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18 September 2017, Volume 21 Issue 26 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Percutaneous kyphoplasty with low-dose bone cement in combination with zoledronic acid for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures  Xuan Wen-hu, Ouyang Jian-feng, Wang Su-wei 2017, 21 (26):  4101-4105.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.001 Abstract ( 319 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 232 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) has been widely used in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, but there are still some complications, such as bone cement leakage and re-fractures, and a lack of follow-up treatment.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of PKP with low-dose bone cement in combination with zoledronic acid on bone mineral density (BMD), vertebral height and low back pain after osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. METHODS: Eighty patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures were equally randomized into test group (treated with PKP with low-dose bone cement in combination with zoledronic acid) and control group (treated with PKP with conventional bone cement). Visual analog scale score, vertebral height, and Cobb angle were detected before, at 3 days after treatment and at the final follow-up visit. BMD and re-fracture incidence were reviewed 1 year after treatment.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Visual analog scale scores, vertebral height, and Cobb angle were significantly improved in both groups at 3 days after treatment and at the final follow-up visit (P < 0.05); however, there was no statistical difference between the test and control groups. One year after treatment, the BMD value was significantly increased in the test group (P < 0.05), but showed no change in the control group as compared with the pretreatment.   Postoperatively adjacent vertebral fractures were found in one case of the test group, and five cases in five cases of the control group. These findings indicate that PKP with low-dose bone cement in combination of zoledronic acid can effectively relieve pain symptoms, restore the height of the vertebral body, significantly increase BMD value and reduce the incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro experimental research of basic fibroblast growth factor/chitosan/polylactic acid scaffolds in periodontal tissue regeneration Chen Li-hong, Lei Zhi-min, Wang Li-li 2017, 21 (26):  4106-4112.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.002 Abstract ( 434 )   PDF (1626KB) ( 230 )   Save BACKGROUND: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can promote mitosis and chemotaxis of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLCs), and help the generation of extracellular matrix and new blood capillaries. But it is easy to degrade, has short half-life, and metabolizes rapidly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of bFGF/chitosan/polylactic acid scaffolds on PDLCs growth and proliferation. METHODS: Polylactic acid/chitosan composite scaffolds in different proportions (4:1, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3, 1:4) were prepared through freeze-drying method, to study their microstructure, porosity and mechanical strength and then choose the optimal ratio of chitosan/polylactic acid scaffold that was used to prepare the composite scaffolds which contained different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µg/L) of bFGF. (1) Cytotoxicity test: PDLCs were cultured with leaching liquid of polylactic acid/chitosan scaffolds which contained different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µg/L) of bFGF and DMEM culture medium respectively. The effects on cell proliferation were tested by MTT after 24, 48, 72 hours. Cell cycles were tested using flow cytometry at 5 days of culture. (2) Cytocompatibility test: PDLCs were co-cultured with the polylactic acid/chitosan scaffolds which contained different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µg/L) of bFGF. The number of PDLCs was counted at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. The growing status of PDLCs on the scaffolds was observed by scanning electron microscope at 3 days of culture. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The best mass ratio of polylactic acid and chitosan was 2:3 by test of porosity and mechanical strength. (2) The absorbance value of each group was increased over time. The absorbance values of 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µg/L bFGF groups were higher than that of the control group (0 µg/L bGFG), and the A value of 10 µg/L group was highest in all groups at 48 and 72 hours after co-culture (P < 0.05). (3) Cell percentages at G0/G1 phase of 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µg/L bFGF groups were higher than that of the control group, and the percentage of 10 µg/L group was lowest in all groups (P < 0.05). Cell percentage at S phase and G2/M+S of 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µg/L bFGF groups were higher than that of the control group, and the percentage of 10 µg/L group was highest in all groups (P < 0.05). (4) The number of cells in each group was increased with time. The cell number in the 10 µg/L was most in all groups at 3 and 5 days of co-culture (P < 0.05). Observation of scanning electron microscopy showed that PDLCs adhered and grew well on the 10 µg/L bFGF/polylactic acid/chitosan composite scaffold when co-cultured for 3 days. Overall, these findings indicate that the bFGF/polylactic acid/chitosan composite scaffold contributes to PDLCs proliferation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Repair of articular cartilage defects with human acellular amniotic membrane/bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell composite Jiang Liang-bin, Wei Biao-fang, Feng Zhi, Yue Yong-bin 2017, 21 (26):  4113-4118.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.003 Abstract ( 453 )   PDF (4362KB) ( 266 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as common seed cells have been widely used in tissue-engineered cartilage repair.  OBJECTIVE: To use human amniotic membrane as a cell scaffold to carry rabbit BMSCs in order to repair articular cartilage defects in the femoral intercondylar fossa of rabbits. METHODS: Rabbit BMSCs were inoculated onto the human acellular amniotic membrane (HAAM) and co-cultured for 2 weeks. Articular defect models were made in the femoral intercondylar fossa of rabbits. The defects of the right knees served as blank control. BMSCs/HAAM composite was transplanted into the defect of the left knee joint as composite group, and HAAM was implanted into the defect of the left knee joint as HAAM group. These rabbits were killed at 8 and 12 weeks after implantation and the newly cartilage samples were evaluated grossly and histologically and then graded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gross observation showed the defects were filled with cartilaginous tissues in the composite group, and there were no cartilage tissues in the HAAM group, while only fibrous tissues were seen in the blank control group. Histologically, the defect region was full of chondrocytes in the composite group, immunohistochemistry staining indicated that collagen II was rich in the tissue, and furthermore, the cartilage matrix was stained deeply by toluidine blue. In the the HAAM group, there were few chondrocytes, toluidine blue staining was weakly positive, and immunohistochemistry staining was negative, indicating there was no cartilage matrix. In the blank control group, the defects were filled of fibroblasts and toluidine blue staining was weakly positive. To conclude, the BMSCs/HAAM is a good scaffold for BMSCs chondrogenic differentiation to effectively repair articular cartilage defects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of beta-tricalcium phosphate/alpha-calcium sulfate hemihydrate artificial bone and its application in a spinal fusion model Tan Hai-tao, Meng Zhi-bin, Li Jun, Huang Tao, Wang Ting-rui, Fu Guo-liang 2017, 21 (26):  4119-4124.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.004 Abstract ( 428 )   PDF (4390KB) ( 233 )   Save BACKGROUND: Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/alpha-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CSH) artificial composite bone has a porous morphology and good biocompatibility, and it is helpful to improve the fusion rate in a spinal fusion model, which however has not yet been confirmed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preparation methods, biocompatibility and application effect of β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone in the spinal fusion model. METHODS: (1) Calcium sulfate dihydrate under certain conditions and at a proper temperature can be dehydrated to prepare α-CSH. Healthy bovine cancellous bone was decellularized, degreased and sintered under the certain condition and at the certain temperature to prepare β-TCP particles. Then, the β-TCP particles were dissolved in anhydrous ethanol, suspended, dried, and then used to prepare the β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone. Osteoblasts from the rabbit periosteum were co-cultured with the composite bone, and then cell morphology, adhesion and proliferation were observed. (2) Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were selected to make bilaterally posterolateral spinal fusion models of the multiple thoracic vertebrae, in which β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone was implanted into the left side (experimental group) and autogenous bone implanted into the right side (control group). The spinal fusion rate was compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under the phase contrast microscope, a relatively small amount of L929 cells adhered to the composite bone after 3 days of co-culture, while the number of adherent cells became relatively dense. Under the scanning electron microscope, there were many crystalline particles on the surface of the composite bone, indicating a higher number of adherent cells on the composite bone surface. (2) The spinal fusion rate was increased at 4 weeks after implantation of β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone, which was significantly higher than that after implantation of autogenous bone (P < 0.05). (3) At 4 weeks after autogenous bone implantation, the bone trabecular bone was scarce and clumped, and newborn bone tissues and the boneless autograft bone were dominant. After 8 weeks after spinal fusion, the newborn bone tissues around the autograft were further increased. At 4 weeks after β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone implantation, there was no degradation of debris, but existed a few new bone tissues; at 8 weeks after implantation, the composite bone was surrounded by newborn bone tissues, and thickened trabecular bone and degradation of the composite bone were found. To conclude, the prepared β-TCP/α-CSH composite bone can achieve a higher fusion rate in the spinal fusion model. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cyclic fatigue performance of different types of stainless steel root canal files Hu Xin, Wang Lei, Zhang Qian, Ning Jia, Wu Wen-meng 2017, 21 (26):  4125-4130.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.005 Abstract ( 482 )   PDF (1946KB) ( 351 )   Save BACKGROUND: Root canal files fracture is a kind of common oral clinical complications. Therefore, it is of clinical importance to study the cyclic fatigue of different types of stainless steel root canal files. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of the bending angle and cross-sectional area of root canal instruments on cyclic fatigue of stainless steel ?les. METHODS: Thirty 25# stainless steel K files (25 mm in length) were selected, the same to 30# and 35#. And these three kinds of files were respectively randomized into three groups (n=10 per subgroup). In the nine subgroups, the files were placed into self-made root canals at the bending angle of 45°, 60°, 90°, and driven by a 16:1 reducer (350 r/min). Fracture time in each subgroup was recorded and converted into the number of rotations. The microstructure of the fracture end of the files was observed under scanning electron microscope. Fractured files were collected and the crack tip length was measured by an electronic caliper. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the same bending angle, the number of rotations resulting in file fracture was significantly reduced with the increasing of the cross-sectional area of the files (P < 0.05). When the type and cross-sectional area were same, the number of rotations resulting in file fracture was significantly reduced with the increasing of the bending angle of the root canals (P < 0.05), indicating a reduction in the cyclic fatigue performance of the files. Toughness fracture occurred in all the files, and circular or oval roughness nests with different sizes and microcavities formed on the fracture surface. In addition, brittle surfaces could be detective between the roughness nests. The diameter of roughness nests was gradually increased with the increasing of the bending angle of the root canals. For 30# and 35# files, the number of brittle surfaces was gradually increased with the increasing of the bending angle of the root canals. For 25# files, the crack tip length was gradually decreased with the increasing of the bending angle of the root canals, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). For 30# and 35# files, the crack tip length was significantly shortened with the increasing of the bending angle of the root canals (P < 0.05). But there were no significant changes in the 35#-60° and 35#-90° groups (P=0.095). At the same bending angle, there were no regular changes in the crack tip length in the different types of files. In conclusion, with the increasing of the cross-sectional area, the cyclic fatigue performance of the files with the same length and taper is reduced and the files become easy to be fractured; with the increasing of the bending angle of the root canals, the files with the same types are apt to be fractured near the root tip, indicating the shorter length of the crack tip indicates the more difficulty in the removal of the broken files.     中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of pH values on different zirconia systems Ji Yang, Han Li-zi, Zheng Wei-qi, Wang Qiang, Yang Hua-zhe 2017, 21 (26):  4131-4136.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.006 Abstract ( 487 )   PDF (1265KB) ( 209 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many studies on the effect of different experimental parameters on the tetragonal phase of zirconia, but it is unclear whether pH values have effects on the tetragonal phase in hydrothermal reaction OBJECTIVE: To prepare two zirconia systems via hydrothermal method and to regulate the tetragonal phase purity and control the grain size of zirconia (ZrO2) crystal by pH values. METHODS: Analytical reagents Zr(NO3)4•5H2O and Y(NO3)3•6H2O were adopted as reactors, and nano-sized neat ZrO2 and yttria-stabilized tetragonal ZrO2 polycrystal (Y-TZP) powders were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction was adopted to characterize the influence of pH values and pH regulators (NaOH solution and ammonium hydroxide/NaOH solution) on phase purity and grain size of tetragonal zirconia. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pure zirconia samples with a grain size lower than 20 nm were obtained through the hydrothermal method, and samples with higher tetragonal phase content compared to monoclinic phase could be derived when the pH value was higher than 10. The optimal pH values for neat zirconia and Y-TZP were 13 and 12, respectively. Furthermore, the ammonium hydroxide/NaOH solution was more favorable to enhance the content of tetragonal zircona. Therefore, the control of pH values and rational choice of pH regulators can improve the tetragonal phase purity and grain size of zirconia. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical features of trabecular metal dental implants Zhang Ling, Li Kai, Pan Qing, Chen Jun-chi, Li Wang-yang, Lv Lin-hu, Zhang Yun-shui, Guo Ling 2017, 21 (26):  4137-4142.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.007 Abstract ( 505 )   PDF (1085KB) ( 239 )   Save BACKGROUND: Trabecular metal has been reported to provide enough physiologic support for new bone formation, to induce bone ingrowth and osseointegration so as to achieve the biological synosteosis; therefore, it is available for improving the initial and second stability of the dental implant. OBJECTIVE: To explore the stress distributional differences between porous tantalum trabecular metal (PTTM) dental implant and conventional titanium (TI) dental implant in the zone of mandibular premolar using three-dimensional finite element analysis. METHODS: Three-dimensional finite element models emulating PTTM and TI dental implants were established using Mimics16.0 and CATIA in the zone of mandibular premolar with three types of bone (II, III, IV). Then 100 N force was applied on the abutment at a 45° angle to the vertical axis of the implants in software of MSC Patran2010 and Nastran2010, then the representative von Mises stress nodes were calculated and sampled randomly, and finally the von Mises stress distributional differences between two types of implants were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Von Mises stresses around the two types of implants both focused on the interface of the cortical bone-abutment-implant region, and the stress was relatively less for the corresponding trabecular bone. (2) If the bone quality was similar, the average von Mises stress of PTTM was higher than that of TI dental implants, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). As the bone density lowered (II-IV), the average Von Mises stresses were both increased, and the increasing rate of PTTM was higher than that of TI in bone of II-III, and was lower than that of TI in bone of III-IV. In this experiment, there were no significant stress distributional differences between PTTM and TI dental implant. However, with the bone density reduction, the increasing rate of average Von Mises stress for PTTM was lowered than that for TI dental implants in bone of III-IV, which suggests that PTTM dental implant may be more beneficial for the primary and secondary stability in osteoporosis patients undergoing dental implantation.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Properties of light-cured fluorine-containing resin Wang Pu, Cheng Jie 2017, 21 (26):  4143-4148.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.008 Abstract ( 615 )   PDF (1145KB) ( 216 )   Save BACKGROUND: Fluorine used for light-cured fluorine-containing resin can reduce and prevent dental caries, as well as play a long-term effect against tooth decay. However, there are rare reports on the composite preparation and performance. OBJECTIVE: To study the preparation and performance of the light-cured fluorine-containing resin. METHODS: Triethylamine as a catalyst, bisphenol A, bisphenol S, glycidyl methacrylate, trifluoroacetic anhydride and inorganic fillers (modified silicon dioxide, hydroxyapatite or titanium dioxide at mass fraction of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) were mixed to prepare the light-cured fluorine-containing resin. Then, the tensile strength, bending modulus, polymerization conversion and water of the composites were tested, and the morphology of the resin was observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the same mass fraction, the tensile strength was highest in the titanium dioxide group, higher in the hydroxyapatite group, and lowest in the silicon dioxide group (P < 0.05). At the same mass fraction, there was no difference in the bending modulus between the titanium dioxide group and the hydroxyapatite group (P > 0.05), while the bending modulus in the silica group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). At the same mass fraction, the polymerization conversion of the composite resin was higher in the titanium dioxide group than the hydroxyapatite and silicon dioxide groups (P < 0.05), but there was no difference between the latter two groups (P > 0.05). With the increasing of mass fraction, the water absorption of the composite resin kept an increasing trend. Under the transmission electron microscope, the fracture surface of the silicon dioxide group was relatively flat, and the resin body exhibited good biocompatibility with the filler; in the hydroxyapatite group, the fracture surface was rough with obvious ups and downs, and the biocompatibility between the resin body and the filler was relatively poor; in the titanium dioxide group, the fracture surface was layered and the filler settled in the resin body, and moreover, titanium dioxide particles were deposited on the bottom of the resin, resulting in larger voids and filler particles as well as poor biocompatibility. To conclude, the light-cured fluorine-containing resin has good mechanical properties, curable properties and absorption rate.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone regeneration effects of platelet-rich fibrin used alone in sinus floor elevation Jin Xia-ying, Na Ri-su, Zheng Hui, Kou Ni, Zhong Wei-jian, Ma Guo-wu 2017, 21 (26):  4149-4154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.009 Abstract ( 349 )   PDF (1271KB) ( 205 )   Save BACKGROUND: As a blood concentrate rich in growth factors and fibrin, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is able to significantly promote bone regeneration. PRF mixed with bone substitutes is commonly used to repair bone defects in oral maxillofacial region. But it remains controversial whether PRF as a sole material in sinus floor elevation can produce enough new bone tissues. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the osteogenic potential of PRF as a sole grafting material in sinus floor elevation by means of an animal model. METHODS: Twelve healthy adult mongrel dogs aged 12-18 months were selected and randomized into three groups (groups A, B and C), with four dogs in each group. Upper first molars on both side of each dog were extracted 12 weeks prior to sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implants placement. Different materials were used to fill in the space between the sinus membrane and implant. Groups A, B and C were filled with PRF, autologus bone particles and autologus blood clot respectively. After 12 weeks, specimens were harvested to analyze the new bone formation by gross observation, X-ray examination and histological evaluation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: New bone formation was found to embrace all the implants close to the bony sinus floor, and the tips of all implants were free from bone coverage. The new bone height of groups A, B and C were (3.135±0.288), (3.218±0.345), and (1.898±0.157) mm, respectively. The new bone density of groups A, B and C were (65.06±5.88), (75.34±8.18), and (56.92±4.95) g/cm3, respectively. There were significant differences between the new bone height in groups A and C as well as in groups B and C (P < 0.05). Also, significant differences were found between the new bone density in groups A and B, B and C, A and C (P < 0.05). Within the confine of this experiment, it is feasible to use PRF as a sole grafting material in the sinus floor elevation to generate new bone, but the new bone volume is limited. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of zirconia/alumina ceramic composite on proliferation, apoptosis and bone induction activity of human periodontal ligament cells Wang Jia-ning 2017, 21 (26):  4155-4159.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.010 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (1647KB) ( 313 )   Save BACKGROUND: Zirconia/alumina ceramic composite with excellent corrosion resistance, high strength and toughness has wide application prospect. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of zirconia/alumina ceramic composite on proliferation, apoptosis and bone induction activity of human periodontal ligament cells. METHODS: Human periodontal ligament cells at passages 3-5 were cultured routinely as control group and co-cultured with zirconia/alumina ceramic composite as experimental group. After 1-5 days of culture, MTT, TUNEL, immunohistochemical detection, and alkaline phosphatase staining were used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis, type I collagen expression and osteogenic activity, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Within 1-5 days of culture, there were no differences in cell proliferation, apoptosis and alkaline phosphatase activity between the two groups. At 5 days of culture, the type I collagen expression showed no difference between the two groups. Taken together, the zirconia/alumina ceramic composite has no effect on the proliferation, apoptosis and bone induction activity of human periodontal ligament cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite composite material as a lumbar interbody implant: a study on initial segmental stability Deng Bi-quan, Teng Yu, Hu Hua, Li Jian, Jiang Hong-hui, Zhang Wei-guo 2017, 21 (26):  4160-4166.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.011 Abstract ( 374 )   PDF (2772KB) ( 243 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of nanotechnology, silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite composite materials used for tissue repair have been reported; however, there are few reports on its use in spinal stability. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite composite materials for the initial segmental stability of the reconstructed spine. METHODS: Thirty-six New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, and the L4/5 nucleus pulposus was removed in all the animals. Autologous bone group was implanted with autologous bone, experimental group implanted intervertebrally with silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite composite material, and control group implanted with hydroxyapatite. At 12 weeks after implantation, lumbar interbody fusion was observed using X-ray, the spinal stability of the fusion segments was measured by biomechanical test, and histologically, bone graft fusion and material degradation at the surgical site were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) X-ray observation: In the autologous bone group, the experimental group and the control group, there were respectively 11, 7, 2 rabbits meeting the standard of fusion. (2) Biomechanical test: The spinal activity during flexion-extension was significantly lower in the experimental group than the autogenous bone group and control group (P < 0.05). (3) Histological observation: Bony union was found at the junction between the iliac bone and surrounding tissues in the autologous bone group, and a large number of bone cells and fibroblasts were found around the new bone, while woven bone was found inside. The material was partially degraded in the experimental group, fibrous tissues were visible in the surrounding tissue, new woven bone was found inside, and pit cells and bone cells were scattered. Blood vessel growth around the material was visible in the control group, and a large number of macrophages were found inside the material. To conclude, the silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite composite material has good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, which could rebuild the initial segmental stability in the rabbit spine in the short time. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of titanium dioxide nanotube bio-dialysis membrane Gao Yu-han, Wang Sheng-nan, Wang Biao-baio 2017, 21 (26):  4167-4171.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.012 Abstract ( 407 )   PDF (1842KB) ( 324 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional dialysis membranes are mostly synthesized by organic polymer materials. Although these materials can meet the needs of treatment, the pore size range is large and the microtubules are not uniform, which can cause protein clogging on the dialysis membrane. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the expected therapeutic effect. OBJECTIVE: To study the hemocompatibility of titanium dioxide nanotube bio-dialysis membrane. METHODS: High-strength titanium dioxide nanotube films were prepared by anodic oxidation method, the bottom of the nanotubes was etched by HF gas, and the LLC-PK1 and ECV304 cells were seeded onto the prepared titanium dioxide nanotube array membranes to construct two kinds of titanium dioxide nanotube bio-dialysis membranes. Hemolysis test, dynamic clotting time test and platelet adhesion test were used to determine the hemocompatibility of the prepared titanium dioxide nanotube bio-dialysis membrane. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the hemolysis test, the hemolysis rates of the titanium dioxide nanotube array membranes carrying LLC-PK1 and ECV304 cells were lower than that of the polyurethane material (0.30%, 0.34%, 0.56%; P < 0.05). In the dynamic clotting test (20, 40, 70 minutes), the dynamic clotting time of the titanium dioxide nanotube array membranes carrying LLC-PK1 and ECV304 cells were significantly longer compared with the polyurethane material (P < 0.05). In the platelet adhesion test, the platelet adhesion rate showed no significant difference between the polyurethane material and the titanium dioxide nanotube array membranes carrying LLC-PK1 and ECV304 cells (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that the titanium dioxide nanotube bio-dialysis membrane possesses good hemocompatibility. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A revascularization model of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane carrying hydroxyapatite Ren Kai-ge, Zheng Wei-yin, Li Yan, Pan Lian, Zhang Xin-yue, Tian Tao 2017, 21 (26):  4172-4177.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.013 Abstract ( 420 )   PDF (3908KB) ( 197 )   Save BACKGROUND: Using the rapid growth period of the chorioallantoic membrane from the 8th day to the 12th day, vascular growth at bone defect end and vascular implantation of a bone graft substitute into the human body can be simulated. OBJECTIVE: To load hydroxyapatite into a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model, and to establish an implanted revascularization model. METHODS: Twelve rosette eggs were incubated under the same suitable conditions for 8 days. After windowing, the eggs were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group was implanted with hydroxyapatite material to establish the model of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane carrying hydroxyapatite; control group was implanted with filter paper material, sealed and placed into a constant temperature and humidity box to continue to hatch. At the 12th day of incubation, length of new vessels and length of new vessels per unit area in the two groups were observed, and the angiogenesis on the hydroxyapatite and filter paper was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mean length of new vessels and length of new vessels per unit area were 24.031 mm and 0.242 mm/mm2 in the experimental group, and 23.561 mm and 0.212 mm/mm2 in the control group, respectively. There were no significant differences between two groups. Additionally, vascular tissues were obviously observed on the hydroxyapatite samples in the experimental group. These experimental results show that the establishment of the model of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane carrying hydroxyapatite provides a simple and accurate in vitro animal model for studies on ideal bone graft materials and angiogenesis. The hydroxyapatite has no effect on the angiogenesis on the chorioallantoic membrane. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lumbar interbody fusion with porous biphasic calcium phosphate enhanced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/silk fibroin sustained-release microsphere in a sheep model Liu Hai-long, Chen Liang, Gu Yong, Wang Chun-zeng, Liu Yue-hong 2017, 21 (26):  4178-4184.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.014 Abstract ( 493 )   PDF (1519KB) ( 213 )   Save BACKGROUND: The authors have studied the porosity, pore size, mechanical strength, in vitro biological activity, ectopic osteogenic activity of porous biphasic calcium phosphate enhanced by recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2/silk fibroin sustained-release microsphere (BCP/rBMP-2/SF). However, further investigation on the osteogenic ability of the composite bone graft material is warranted based on a reliable animal model, which will provide experimental data for the clinical application of the composite material in the spinal fusion. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the osteogenic efficacy of BCP/rBMP-2/SF in a sheep lumbar interbody fusion model. METHODS: Sixteen healthy adult sheep were divided into two groups randomly. All sheep were operated on the left extraperitoneal approach and intervertebral discs of L1/2, L3/4, and L5/6 were exposed respectively. Three of the following four materials were randomly implanted into the L1/2, L3/4, and L5/6 of each animal: autologous iliac, BCP/rhBMP-2/SF, BCP/rhBMP-2 or BCP/SF. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The group of BCP/SF/rhBMP-2 achieved a similar fusion rate compared with the group of autologous iliac at 12 and 24 weeks after operation, and they were significantly better than the other two groups. These findings indicate that the novel new artificial bone, BCP/rhBMP-2/SF, can obtain similar lumbar fusion results compared with the autologous iliac. It is expected to be applied to clinical practice in the future by further improving its properties. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation, characterization and performance of gamma-polyglutamic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan-calcium phosphate cement Shu Xiu-lin, Shi Qing-shan, Chen Ming-jie, Feng Jin 2017, 21 (26):  4185-4191.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.015 Abstract ( 416 )   PDF (1273KB) ( 380 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nowadays complex bone defects have become a great challenge to orthopedists. A synergistic contribution of various growth factors and a crosstalk between their signaling pathways have been suggested as determinatives for the overall osteogenic outcome. OBJECTIVE: To develop calcium phosphate cement (CPC) incorporated with γ-polyglutamic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan (PGA/CMCS), and to evaluate its physical and chemical properties and sustained-release function. METHODS: The γ-PGA/CMCS polymer composites were prepared by graft copolymerization and spray freeze drying methods, and then loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) growth factor. CPC served as control group, and γ-PGA/CMCS-CPC containing different contents of rhBMP-2 as experimental groups. A γ-PGA/CMCS-CPC scaffold with regular blade-like crystalline structure was fabricated by injection compression molding. Before mixed with the liquid phase, the solid additives were properly mixed by wet method of CPC solid and the γ-PGA/CMCS carrier, then the pre-blended mix was freeze-dried. The setting time and compressive strength of bone cement in each group were detected, and the microstructure of the material surface was observed under scanning electron microscopy. In vitro release of rhBMP-2 was investigated. The effect of bone cement extracts on cell proliferation was determined through MTS assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: γ-PGA/CMCS-CPC had the same physicochemical properties to the CPC. Initial and final setting time, compressive strength of bone cement had no significant differences among groups. The scanning electron microscope results showed that the γ-PGA/CMCS-CPC scaffold was covered by regular blade-like crystalline structure and the γ-PGA/CMCS particles were uniformly dispersed in the CPC crystals. A sustained release of rhBMP-2 was observed from the γ-PGA/CMCS-CPC. The cell experiments exhibited that the samples with regular blade-like crystalline structure had better cell response compared to CPC control groups with irregular crystalline structure. These findings indicate that γ-PGA/CMCS-CPC can maintain good physicochemical properties, and release growth factor or drug to promote bone formation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells/sustained-release rifampin-loaded microsphere complex in an animal model of spinal tuberculosis Huang Zheng-hui, Liu Wei, Wang Jing-li 2017, 21 (26):  4192-4198.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.016 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (5443KB) ( 205 )   Save BACKGROUND: To prepare a novel biological material that can be implanted into the lesion of bone tuberculosis, keep sustained release of anti-tuberculosis drugs around bone tuberculosis tissues for a long time, and enhance the effect on bone repair has become a hot spot for clinical studies on bone tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: To prepare the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs)/sustained-release rifampin-loaded microsphere complex, and to preliminarily study its effects in a rabbit model of spinal tuberculosis. METHODS: Rifampin-chitosan-calcium alginate sustained-release microspheres were synthesized, and co-cultured with ADMSCs to prepare an anti-tuberculosis composite for bone tissue engineering. Forty New Zealand rabbits were used to make lumbar L6 tuberculosis models. Thereafter, rat models were randomly divided into four groups and given rifampin by gavage in rifampin group, ADMSCs by paravertebral injection+rifampin by gavage in stem cell group, rifampin by gavage+implantation of the anti-tuberculosis composite material in experimental group, and no treatment in control group. The duration time of rifampin administration was 8 weeks. The anti-tuberculosis effect of the composite material was evaluated by X-ray and CT scanning observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the control group, obvious damage to lumbar vertebrae L5 and L6 was apparent; inflammatory granulation tissues formed; and the intervertebral space was narrowed. In addition, two rabbits in the control group showed obvious kyphotic deformity and five showed pasoas major swelling with low-density dark region in the psoas muscle. In the rifampin group, there were five rabbits with moderate damage of the lumbar vertebrae L5 and L6, and two rabbits with pasoas major swelling. In the stem cell group, there were two rabbits with moderate damage of the lumbar vertebrae L5 and L6, three rabbits with mild damage of the upper part of the lumbar vertebra L6, and three rabbits with pasoas major swelling. In the experimental group, only four rabbits suffered from mild damage of the upper part of the lumbar vertebra L6 but with no changes in the intervertebral space between the L5 and L6, and without pasoas major swelling. These results indicate that the composite material of ADMSCs combined with sustained-release rifampin-loaded microspheres can inhibit mycobacterial growth effectively, and reduce vertebral bone destruction, thereby giving some therapeutic actions for the animal models with spinal tuberculosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue-engineered spinal cord construction by chitosan alginate scaffold and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury Zheng Hua-bin, Luo Lin, Chen Lu 2017, 21 (26):  4199-4204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.017 Abstract ( 335 )   PDF (4352KB) ( 237 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tissue-engineered spinal cord has brought new treatment ideas for spinal cord repair. OBJECTIVE: To construct the tissue-engineered spinal cord by chitosan alginate scaffold and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), and to investigate its repairing effects on acute spinal cord injury in rats. METHODS: The spinal cord hemisection model was established in 48 Sprague-Dawley rats and then, rat models were randomly divided into four groups: model group, scaffold group, ADMSCs group and tissue-engineered spinal cord group, followed by direct suturing of the dura mater, implantation of chitosan alginate scaffold, implantation of ADMSCs, and implantation of tissue-engineered spinal cord, respectively. The limb motor function of rats was evaluated based on the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan score at 1, 3, 7 weeks after transplantation. Immunofluorescence staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining of the spinal cord specimens were performed at 7 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Motor function of the hind limb: At 3 and 7 weeks after transplantation, the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan score was highest in the tissue-engineered spinal cord followed, followed by the ADMSCs and scaffold groups, and lowest in the model group (P < 0.05). (2) Immunofluorescence and hematoxylin-eosin staining: in the model group, the spinal cord injury area was infiltrated with a large number of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. In the scaffold group, there was no scar formation; neuron-specific enolase-positive cells, glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and a few neurofilament protein 200-positive cells were found in the junctional area. In the ADMSCs group, the spinal cord injury area was filled with scar tissue, and a large number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells were found. In the tissue-engineered spinal cord group, there was no scar tissue, and there were a large number of neuron-specific enolase-positive cells, a small amount of CM-Dil-labeled ADMSCs and more glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells. Neurofilament protein 200 positive cells were connected to each other at the junction. These findings indicate that the tissue-engineered spinal cord constructed by chitosan alginate scaffold and ADMSCs can promote spinal cord repair after acute spinal cord injury.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Repair of abdominal wall defects by highly simulated chitosan scaffolds Liu Hong-ze, Wei Jie 2017, 21 (26):  4205-4209.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.018 Abstract ( 332 )   PDF (4585KB) ( 195 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that chitosan can improve the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, promote the synthesis of extracellular matrix, and create a favorable environment for defect healing. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of highly simulated chitosan scaffolds in repairing abdominal wall defects in rats. METHODS: Sixty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used to make animal models of abdominal wall defects, and then model rats were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group and control group followed by implantation with the highly simulated chitosan scaffold and polypropylene mesh, respectively. At 2, 4 weeks after repair, gross, adhesion and histopathological observations of the repair part were performed. RESULTS AND CNCLUSION: Gross observation: in the control group, omental adhesion was found at 2 weeks after repair; and at 4 weeks after repair, the mesh was thickened and exhibited clear boundaries with the surrounding tissue, but common color and integration. In the experimental group, there was mild adhesion between the scaffold and the defect site at 2 weeks after repair, and the mesh was thickened, but the wound healed well with no prominence, swelling, and infection at 4 weeks after repair. Kadata adhesion score in the experimental group was lower than that the control group at 4 weeks after repair (P < 0.05). Pathological observation showed that at 4 weeks after repair, there were a large number of infiltrated inflammatory cells, capillary growth, and a large number of fibroblasts at the defect site in the control group; and meanwhile, a small amount of infiltrated inflammatory cell infiltration and a large number of collagen fibers and capillaries, with better granulation tissue maturity, were found in the experimental group. To conclude, the highly simulated chitosan scaffold can promote the repair of abdominal wall defects and reduce inflammatory reactions. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The local application of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) promotes osseointegration of an immediate implant Sun Zhi-hui, Zheng Yu, Wang Li-jie, Fan Shi-feng, Hou Xiao-wei 2017, 21 (26):  4210-4216.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.019 Abstract ( 345 )   PDF (7026KB) ( 306 )   Save BACKGROUND: Based on a mouse model of tibial implantation, some scholars have found that the CaP-coated implant with recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) (PTH(1-34)) shows strong osteogenesis effect at early stage, but this coating has not been applied in the oral environment OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of local application of PTH(1-34) on immediate implant osseointegration . METHODS: Nine New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups (six in experimental group and three in control group). All of the tooth sockets were filled with heterogeneous freeze-dried bone firstly after four incisors of each rabbit were extracted. In the experimental group, a titanium screw with PTH(1-34) loaded CaP coating was implanted into each tooth socket, while in the control group, a titanium screw with only CaP coating was implanted. The animals were executed respectively at 4, 8, 12 weeks after operation, and the intact maxillary and mandibular specimens were harvested and tested by gross observation, bone density analysis, torque test, histologic al observation, X-ray observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The gray value and maximum torque value of regenerated osseous tissue at different time points in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Within 4-12 weeks after implantation, regenerated and mature bone tissue appeared earlier in the experimental group than the control group. A large amount of new blood vessels were seen in the experimental group at 8 weeks after implantation, while in the control group, there were only few new blood vessels. To conclude, the local application of PTH(1-34) can promote bone formation, improve the implant-bone bonding strength, and enhance the stability of the implant. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of macrophages with quantum dots Li Chong, Yan Cheng, Jin Hui-min, Wu Shui-yun, Qiang Ye-tao, Yan Nan-nan, Xiao Teng-fei, Xia Sheng 2017, 21 (26):  4217-4221.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.020 Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (3884KB) ( 166 )   Save BACKGROUND: Compared with the traditional organic fluorescent dyes, quantum dots present good biomarker characteristics. Especially, quantum dots for cell labeling and targeted bioimaging present unique optical properties. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biocompatibility of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots with mononuclear macrophages. METHODS: The macrophages RAW264.7 were inoculated into 96-well plates containing 0, 50, 100 mg/L CdSe/ZnS quantum dots for 1 or 2 hours. Then, the fluorescent signal was detected by flow cytometry. After 0-24 hours of culture, the fluorescence signal intensity of the macrophages cultured with 50 mg/L CdSe/ZnS quantum dots was detected by flow cytometry. After 18 hours of culture, quantitative PCR was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β in macrophages, and macrophage proliferation cell apoptosis were detected by MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fluorescence signal intensity was positively correlated with the mass concentration of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, and the intensity of the fluorescent signal was increased with the labeling time. After labeling using 50 mg/L CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, the fluorescence signal of macrophages increased continuously with time, and reached the peak at 18 hours. Compared with 0 mg/L quantum dot group, 50, 100mg/L quantum dot groups could significantly promote the expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β in macrophages (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The level of tumor necrosis factor α in the 100 mg/L quantum dot group was higher than that in the 50 mg/L quantum dot group (P < 0.01). The expression of interleukin-1β showed no difference between 50 and 100 mg/L quantum dot groups. The cell proliferation in the 50 and 100 mg/L CdSe/ZnS quantum dot groups was significantly higher than that in the     0 mg/L quantum dot group (P < 0.05), but there was no difference between the former two groups. In addition, 50 and 100 mg/L CdSe/ZnS quantum dots had no significant effect on apoptosis of macrophages. To conclude, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots could activate macrophages and promote their proliferation and secretion of inflammatory factors, but did not affect their apoptosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A novel single-sided groove target release biodegradable stent inhibits coronary artery intimal hyperplasia Jin Hui, Li Meng 2017, 21 (26):  4222-4227.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.021 Abstract ( 444 )   PDF (1089KB) ( 187 )   Save BACKGROUND: Theoretically, a novel single-sided groove target release biodegradable stent can avoid drug-induced inflammation of the local vessel wall, reduce drug dose, decrease the likelihood of thrombosis, and relieve stenosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the novel single-sided groove target release biodegradable stent on intimal hyperplasia in a healthy porcine coronary artery model. METHODS: Eighteen healthy pigs were randomly divided into three groups, bare metal stent group, Firebird metal stent group and Firehawk stent group, which were implanted with L605 cobalt chromium alloy bare metal stents and L605 cobalt chromium alloy non-biodegradable rapamycin-eluting stent and L605 cobalt chromium alloy biodegradable rapamycin-eluting stent, respectively. Two same stents were implanted into the left anterior descending artery and the right coronary artery of each pig, respectively. After 1 and 3 months of follow-up, coronary angiography was performed, and the pigs were killed to take coronary artery samples for detection of intima hyperplasia. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 1 and 3 months after stent implantation, no stenosis, thrombosis and aneurysm occurred in the three groups shown by the coronary angiography; the lumen loss was significantly lower in the Firebird metal stent group and Firehawk stent group than the bare metal stent group (P < 0.05), while there was no difference between the Firebird metal stent group and Firehawk stent group. Histopatologically, there was no coronary arterial tissue necrosis or luminal thrombosis in the three groups. Compared with the bare metal stent group, at 1 and 3 months after stent implantation, the neointimal area and the percentage of stenosis were significantly lower in the Firebird metal stent group and Firehawk stent group (P < 0.05), while the residual lumen area and internal elastic lamina area were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was no significant difference between the Firebird metal stent group and Firehawk stent group. Overall, the Firehawk stent that achieves the same clinical efficacy as the non-biodegradable rapamycin-eluting stent effectively inhibits intimal hyperplasia, and prevents stent restenosis after stent implantation. However, future investigations on the long-term effect are warranted. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of early skull repair with titanium mesh on cerebral blood flow and neurological recovery: a randomized controlled clinical trial based on CT perfusion evaluation Zhuang Ya-se, Fang Zhi-cheng, Liu Bo-yi, Chen Li, Yu Dan-feng 2017, 21 (26):  4228-4233.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.022 Abstract ( 372 )   PDF (1155KB) ( 158 )   Save BACKGROUND: A skull defect is inevitable after decompression treatment for traumatic brain injury. Titanium mesh as the most recognized skull repair material has good biocompatibility and has been widely used in clinical practice. However, the timing for skull repair after brain injury is still in dispute. OBJECTIVE: To compare the changes of brain perfusion and the recovery of neurological function in patients with skull defects before and after early and late-stage titanium mesh repair based on CT perfusion technique. METHODS: This was a single-center, prospective, observational clinical trial that was completed at the Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine in Hubei Province, China. Eighty-six patients with craniocerebral injury who had undergone decompression with removal of bone flap from January 2013 to January 2016 were recruited and subjected to skull repair using titanium mesh. All the patients were randomized into two groups: test group (n=40) with early skull repair within 1-3 months after decompression and control group (n=46) with late-stage skull repair within 6-12 months after decompression. CT perfusion technology was used to observe changes of brain perfusion at 3 days operatively and at 10 days postoperatively. The Barthel index was evaluated at 30 days postoperatively. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrial.gov (identifier: NCT03222297) on July 12th, 2017. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Taihe Hospital with the approval No. 2012 (08), and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, formulated by the World Health Organization and the hospital's ethical requirements for human research. All the patients and their families were voluntary to participate in the trial, were fully informed of the trial process, and then signed the informed consent prior to the initialization of the trial. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The postoperative cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow at the parietal cortex on the side of skull defect and at the cortex in the defect region were significantly higher in the two group than the baseline (P < 0.05), while the time to peak was lower than the baseline (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, significantly higher cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow as well as shorter time to peak were observed in the test group (P < 0.05). The Barthel index of the test group was also significantly higher than that of the control group at 30 days postoepratively (P < 0.05). Overall, early skull repair with titanium mesh is helpful to improve the cerebral blood perfusion at the affected side and the recovery of neurological function. In addition, CT perfusion technology is a safe and effective method to monitor hemodynamic changes in the brain. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A comparison between over-the-toe plaster slab and off-loading forefoot shoes following hallux valgus correction Geng Xiang, Huang Jia-zhang, Ma Xin, Wang Xu, Zhang Chao, Chen Li, Wang Chen 2017, 21 (26):  4234-4239.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.023 Abstract ( 382 )   PDF (1672KB) ( 196 )   Save BACKGROUND: Operative correction of hallux valgus is one of the most procedures in foot and ankle department, but postoperative plaster slab immobilization often brings great inconvenience and pain. Off-loading forefoot shoes can theoretically help them to do activities off bed early, and prevent loading on the forefoot during walking. But its advantages and disadvantages compared with plaster slab are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects of over-the-toe plaster slab and off-loading forefoot shoes after hallux valgus correction. METHODS: Patients with hallux valgus undergoing distal Chevron osteotomy or Scarf osteotomy in the Huashan Hospital of Fudan University between May 2012 and October 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Group A patients had a below-knee and over-the-toe plaster slab while Group B had an off-loading forefoot shoe applied after surgery. Radiological assessment was done at 6 weeks postoperatively. Immobilization was removed once bone union was indicated. Clinical scales and subjective satisfaction investigation were performed at final follow-up, and complications during follow-up were noted. All values between groups were analyzed statistically. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 125 patients (157 feet) were completely followed up, including 83 patients (95 feet) in Group A and 42 patients (62 feet) in Group B. There was no significant difference in demographics, pre-and-post operative radiological assessments, clinical scale, union time or general satisfaction rates between two groups. However, Group B patients had less chance to suffer metatarsophalangeal joint or inter-phalangeal joint stiffness, restricted ankle motion and supra-ankle pains of operated side in comparison with Group A (P < 0.05), and were more willing to accept the same treatment if they could choose again (P < 0.05). Compared with the plaster slab, the application of off-loading shoes not only maintains correction level, but also reduces such complications as stiffness or restricted motion of the joint, limb pains and so on, which makes patients more likely to accept, and should be given priority to in the rehabilitation following hallux valgus correction. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of shear stress on cytoskeleton alignment, adhesion, migration and apoptosis of endothelial cells on micropatterned substrates He Hong-ping, Zhao Xi-xi, Li Bin, Gong Xiang-hui 2017, 21 (26):  4240-4245.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.024 Abstract ( 408 )   PDF (989KB) ( 193 )   Save BACKGROUND: Micro-nano-sized modification of the material surface provides an effective way to enhance the endothelialization of cardiovascular implants. Shear stress plays an important role in the endothelialization of cardiovascular implants. OBJECTIVE: To review the effects of flow shear stress on endothelial cell cytoskeleton alignment, migration, adhesion and apoptosis on the micropatterned substrates. METHODS: The author performed a retrieval of PubMed and CNKI databases from 2002 to 2017 to search literatures about the effects of shear stress on endothelial cells on the micropatterned substrates. The keywords were “micrometer topology, micropattern, flow shear stress, endothelial cells” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The shear stress parallel to the long axis of the micropattern which is applied to the endothelial cells on micropatterned substrates promotes endothelial cell microfilaments alignment along the long axis direction of micropattern, strengthens endothelial cell migration along the flow direction, increases the level of FAK phosphorylation, enhances endothelial cell adhesion, and improves endothelial cell activity. However, there are some controversies on the effects of parallel shear stress on the microtubule arrangement of endothelial cells on micropatterned substrates. Some studies have reported that parallel shear stress promotes endothelial cell microtubules alignment along the long axis of micropatterns. But others have found that parallel shear stress has no effect on endothelial cell microtubule arrangement. There are different conclusions about the effects of shear stress perpendicular to the long axis of the micropattern on endothelial cells on the micropatterned substrates. Some literatures have found vertical shear stress destroys the structure of endothelial cell microfilaments and microtubules, weakens the degree of microfilaments and microtubules arranged along the long axis of micropatterns, and attenuates endothelial cell adhesion and cell activity. But some have found vertical shear stress does not destroy the structure and alignment of endothelial cell microfilaments and microtubules, and still can promote endothelial cell migration along the flow direction. The magnitude of shear force affects endothelial cell migration, and the number of endothelial cells on the micropatterned substrates migrating along the flow direction increases with the increasing intensity of shear stress 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Silicon nanowire field effect transistor biosensors for protein detection Meng Qing-yang, Wang Tong 2017, 21 (26):  4246-4251.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.025 Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (989KB) ( 240 )   Save BACKGROUND: Silicon nanowire field effect transistor electronic biosensors (SiNW-FETs) have attracted enormous interest in the biosensing field and have made rapid progress in protein detection. OBJECTIVE: To review the progress in protein detection by using silicon nanowire biosensors. METHODS: PubMed, CNKI, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar were searched by the first author for the articles related to protein detection, microfluidic channels and silicon nanowire biosensors published from 2005 to 2016. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: SiNW-FETs, with the merits of high sensitivity, target selectivity, real-time recording and label-free character, have been confirmed to have broad application prospects.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and prospect of dextran as a new medical dressing Wang Xiao-lin, Zhao Bao, Pan Bo 2017, 21 (26):  4252-4257.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.026 Abstract ( 576 )   PDF (1131KB) ( 258 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, a variety of new dressings have been on the market, which are diversified and exhibit multifunctional trends. However, ideal wound dressings are still in exploration. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the basic physiological function and polymer advantage of dextran as well as its effects to promote wound healing in combination with other macromolecule materials, in order to impel the development of dextran as a new medical dressing METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI, PubMed, WanFang, VIP databases was performed to retrieve reviews or research articles addressing dextran and medical dressings published from January 2000 to December 2016. The keywords were “dressing, dextran, wound healing” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally, 31 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Dextran has the physiological functions of promoting wound healing and immune function. These physiological functions are the basis of dextran as a medical dressing. Additionally, dextran has some polymer advantages, such as water absorption, biodegradability and non-toxicity. It is noteworthy that dextran can be combined with macromolecules to produce new polymer materials that can promote wound healing in animal experiments. Taken together, dextran, as a medical dressing, has a broad clinical prospect in wound healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances and clinical application in digital complete denture  Xue Wen-li, Li Xiao-jie 2017, 21 (26):  4258-4264.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.26.027 Abstract ( 729 )   PDF (1651KB) ( 404 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, increasing studies focus on digital complete denture. Digital complete denture has many advantages such as reducing patient visit times, saving chairside time, improving manufacturing precision in comparison with traditional complete denture. OBJECTIVE: To review the development of technology and clinical application of digital complete denture, and to analyze the existing insufficiencies METHODS: Articles published from 1980 to 2017 were searched in PubMed, CNKI and WanFang databases. The key words were “CAD/CAM complete dentures, digital complete dentures, rapid prototyping dentures, manufactured dentures, computer dentures, machined dentures, designed dentures, milled dentures, artificial tooth, 3D scanning, 3D printing” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Currently, the production of complete denture using digital technology cannot be fully realized. During digital impression, to scan the traditional dental casts is still the mainstream technology for data acquisition technology. Future investigations on scanning the patient alveolar ridge and its surrounding soft tissue directly and digitally recording the jaw relation directly are warranted. To develop 3D-printed artificial teeth and base materials with proper strength, aesthetics, comfort levels as well as 3D printing of the artificial tooth and the base as the final denture will make digital denture technology more mature. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics