joint tissues

Yang Wenji1, 2, Dai Zhu2   

  1. 1University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China; 2The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
  • Received:2025-06-06 Accepted:2025-08-15 Online:2026-11-08 Published:2026-05-25
  • Contact: Dai Zhu, PhD, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
  • About author:Yang Wenji, MS candidate, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Clinical Key Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission, No. 20201907 (to DZ); Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation, No. 2023JJ60050 (to DZ)

摘要:

文题释义:

单细胞RNA测序技术:是一种在单细胞分辨率下解析组织转录组异质性的高通量技术,其核心优势在于能够精确识别膝关节组织中不同细胞亚群的基因表达特征。该技术可同时检测单个细胞中数千至数万个基因的表达量(检测灵敏度达0.1-1个转录本/细胞),并能鉴定传统测序方法无法区分的稀有细胞类型(如占比<1%的前软骨干细胞)。在膝关节研究中,单细胞RNA测序技术可定量分析软骨、滑膜等组织中各细胞亚群的差异表达基因(如骨关节炎中软骨细胞的Ⅱ型胶原α1表达下调>50%,基质金属蛋白酶13上调3-5倍),并通过拟时序分析揭示细胞状态转变的分子机制。该技术为膝关节疾病的细胞特异性靶点发现提供了单细胞精度的研究手段。
膝关节组织:是由多种异质性细胞群构成的复杂功能单元,主要包括软骨(占关节体积15%-20%)、滑膜(厚度50-100 μm)、半月板(胶原纤维占比>75%)及韧带(Ⅰ型胶原含量>90%)等。在单细胞RNA测序研究中,这些组织可解析出10-30种不同的细胞亚群,如软骨中的肥大软骨细胞、滑膜中的成纤维细胞亚型以及免疫细胞。膝关节组织的细胞组成和基因表达谱直接影响其生理功能及病理进程。单细胞分辨率的研究可精准量化这些细胞群体的分子特征,为膝关节疾病的机制解析提供组织学基础。

摘要
背景:单细胞RNA测序技术是从组织样本中分离出单个细胞为单位进行测序并构建出分子图谱,它能够分析各细胞群体中的细胞异质性,从而为研究组织和疾病发生发展过程提供新的视角。近年来单细胞RNA测序技术不断发展与进步,使得越来越多的研究者将单细胞RNA测序技术应用到各个领域获得新的发现,膝关节的研究就是其中之一。
目的:介绍单细胞RNA测序技术的背景,对其在膝关节的应用及取得的进展进行综述,并对单细胞RNA测序技术所面临的挑战及未来发展的前景进行讨论。
方法:应用计算机系统检索PubMed、Web of Science和中国知网数据库的相关文献,英文检索词为“single-cell RNA sequencing,sequencing technology,articular cartilage,synovium,bone,meniscus,lagement”;中文检索词为“单细胞RNA测序,测序技术,关节软骨,滑膜,骨骼,半月板,韧带”。排除质量较差、内容重复及不相关的文献,最终纳入79篇文献进行综述分析。
结果与结论:①单细胞RNA测序作为一种高通量测序技术,通过解析单个细胞的转录组信息突破了传统批量测序的局限性。与传统测序技术相比,其核心优势包括揭示细胞异质性、追踪细胞分化轨迹、构建细胞间调控网络、识别疾病特异性细胞亚群,这些特性使单细胞RNA测序成为研究复杂组织(如膝关节)细胞组成与功能的关键工具。②单细胞RNA测序技术已被应用于膝关节软骨、滑膜、骨骼、半月板和韧带等组织的研究,探讨不同组织的细胞亚型及独特功能,让研究者更好地了解膝关节各组织细胞的异质性以及启动病理的“驱动”细胞群体。③通过单细胞RNA测序分析,提高了研究者对膝关节各组织相关疾病的了解,揭示了复杂组织中细胞的多样性和相关基因表达水平变化,找到发病机制生物学行为、通路和潜在治疗作用的分子靶点。④尽管单细胞RNA测序技术成果显著,仍面临着技术瓶颈、数据分析复杂性和临床转化障碍的挑战。对于未来发展的方向,则包括多组学整合、精准医学应用、技术优化等。

关键词: 单细胞RNA测序, 细胞异质性, 膝关节, 测序技术, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) isolates and sequences individual cells from tissue samples to construct molecular profiles, enabling the analysis of cellular heterogeneity and offering novel perspectives for studying tissue development and disease mechanisms. Recent advancements in scRNA-seq have broadened its applications across disciplines, including knee joint research.
OBJECTIVE: To introduce the technical principles of scRNA-seq, summarize its progress in knee joint studies, and discuss current challenges and future directions of scRNA-seq.
METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases. The search terms were “single-cell RNA sequencing, sequencing technology, articular cartilage, synovium, bone, meniscus, ligament” in English and Chinese. After excluding low-quality, redundant, or irrelevant articles, 79 studies were analyzed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) As a high-throughput technology, scRNA-seq overcomes the limitations of bulk RNA-seq by resolving transcriptomes at single-cell resolution. Its core advantages include revealing cellular heterogeneity, tracing differentiation trajectories, constructing intercellular networks, and identifying disease-specific subpopulations, making it pivotal for studying complex tissues like the knee joint. (2) Applications in knee cartilage, synovium, bone, meniscus, and ligaments have uncovered distinct cell subtypes and functional diversity. scRNA-seq allows researchers to better understand the heterogeneity of cells in knee joint tissues and the “driver” cell populations that initiate pathologies. (3) scRNA-seq analyses enhanced understanding of disease mechanisms by revealing the diversity of cells and associated changes in gene expression levels in complex tissues and finding molecular targets for pathogenic biological behaviors, pathways and potential therapeutic effects. (4) Despite breakthroughs, challenges persist, including technical bottlenecks, analytical complexity, and barriers to clinical translation. Future directions emphasize multi-omics integration, precision medicine, and technical optimizations.

Key words: single-cell RNA sequencing, cell heterogeneity, knee joint, sequencing technology, review

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