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30 January 2015, Volume 19 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Establishment of rat models of brain injury combined with femoral closed fracture: expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and insulin-like growth factor 1 in bone callus Xiao Zeng-bing, Chen Tong, Fu Ai-jun, Zhu Jun, Li Jian-min, Li Su-hua, Sun Dong-liang, Yu Ling-ling, Wang Rui-gang, Song Xiang-qi 2015, 19 (5):  657-661.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.001 Abstract ( 519 )   PDF (653KB) ( 616 )   Save BACKGROUND: The operation time for patients with craniocerebral injury with the lower limb fracture is not conclusive, and the mechanisms associated with the early healing of the fractures after traumatic brain injury remains to be clarified. At present, there are few animals models of brain injury combined with femoral closure fracture, and therefore, a stable animal model is needed for clinical studies. OBJECTIVE: To establish stable rat models of brain injury combined with femoral closure fracture, to investigate the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and insulin-like growth factor 1 in bone callus during the healing process of femoral fracture, and to analyze the mechanism of brain injury on fracture healing. METHODS: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, in which the models of brain injury combined with femoral fracture and models of femoral fracture were established, respectively. Each group contained 24 rats. Rats were killed at 7, 14, 28 days after injury, a 10 mm femoral callus around the fracture site was cut. The femoral callus specimens were detected with hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry method. The dynamic changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide and insulin-like growth factor 1 expression were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The immunohistochemistry results showed that, the absorbance of calcitonin gene-related peptide positive expression and the percentage of insulin-like growth factor 1 positive cells in bone callus of rats with brain injury and femoral fracture showed significant differences compared with the femoral fracture group at 7 and 14 days (P < 0.05). The difference was not significant between the two groups at 28 days. The intragroup comparison results found significant difference in the brain injury and femoral fracture group (P < 0.05), and no significant difference in the femoral fracture group (P > 0.05). The expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and insulin-like growth factor 1 was increased at the early and middle stages of fracture healing in rats with brain injury and femoral fracture, which contributes to the proliferation and differentiation of various cells, as well as promoting osteogenesis. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and insulin-like growth factor 1 are the possible factors promoting fracture healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of three-dimensional finite element digital foot model Zhou Yu-ning, Zhang Hong, Chen Xiang-chun, Yan Zhan-ping, Liu Feng, Ren Guo-shang,Wang Su-ling 2015, 19 (5):  662-666.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.002 Abstract ( 724 )   PDF (733KB) ( 1072 )   Save BACKGROUND: To overcome the disadvantages of traditional mechanical analysis of specimens, and establish the finite element model of realistic foot, are the important basements for the finite element mechanical analysis on foot. OBJECTIVE: To establish three-dimensional finite element model of foot and lay the foundation for the finite element analysis of normal foot and foot injury. METHODS: A healthy female volunteer was involved in this study and was detected with spiral CT scanning on the feet. The resulting image was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional model by using Mimics software. Then entity model was generated in Geomagic software. Finally three-dimensional finite element model was established based on the digital main structure in Ansys. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The established finite element digital model of human foot included all bone, cartilage and ligament, skin and soft tissue. The three-dimensional finite element model of human foot was established based on CT data and using Mimics, Geomagic, Ansys softwares. The established model had similar size and shape with skeletal mode, and can rotate freely in any angle for a variety of measurement, the foot bones can be arbitrarily split or merge, which is suitable for biomechanical analysis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in serum calcitonin gene-related peptide levels in animal models of femoral head osteonecrosis Huang Tao, Kaisaierjiang Aihemaiti, Cui Yong 2015, 19 (5):  667-673.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.003 Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (2734KB) ( 453 )   Save BACKGROUND: Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a peptide secreted from neuropeptides, has multiple important physiological functions, and plays a key role in normal metabolism of bone tissue, bone defect repair and reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in the levels of serum calcitonin gene-related peptide of animal models of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: A total of 45 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: hormone modeling group, liquid nitrogen modeling group and normal control group. At 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 weeks after model establishment, serum calcitonin gene-related peptide levels were determined. At 9 and 10 weeks, pathological detection was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Clear bone necrosis was visible at 8 weeks. Simultaneously, serum calcitonin gene-related peptide levels were significantly higher in the hormone modeling and liquid nitrogen modeling groups than in the normal control group. These data suggested that osteonecrosis of the femoral head was possibly strongly associated with serum calcitonin gene-related peptide levels. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effect of pioglitazone in rat models of radiation-induced heart injury Song Yang, Wu Rong, Zeng Yue-can, Zhang Zhen-yong, Du Hong-mei 2015, 19 (5):  674-680.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.004 Abstract ( 558 )   PDF (2532KB) ( 546 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many positive effects by activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) signal pathway in cardiovascular system. Angiotensin II is closely related with myocardial fibrosis, however, there are few articles demonstrating that the activation of PPARγ signal pathway can weaken the expression of angiotensin II to improve the radiation-induced heart injury. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in the rat model of radiation-induced heart injury after PPARγ signal pathway is activated. METHODS: Sixty rats were randomly and equally divided into five groups: control, pioglitazone, model, radiation + low-dose pioglitazone, radiation + high-dose pioglitazone. In the model, radiation + low-dose pioglitazone, radiation + high-dose pioglitazone groups, rats received 6 MV high energy X-ray irradiation at the range of 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm and the irradiation dose of 300 cGy/min, for 6 hours. Furthermore, rats in the radiation + low-dose pioglitazone and radiation + high-dose pioglitazone groups were given 10 and 20 mg/kg pioglitazone by lavage, for 30 days; rats in the model group were given 2 mL distilled water. In the pioglitazone group, rats were treated with 10 mg/kg pioglitazone by lavage. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After rats were treated with pioglitazone, the heart injury and the heart fibrosis in the irradiated rats were decreased. The expressions of angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNA and protein in the heart tissue were down-regulated. Experimental findings indicate that, pioglitazone intervention downregulates the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in the rat models of radiation-induced heart injury and activation of PPARγ signal pathway alleviates the radiation-induced heart injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Cdh1 and its downstream substrates in primary neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation Qian Wei, Qiu Jin, Qi Yue-hong, Yao Wen-long, Zhang Xue, Zhang Chuan-han 2015, 19 (5):  681-684.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.005 Abstract ( 436 )   PDF (1220KB) ( 502 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cdh1 has been shown to express in rat hippocampus and cortex in a large number. Moreover, in vitro test demonstrated that Cdh1 expression was higher in neurons than in neural stem cells, which possibly associated with the differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons. However, the effects of anaphase promoting complex Cdh1 on ischemic neuronal damage remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Cdh1 and its downstream substrate in primary cultured neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation. METHODS: Primary neurons from cortex of postnatal 24-hour rat pups were cultured in vitro, and identified by immunofluorescence staining. The oxygen- and glucose-deprived models were established by three gas incubator filled with nitrogen in sugar-free Earle’s solution. After 1 hour of hypoxia, reoxygenation was conducted. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of Cdh1 and its downstream substrates Skp2, Cyclin B1 before hypoxia, 6 hours, 1, 3, 7 days after oxygen glucose deprivation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After oxygen glucose deprivation, the expression of Cdh1 and Cyclin B1 in primary neurons was increased (P < 0.05), while Skp2 expression was decreased (P < 0.05). Above data indicated that Cdh1 expression in neurons increased after oxygen-glucose deprivation. It may degrade Skp2 and participate in hypoxic neuronal apoptosis by ubiquitination. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of repulsive guidance molecule A in the hippocampus of rat models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury during treadmill exercise Guo Zhen-wei, Qin Xin-yue, Zhang Guang-hui 2015, 19 (5):  685-690.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.006 Abstract ( 564 )   PDF (846KB) ( 696 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exercises play an important role in the recovery of neurological function after stroke. Few studies concerned the amount of exercise in rats after stroke. Hippocampus is strongly associated with cognitive function, but no reports addressed the expression of repulsive guidance molecule A in the rat hippocampus after ischemia and reperfusion. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of exercise on repulsive guidance molecule A expression in the hippocampus on the ischemic side in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: 120 Sprague-Dawley rats were equally and randomly divided into normal group, sham-operation group, and 7-, 14-, 28-day model groups. The model of right cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by ligation with nylon monofilament in rats of 7-, 14-, 28-day model groups. Low exercise group received treadmill training of 5 m/min, 5 minutes; 7 m/min, 5 minutes; 9 m/min, 20 minutes. Moderate exercise group received treadmill training of 8 m/min, 5 minutes; 10 m/min, 5 minutes; 13 m/min, 20 minutes. High exercise group received treadmill training of 8 m/min, 5 minutes; 11 m/min, 5 minutes; 20 m/min, 20 minutes.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Repulsive guidance molecule A mRNA and protein expression was highest in the ischemic side of the hippocampus in the 7-day model group without excercise. Moreover, repulsive guidance molecule A relative expression gradually reduced over time. Compared with non-exercise, repulsive guidance molecule A mRNA and protein expression significantly decreased in the 14- and 28-day model groups during moderate exercise (P < 0.05), but repulsive guidance molecule A mRNA and protein expression increased during high exercise. Above data confirmed that moderate exercises could decrease repulsive guidance molecule A  expression in the affected side of the hippocampus of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of three-dimension visualized digital models of foramen ovale piercing path Wang Yan, Chen Ling, Ren Guo-shan, Wang Jiao, Pang Yin, Liu Wen-fang, Zhang Xiang 2015, 19 (5):  691-696.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.007 Abstract ( 599 )   PDF (916KB) ( 698 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, increasing research emphasizes the puncture position of the foramen ovale in skull, but most of the positin methods require a higher personal experience of surgeons and lack of individualized quantitative parameters. OBJECTIVE: To establish a visualized digital model of the foramen ovale in skull, explore the reasonable puncture path and puncture depth of percutaneous treatment of foramen ovale puncture for trigeminal neuralgia, and develop the individualized treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: Head CT images from healthy adult male volunteers were obtained and were input into three-dimensional reconstruction software MIMICS 10.01, the three-dimensional visualized models of the skull and skin were established. Using the models, the puncture path of the foramen ovale was designed and the preliminary model of the puncture locator was plotted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional visualized digital model of the foramen ovale puncture path was established with CT scan images by using MIMICS software, which provides reliable anatomical data for clinical teaching and lays the groundwork for the simulation of puncture surgery. On the three-dimensional models, the “needle points”, “target points”, and “midpoint” were determined, and the triangle consisted of the three points was regarded as “positioning plane”. Using these parameters, the positioning instrument is characterized by simple structure, convenient operation, high positioning precision and short period of exposure to radiation, it simulates the foramen ovale puncture needle depth and needle direction in a precise and individualized manner. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Activation of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway limits excessive astrocytic responses after spinal cord injury in rats Hu Ling-yun, Zhang Jian-ying, Lin Hong, Gou Lin, Lin Tao, Li Wei, Liu Kang, Sun Zhen-gang 2015, 19 (5):  697-703.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.008 Abstract ( 609 )   PDF (1889KB) ( 738 )   Save BACKGROUND: Most investigations have focused on nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury, but for how to inhibit excessive proliferation response of astrocytes after spinal cord injury and improve nerve regenerative environment is rarely reported.  OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin/p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase (Akt/mTOR/p70S6K) signal transduction pathway on excessive astrocytic responses after spinal cord injury in adult rats, and to provide the molecular mechanism evidence for improving nerve regenerative environment following spinal cord injury and repairing spinal cord injury． METHODS: The minimal spinal cord injury model was produced in Spraque-Dawley rats. The rat models were divided into four groups: experiment group (receiving 7-day ATP treatment after modeling), control group (receiving 7-day saline treatment after modeling), interference group (receiving 7-day ATP and rapamycin treatment after modeling), and sham-operated group (receiving 7-day saline treatment after laminectomy). Using immunohistochemical staining and western blot analyses, we detected the changes of Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR, p70S6K, p-p70S6K, and glial fibrillary acidic protein expressions in spinal cord tissues after surgery. BBB locomotor rating scale was applied to evaluate the animal’s locomotor performance after different treatments were administered following spinal cord injury. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The sham-operated group animals exhibited a low expression of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway at the protein level, and the expressions increased following spinal cord injury. Prominently elevated levels of its components were observed in the ATP-treated group, whereas rapamycin suppressed the upregulations of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling molecules induced by ATP. Activated Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway significantly attenuated expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the injured spinal cord, limited excessive astrocytic responses, and elevated the BBB scores after spinal cord injury. Rapamycin inhibited the above effects induced by ATP. These findings suggest that ATP-mediated Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway activation can inhibit excessive glial scar formation after spinal cord injury, and have the potential of improving the regenerative environment, motor function and promoting repair potential for spinal cord injury, so this signaling pathway should be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of topical application of chlorogenic acid on epidural fibrosis and dural adhesion in rat models of laminectomy Wang Yu-guang, Zhang Chao, Shen Wen, Zheng Chen, Yu Peng, Lu Yun 2015, 19 (5):  704-709.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.009 Abstract ( 460 )   PDF (2978KB) ( 590 )   Save BACKGROUND: Laminectomy for decompression can effectively play an effect on spinal nerve decompression. However, this operation can induce epidural fibrosis and fibers broke into the spinal canal, result in iatrogenic spinal stenosis, persistent or recurrent leg pain. Chlorogenic acid is one of the effective pharmacological ingredient of honeysuckle, and has anti-inflammatory effects. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of topical application of chlorogenic acid on epidural fibrosis and dural adhesion in rat models of laminectomy. METHODS: A total of 72 healthy adult Wistar rats were selected to prepare models of laminectomy, and randomly assigned to three groups (n=24). In the chlorogenic acid group, rats were administered chlorogenic acid  2 mL/rat before skin suture in the laminectomy area. Rats in the physiological saline group were given an equal volume of physiological saline. Rats in the blank control group were not given any treatment. Rats in each group were sacrificed at 4 weeks after model establishment. The general assessment and histological analysis were conducted. Hydroxyproline contents, interleukin-6 levels, transforming growth factor-β1 expression were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Rats in each group were involved in the final analysis, dissected and sampled. In the chlorogenic acid group, less epidural collagen fibers proliferated and the appearance of fibers was normal. In the physiological saline and blank control groups, many epidural collagen fibers proliferated, and their appearance showed obvious scar tissue. Histological evaluation exhibited that the density of fibroblasts was lower in the chlorogenic acid group than in other two groups. Hydroxyproline contents of epidural fibrous scar were significantly lower in the chlorogenic acid group than in the physiological saline and blank control group (P < 0.01). RT-PCR results demonstrated that interleukin-6 levels and transforming growth factor-β1 expression were lower in the chlorogenic acid group than in the other two groups. These data indicated that the topical application of chlorogenic acid in rat models of laminectomy could inhibit fibroblast proliferation, reduce interleukin 6 and transforming growth factor-β1 expression, and prevent epidural scar adhesion. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Alveolar bone loss in rat models of diabetic periodontitis Wang Li-gang, Xu Bin, Dilinuer Aji, Gulinuer Awuti 2015, 19 (5):  710-715.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.010 Abstract ( 666 )   PDF (1868KB) ( 525 )   Save BACKGROUND: Body weight, blood sugar, and the change of periodontal tissue in different time period of diabetic periodontitis rats, simple chronic periodontitis rats and normal rats have different influence on the degree of alveolar bone loss. OBJECTIVE: To establish rat models of diabetic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis, and to further clarify diabetes-increased degree of alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis rats METHODS: Fifty-two eight-week-old specific-pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into diabetic periodontitis group, chronic periodontitis group and normal control group. In the diabetic periodontitis group, rat models of diabetic periodontitis were established by injection of streptozotocin + periodontal ligation. In the chronic periodontitis group, rat models of chronic periodontitis were established by periodontal ligation and constant pressure. In the normal control group, rats were fed normally. At 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after ligation, changes in periodontium of rats of each group were observed. The maxilla alveolar bone specimens were taken. The degree of alveolar bone loss value in rats of each group was observed under a stereomicroscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after ligation with steel wire, the degree of rat alveolar bone loss was as follows: diabetic periodontitis group > chronic periodontitis group > normal control group (P < 0.05). Results verified that animal models of diabetic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis were successfully established. Diabetes can increase the destruction to periodontal tissue with periodontitis, and increase alveolar bone loss. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of mirror therapy on complex regional pain syndrome (type II) after high-level spinal cord injury: a self cross-controlled study Tang Chao-zheng, Ding Zheng, Zhang Xiao-li, Ding Li, Wu Yi, Jia Jie 2015, 19 (5):  716-720.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.011 Abstract ( 552 )   PDF (630KB) ( 1096 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mirror therapy was initially used in the treatment of affected limb pain after amputation, and has been applied as a valid way for relieving complex regional pain syndrome due to other injuries, but the efficacy for patients with upper limb complex regional pain syndrome (type II) more than 3 years after high-level spinal cord injury has not been reported in any way. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the availability of mirror therapy for reducing pain in a patient with upper limb complex regional pain syndrome (type II) who suffered high-level spinal cord injury. METHODS: An experimental design of self cross-control was applied for alleviating the patient’s pain with the intervention of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and mirror box therapy, which were conducted 2 or 3 weeks respectively. And the elution period between two kinds of treatments was 1 week, the follow-up time was 1 month. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The pain of the patient was not relieved, but even aggravated after 2 weeks of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, while 3-week mirror box therapy significantly reduced the pain after elution period (the third week). The Hamilton anxiety scale, Hamilton depression scale, and WHO quality of life scale scores were significantly improved after treatment compared with before treatment. Experimental findings indicate that, mirror therapy may be an effective intervention for mitigating complex regional pain syndrome (type  II) in addition to the comprehensive treatments, but further studies are warranted to confirm its effect. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of adiponectin in the periodontal tissue of Kunming mice with diabetic periodontitis Zhao Bo, Wang Yong-lan 2015, 19 (5):  721-726.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.012 Abstract ( 606 )   PDF (872KB) ( 1021 )   Save BACKGROUND: Adiponectin and periodontal disease are closely related with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of adiponectin in periodontal tissue of Kunming mice of diabetes periodontitis, and explore the effects on periodontal tissue pathology and prognosis. METHODS: Sixty 3-week-old Kunming mice were divided into three groups according to the different modeling methods: control group (normal feeding), diabetes group (diabetic model was established by injection of alloxan), diabetes and periodontitis group (periodontitis model was established by local ligation and bacteria developed). Each group contained 20 rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 20 days after modeling, the blood glucose, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index of mice in the diabetes group were higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). ELISA, RT-PCR and western blot analysis results showed that, adiponectin gene and protein expression levels in periodontal tissues were the highest in the control group, then in the diabetes group, and the lowest in the diabetes and periodontitis group, at 1, 3, 6, months postoperatively, respectively (P < 0.05). The periodontal gum tissue inflammation and histopathological changes were observed at 1, 3, 6, months postoperatively. The results showed that, the inflammation in periodontal tissues was the most obvious in the diabetes and periodontitis group, and was visible in the diabetes group, but the inflammation was not present in the control group. Experimental findings indicate that, the down-regulation of adiponectin expression in the periodontal tissue is one of the important factors that trigger and aggravate the onset of periodontitis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reconstruction and application of three-dimensional digital visual model of tooth and skull Gao Lu, Zhang Xiao-hong, Jin Hai-wei, Cong Wei, Wang Fu 2015, 19 (5):  727-732.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.013 Abstract ( 702 )   PDF (888KB) ( 593 )   Save BACKGROUND: Because the content of oral and maxillofacial anatomy is various and complex, only the traditional way of multimedia cannot display the anatomical structures from multi-angle and all-round. The development of virtual reality technology in oral and maxillofacial anatomy of three-dimensional reconstruction research is rapid, causes the attention of many scholars, and has become a hot spot. OBJECTIVE: To develop a three-dimensional digital model of tooth, dentition and skull, and establish a multimedia database of oral and maxillofacial anatomy to facilitate network sharing and information dissemination so as to provide new method for teaching of basic and clinical oral medicine. METHODS: Extracted teeth with intact crown and root, dentition and skull were chosen. Each specimen was taken at horizontal and vertical direction by the camera in the center of turntable. All the images obtained were treated using Photoshop CS5 for dressing and compression. The image data were input into The VR Worx system, followed by parameters and hotspots setting and the compression. Finally, the three-dimensional digital models were reconstructed and output with QuickTime VR format into disk.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional digital models of tooth and skull were constructed with photography and the VR Worx 2.6 software, which could faithfully reproduce the anatomical characteristics of teeth, dentition and skulls, and facilitate researchers to rotate and scale for observation. Also, it was easy for hotspot-marking. On the platform of digital photography and The VR Worx software, it is feasible to establish the three-dimensional digital model of tooth and skull. This approach is the entity reconstruction, and the reconstructed model appears clear, vivid, and is easy to be saved and promoted. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 transfection of atherosclerosis mice: determination of the optimal expression time in vivo Xie Jia, Yang Yi-ning, Ma Yi-tong, Li Xiao-mei, Chen Bang-dang, Liu Fen, Chen Qing-jie, Zhai Hui 2015, 19 (5):  733-738.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.014 Abstract ( 501 )   PDF (1904KB) ( 531 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 has a high affinity in myocardial tissue, and the expression of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9-enhanced green fluorescent protein (rAAV9-eGFP) in the aorta of atherosclerosis mice is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the optimal time point of rAAV9-eGFP expression in the aorta of atherosclerosis mice. METHODS: Atherosclerosis model was established with high-fat diet in 30 ApoE-/- mice for 16 weeks. Among them, 25 mice were injected with 5.0×1011 vg (virus genomes) rAAV9-eGFP through the tail vein, while the remaining 5 mice were injected with saline, serving as the control group. The virus-transfected mice were killed at 14, 21, 28, 35 and 60 days after transfection, and aortic tissue was harvested. The expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein was detected with laser scanning confocal microscope. Western blot assays were used to detect the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein in aorta. The expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein in vivo was observed and the optimal expression time point was determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: rAAV9-eGFP effectively transfected the aorta of atherosclerosis mice, enhanced green fluorescent protein was expressed in aortic tissue, and the expression intensity increased gradually with the increasing transfection time. The highest expression level was found at 35 days after transfection and then maintained stable at 60 days. There were significant differences at different time points after transfection (P < 0.001). These data indicate that rAAV9-eGFP can be effectively expressed in the aorta of atherosclerosis ApoE-/- mice and rAAV9-eGFP can be regarded as the optimal vector in the treatment of atherosclerosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different protocols of ischemic postconditioning on skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model Peng Long-long, Yang Fu-chun, Bo Zhan-dong, Tan Zhen, Yao Jun, Cheng Jian-wen, Xue Ming-qiang, Zhao Jin-min 2015, 19 (5):  739-744.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.015 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (2195KB) ( 480 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that ischemic postconditioning can trigger endogenous protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in various organs including myocardium and skeletal muscle. However, there is variability in protective effects with different protocols and species specificity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of various ischemic postconditioning protocols on rat skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury and to select an optimal protocol. METHODS: Healthy Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups(n = 9): one ischemia/reperfusion injury group and three ischemic postconditioning groups. The rats in ischemia/reperfusion injury group were subjected to 4 hours of main ischemia in the right lower limbs via occlusion of the femoral artery with a clamp, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion, and sham surgery in the left lower limbs as self control. The surgical procedures in three ischemic postconditioning groups were same as in ischemia/reperfusion group except additional ischemic postconditioning interventions were applied at the onset of reperfusion after 4 hours of  ischemia with three different algorithms respectively: 4 cycles of 10 seconds reperfusion/10 seconds ischemia, 4 cycles of 30 seconds reperfusion/30 seconds ischemia, and 4 cycles of 1 minute reperfusion/1 minute ischemia. At the end of 24-hr reperfusion in each group, blood samples were taken from femoral vein for detecting serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and tissue samples from gastrocnemius for measuring wet-dry weight (wet/dry)ratio, enzyme myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde. Tibialis anterior muscle samples were also collected for observing the pathological changes in skeletal muscle under electron microscope.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The wet/dry ratio was significantly lower in the 30-second reperfusion/30-second ischemia group than in the ischemia/reperfusion injury group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between other two ischemic postconditioning groups and ischemia/reperfusion group (P > 0.05). Plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity, gastrocnemius myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde contents were lower in the three ischemic postconditioning groups compared to the ischemia/reperfusion injury group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detectable among the three ischemic postconditioning groups. Vacuolar degeneration of skeletal muscle mitochondria, myofibrils structural clarity and integrity of the nucleus were apparently improved in the 30-second reperfusion/30-second ischemia group compared to the ischemia/reperfusion injury group under electron microscope. Ultrastructure changes of the other two ischemic postconditioning groups were improved to different degrees as compared with the ischemia/reperfusion injury group. The results indicate that ischemic postconditioning confers protection against skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat model. The protocol of four cycle of 30-second reperfusion/30-second ischemia is optimal, which can be used as a basis for further investigations. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of matrix structural proteins in the vessel wall of rat models during the early aneurysm formation Wang Zeng-liang, Li Shao-shan, Sailike Duishanbai, Wang Yong-xin, Cheng Xiao-jiang, Zhou Qing-jiu, Zhou Kai, Du Guo-jia, Wang Xin, Geng Dangmurenjiafu 2015, 19 (5):  745-751.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.016 Abstract ( 686 )   PDF (2614KB) ( 690 )   Save BACKGROUND: Matrix protein is an essential component of the vascular wall, provides a necessary frame for the integrity of the vessel wall and physiological function of vascular wall cells, and regulates cells and smooth muscle. OBJECTIVE: To construct rat model of early aneurysm, and to evaluate differences in the expression of matrix structural proteins during cerebral aneurysm formation. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into control group (n=8) and model group (n=20). Aneurysm model was established by ligation of the left common carotid artery and right renal artery-induced hypertension in the model group. In the control group, only the left carotid artery bifurcation and bilateral carotid were exposed in rats. Rats in the model group were sacrificed at 15 and 30 days after model establishment. Right anterior cerebral artery in rats and olfactory artery bifurcation received immunohistochemical staining. The expressions of fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin and collagen III were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, no significant difference in fibronectin expression was detected in right anterior cerebral artery and olfactory artery bifurcation in rats of the model group at 30 days after model establishment (P > 0.05). However, α-smooth muscle actin and collagen III expressions were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). These data confirmed that expression of structural proteins had differences and dynamic changes during early aneurysm formation in rats. Degradation of matrix structural protein in cerebral artery may be one of the key mechanism of aneurysm formation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of resina draconis on Toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor-kappaB and dendritic cell phenotypes in colitis rats Li Nan, Wang Xue-ming, Ji Yang, Shi Yu-ling, Wang Xin, Li Na, Su Li, Sha Li-na 2015, 19 (5):  752-758.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.017 Abstract ( 463 )   PDF (691KB) ( 591 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells can regulate the immunological reaction in the intestinal tract, this functional deficit may induce inflammatory bowel disease. Toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor-κB pathway is highly involved in this reaction. OBJECTIVE: To establish experimental colitis model in rats, to observe effects of resina draconis on dendritic cells and Toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor-κB expression in rats with experimental colitis, and to explore its action mechanism. METHODS: A total of 44 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 11): blank control group, model group, resina draconis group, 5-aminosalicylic acid treatment group. With the exception of blank control group, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced ulcerative colitis models were established in the model group, resina draconis group and 5-aminosalicylic acid treatment group. After the models were successfully established, the rats in the resina draconis and 5-aminosalicylic acid treatment groups were intragastrically treated with resina draconis [(0.75 g(kg•d)] and 5-aminosalicylic acid [100 mg(kg•d)] respectively for 10 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Disease activity index, macroscopic colonic damage score and histopathological score were significantly decreased in the resina draconis group compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Symptoms and tissue damages were obviously lessened in the 5-aminosalicylic acid treatment and resina draconis groups compared with the model group. Expression rates of CD80 and CD86, as well as expression levels of Toll-like receptor-4 and nuclear factor-κB were significantly higher in the model group compared with the blank control group, resina draconis group and 5-aminosalicylic acid treatment group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Toll-like receptor-4 and nuclear factor-κB expression was significantly lower in the resina draconis group than that in the 5-aminosalicylic acid treatment group. Experimental findings indicate that, resina draconis can partially relieve experimental colitis symptoms in rats and effectively inhibit the activation of dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph node. Resina draconis can relieve enteric inflammatory reaction by suppressing the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and nuclear factor-κB in rats. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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N-acetylcysteine protects against acute pancreatitis in rats Meng Xian-pu, Yan Wen-zhu, Shan Wei 2015, 19 (5):  759-765.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.018 Abstract ( 479 )   PDF (1109KB) ( 557 )   Save BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is a common inflammatory disease mediated by pancreatic acinar cells injury, and is mainly characterized by leukocyte infiltration. N-acetylcysteine can control leukocyte migration and regulate inflammation in some serious inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine in rat model of acute pancreatitis caused by sodium taurocholate. METHODS: Ninety Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group, acute pancreatitis group and N-acetylcysteine group. Except normal control group, acute pancreatitis model was established in the other two groups by retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate into major duodenal papilla. Rats in the N-acetylcysteine group were treated with N-acetylcysteine intravenously through the tail vein. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After acute pancreatitis model was established, plasma amylase levels in the models were significantly higher than that in the normal control rats (P < 0.05). Interleukin-1β, -6, -10, and tumor necrosis factor α expression levels were also obviously higher than that in the normal control rats (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that N-acetylcysteine was mainly expressed in the islet cells, and the pancreatic expression of N-acetylcysteine was down-regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels during the course of acute pancreatitis. N-acetylcysteine administration significantly reduced plasma amylase levels, myeloperoxidase activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and pancreas and lung tissue damages. Furthermore, N-acetylcysteine administration did not cause significant inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation in the pancreas. N-acetylcysteine is capable of improving damage of pancreas and lung, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of various doses of Liushen Pill on microvessel density in models of esophageal cancer xenografts Zhang Hui, Huang Li-zhong, Tian Sha, Yang Ju, Dai Xin-jun 2015, 19 (5):  766-771.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.019 Abstract ( 524 )   PDF (1145KB) ( 705 )   Save BACKGROUND: Liushen Pill is a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has the effects of heat-clearing and detoxicating, eliminating stagnation, detumescence and alleviating pain. Modern pharmacology verifies that Liushen Pill has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cardiac, anti-viral, anti-tumor effects, and has been extensively used in the treatment of various infectious diseases and malignant cancer. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effects of Liushen Pill on esophageal cancer xenografts, and effects on microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. METHODS: After reproducing nude mouse models of human esophageal cancer, 48 nude mice were randomly divided into high-dose Liushen Pill group, moderate-dose Liushen Pill group, low-dose Liushen Pill group, cisplatin group, model group and blank group. According to medication regimen, drugs were given. The growth of transplanted tumor of nude mice was dynamically observed in each group. The nude mice were sacrificed after 20 days of treatment. Neoplasm weight was taken and the tumor-suppressing rate was calculated. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect microvessel density and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The weight of transplanted tumor was significantly lower in the high-dose Liushen Pill group, moderate-dose Liushen Pill group, low-dose Liushen Pill group, and cisplatin group than in the model group (P < 0.05). Microvessel density and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor were obviously lower in the each Liushen Pill group than in the model group, but not as apparent as that in the cisplatin group. Results suggested that Liushen Pill can inhibit the growth of the esophageal cancer xenografts. Liushen Pill can down-regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and reduce microvessel density, which is one of the tumor-inhibiting mechanism of Liushen Pill. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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MicroRNA expression profiling in male and female model mice after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury Tang Wei-wei, Xi Xiao-qing, Hu Hong-lin, Huang Ya-wei, Ye Zhen-feng, Chen Ding-yi 2015, 19 (5):  772-777.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.020 Abstract ( 485 )   PDF (771KB) ( 792 )   Save BACKGROUND: Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury has been shown to exhibit gender difference, but its precise mechanisms deserve further investigations. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differential expression of microRNAs in the kidney between female and male mice in order to study the effects and mechanisms of microRNA in pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury between different genders. METHODS: Male and female mice received kidney ischemia for 45 minutes and reperfusion injury for 24 hours. Simultaneously, male and female sham surgery groups served as controls. The microRNA gene chip technology was used to detect the differences of microRNA expression in the kidney of male and female mice at 45 minutes after ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion as well as after sham surgery. The threshold of difference in expression among samples was double. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Five microRNAs were up-regulated between female and male ischemia-reperfusion injury groups. Twenty-nine microRNAs differentially expressed in the female ischemia-reperfusion group and female sham surgery group, including 25 up-regulated microRNAs and 4 down-regulated microRNAs. Thirty-eight microRNAs differentially expressed in male ischemia-reperfusion injury group and male sham surgery group, including 9 up-regulated microRNAs and 29 down-regulated microRNAs. 102 microRNAs differentially expressed in the female sham surgery group and male sham surgery group, including 22 up-regulated microRNAs and 80 down-regulated microRNAs. Results suggested that there was differential expression in microRNAs in the kidney before and after renal ischemia-reperfusion in male and female mice. These differentially expressed microRNAs may be lead to different sensitivity and tolerance to the ischemia-reperfusion injury in the kidney of male and female mice. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 on tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression of corneal allografts during acute immunological rejection in rats Wang Heng, Lu Xiao-he, Zuo Wei 2015, 19 (5):  778-782.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.021 Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (657KB) ( 450 )   Save BACKGROUND: Allogeneic penetrating keratoplasty is the most effective method for treating corneal blindness. However, the incidence of rejections is high after keratoplasty, so it is urgent to develop an immunosuppressive drug with high efficacy and low toxicity. OBJECTIVE: To establish allogeneic penetrating keratoplasty models and monitor the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in blank control group and after transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrop during acute rejection period of corneal grafts. METHODS: Allogeneic penetrating keratoplasty models were established and were randomly divided into blank control group, ciclosporin A group (1% ciclosporin A), and transforming growth factor-β1 group (1 μg/ml transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrop). The medications from each group commenced at 1 day after surgery, one eyedrop once, three eyedrops per day. All the operated eyes were given 0.3% ofloxacin ophthalmic solutions and 0.5% tropicaide ophthalmic solution, three times per day, for 12 days. The corneal grafts were harvested for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunihistochemical staining (SABC method), to detect tumor necrosis factor-α expression in corneal grafts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that, corneal grafts were significantly thickened, a large number of histoleucocytes and lymphocytes infiltrated in the blank control group; corneal grafts showed normal thickness and no inflammatory cells infiltrated in the transforming growth factor-β1 group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that, there were less cells positive for tumor necrosis factor-α in the transforming growth factor-β1 group compared with the blank control group (P < 0.05). Transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrops can reduce the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the corneal grafts during acute rejection period, and reduce the inflammatory cells infiltration in the corneal grafts, which is probably the mechanism of transforming growth factor-β1 to prevent and treat corneal allograft rejection. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pyruvate effects on expression of intercellular adhesion molecular 1 in rats with grafted small bowel Hao Zhi-qiang, Zhang Tao, Li Meng-bin, Wang Wei-zhong, Zhang Hong-wei 2015, 19 (5):  783-787.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.022 Abstract ( 347 )   PDF (651KB) ( 589 )   Save BACKGROUND: Grafted small bowels are sensitive to ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is inevitable during transplantation process. Our previous study found the protective effect of pyruvate to rat grafted small bowel and investigated the underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between pyruvate protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury and expression of intercellular adhesion molecular 1 of grafted small bowel. METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats of inbred line were randomly divided into three groups. Sham operation group: Rats underwent the laparotomy and the left nephrectomy. Ischemia/reperfusion group and pyruvate group: Ischemia/reperfusion rat models of small bowel transplantation were established and received lavage injection of nutrient solution only or nutrient solution with pyruvate, before donor intestinal blocking blood flow. Small intestinal tissue was harvested at 45, 90 minutes after ischemia and 30, 180 minutes after reperfusion. The pathological changes of small intestinal injury were observed under light microscope. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecular 1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in the small intestine tissue samples. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The pathological injury of small intestine tissue at different time points of ischemia/reperfusion was severer in the ischemia/ reperfusion group than that in sham operation group and pyruvate group, and there was no significant difference in the latter two groups. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecular 1 stayed at a low level during ischemia period, and appeared sharp rise during reperfusion period, which was higher than that in the sham operation group and pyruvate group (P < 0.01). No significant differences were found between sham operation group and pyruvate group in the expression (P > 0.05). We conclude that pyruvate can afford protective effect to ischemia/reperfusion injury of grafted small bowel. The mechanism of protective effect of pyruvate is associated with decrease expression of intercellular adhesion molecular 1. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of targeting apolipoprotein E-modified liposome-mediated HSVtk/ganciclovir system Zhang Yue-hong, Gao Ran-peng, Yu Bao-feng, Wang Hui-zhen, Zhang Dong, Gong Tao, Guo Rui, Wang Hai-long, Cheng Niu-liang, Xie Jun, Niu Kai, Qin Qin, Xu Jun 2015, 19 (5):  788-793.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.023 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (855KB) ( 973 )   Save BACKGROUND: Suicide gene system without selectivity not only kills cancer cells, but also has the same effect on normal cells, so the construction of targeting vector of gene therapy has become an urgent problem to be solved. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate killing effects of apolipoprotein E modified liposomes (apoE-lipoplexes) mediated TK/ganciclovir suicide gene transfection on hepatocellular carcinoma Li-7 cells. METHODS: The apoE-lipoplexes packed pAFP-TK-IRES2-EGFP eukaryotic expression plasmids were transfected into Li-7 cells. HSVtk stably expressing cell clone (Li-7-tk) was screened. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein. HSVtk gene expression was detected using western blotting. MTT method was used to evaluate the killing effects of HSVtk/GCV system on Li-7 cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Stable clone (Li-7-tk) was obtained through screening suicide gene transfected Li-7 cells. After HSVtk/ganciclovir system acting on Li-7 cells, cell apoptosis rate was significantly increased (P < 0.01). In alpha fetoprotein-positive hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Li-7, suicide gene vector expresses stably and effectively kills cancer cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cross-reactivity of tree shrew sera with various secondary antibodies: extensive application to tree shrew models of diseases Ruan Guang-ping, Yao Xiang, Liu Ju-fen, Wang Jin-xiang, He Jie, Yang Jian-yong, Pan Xing-hua 2015, 19 (5):  794-798.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.024 Abstract ( 340 )   PDF (667KB) ( 669 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tree shrew is a representative between insectivore and primates, has a high degree of evolution, is more inexpensive primates, has high use of medical biology, and has been attached by scholars. OBJECTIVE: To detect whether the commonly used secondary antibodies have immune response with tree shrew serum. METHODS: Western blot assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were utilized to detect whether the tree shrew serum had cross-reacts with anti-rabbit, anti-goat, anti-human, anti-mouse, anti-rat, and anti-monkey secondary antibodies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Western blot assay results indicated that tree shrew serums did not react with anti-rabbit, anti-goat, anti-human, anti-mouse, and anti-rat secondary antibodies and had cross reaction with anti-monkey secondary antibody. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay results also indicated that tree shrew serums were cross-reactive with anti-monkey secondary antibody, but did not have cross-reactivity with the other secondary antibodies. Above data confirmed that the usually soled secondary antibody cannot be used to immunoassay with tree shrews IgG. Only anti-monkey secondary antibody has cross-react with tree shrew serum. It is necessary to prepare anti-tree shrew IgG monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. When no antibody is readily available at present, anti-monkey secondary antibody can be used to substitute detection, and can be widely applied in the study of tree shrew models of disease. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and application of Staphylococcus aureus gene knockout plasmid Wei Wei, Li Xiao-ling, Yuan Wen-chang 2015, 19 (5):  799-804.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.025 Abstract ( 713 )   PDF (932KB) ( 1508 )   Save BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been a primary pathogen of nosocomial infections worldwide. To construct a quick and easy knockout method is an important technique of studying virulence and resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. OBJECTIVE: To construct the Staphylococcus aureus gene knockout plasmid for understanding the antibiotic resistance and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: pUC19 was considered as a basic skeleton of construction. pLE194Ts temperature-sensitive replicon and tetracycline resistance gene fragment pHY300PLK plasmid in pCL52.1 were bound to EcoR I site in pUC19 by high assurance amplification. All multiple clone sites in pUC19 were reserved. The Escherichia coli-Staphylococcus aureus shuttle plasmid was obtained. The N315 dapB gene knockout plasmid was obtained through gene knockout technology. This strain was eventually identified by multiplex-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Escherichia coli-Staphylococcus aureus shuttle plasmid, pYZ1 and pYZ8, was successfully constructed, and had been used in Staphylococcus aureus gene knockout. Homologous recombinant plasmid pYZ-ΔdapB was constructed by restriction enzyme digestion and overlap technique. After genetically modification in RN4220, the constructed gene knockout plasmid pYZ-ΔdapB was introduced to N315 to be screened in the low culture temperature. The deletion strain was successfully obtained after being identified by multiplex-PCR. Above data suggested that pYZ1 and pYZ8 can be successfully used for Staphylococcus aureus gene detection, which provides a tool to study resistance and virulence of clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of SOAP assessment note to rehabilitation therapy teaching Wang Xue-qiang, Wang Ru, Chen Pei-jie 2015, 19 (5):  805-809.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.026 Abstract ( 1201 )   PDF (576KB) ( 1661 )   Save BACKGROUND: In rehabilitation therapy teaching, it is crucial to cultivate professional knowledge and clinical skills of rehabilitation therapy for students. SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan) is the international most commonly used and accepted in the medical records of problem oriented method. SOAP is used to develop clinical thinking ability, improve analysis, judgment and the ability of solving clinical problem for students. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the composition, teaching benefit and problems of SOAP in China. METHODS: Published articles about SOAP note were searched from PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and the articles were retrieved from database building to September 2014. The key words were “SOAP note, rehabilitation, teaching” in Chinese and English. We excluded the repetitive researches. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After screening, we included 20 articles in the review. SOAP note was helpful to promote students’ independent thinking, strengthened the standardization of the records, rehabilitation treatment, and developed the students’ clinical thinking and the ability to deal with the problem. SOAP note has several challenges in the rehabilitation teaching, however, with the popularity of SOAP teaching concept, and deep research and gradual generalization of SOAP teaching methods, SOAP has a wide application prospect for the rehabilitation education in China. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Systematic review of the effects of education on medical students’ knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation Zhang Wen-xin, Teng Sha, Peng Xiao, Lin Xiao-hong, Liu Hong-xia 2015, 19 (5):  810-814.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.027 Abstract ( 469 )   PDF (542KB) ( 718 )   Save BACKGROUND: Medical stuff have significant impacts on the development of organ donation and transplantation, however, medical students present insufficient knowledge and ambivalent attitude towards organ donation and transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systemic review on the effectiveness of educational program intervention on medical students’ knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation. METHODS: PubMed, WILEY ONLINE LIBRARY, ProQuest Health, Medline, EMbase, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases were fully searched for the published literature of medical students receiving an educational program intervention on organ donation and transplantation. According to the inclusion criteria, randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental study were evaluated with the standard of Joanna Briggs Institute. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework was used to guide the assessment of the methodological quality of the studies. The outcomes were mainly medical students’ knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Eight studies from three countries were summarized. The methods were employed in two studies of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experiment received a high quality rating, five studies received middle quality rating and one study received low quality rating. Educational program increased the knowledge in six studies, and changed the attitudes in six studies. Educational program intervention is a significant strategy to increase medical student’s knowledge about organ donation and transplantation. The majority of involved study are quasi-experiment study, so more high-quality randomized controlled studies are needed. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Tai Chi exercise on lung function and exercise endurance of old patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Meta-analysis Wang Ji-hong, Liu Xiao-dan, Hu Jun, Liu Jing-xin 2015, 19 (5):  815-820.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2015.05.028 Abstract ( 411 )   PDF (789KB) ( 1025 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tai Chi exercise can relieve the decreasing lung function and increase exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but some studies found that Tai Chi exercise did not achieve the desired improvement effect in patients. OBJECTIVE: To objectively evaluate the rehabilitation effects in lung function and exercise endurance of Tai Chi exercise on old patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS: A computer-based online retrieval of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and WanFang databases between January 1980 and July 2014 were searched. Randomized controlled trials of Tai Chi intervening in old patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were collected, including Tai Chi exercise intervention group and drug or physical education control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 6 randomized controlled trials were included, with 406 patients. The results of Meta-analyses showed that, compared with the control group, Tai Chi exercise obviously improved the percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (MD=4.62, 95%CI: 0.73-8.51, P=0.02), the percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second to the prediction value (MD=4.95, 95%CI: 0.33-9.57, P=0.04) and 6-minutes walking distance (MD=33.81, 95%CI: 6.00-61.62, P=0.02) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Forced expiratory volume in one second showed no significant difference between Tai Chi exercise intervention group and control group (MD=0.02, 95%CI: -0.10, 0.14, P=0.76). Tai Chi exercise could improve the lung function and exercise endurance in old patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and has positive rehabilitation effects. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics