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10 June 2012, Volume 16 Issue 24 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Histopathological changes of SD rat skeletal muscle in the early stage of contusion Liu Shu-kun, Yu Xiao-hua, Wu Yao-yi, Xu Ming-ming, Zhao Zhu-ying, Luo Xi, Ma Chuan-yu 2012, 16 (24):  4371-4375.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.001 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (548KB) ( 531 )   Save BACKGROUND: Effects of keeping exercise after skeletal muscle contusion on regeneration of muscular tissue remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of treadmill running on the histopathology of skeletal muscle in SD rats with acute contusion. METHODS: A total of 64 male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, model group, natural healing group and exercise intervention group. Skeletal muscle contusion model in the middle part of the hindlimb gastrocnemius was constructed in the latter three groups. Rats in the exercise intervention group underwent treadmill exercise; rats in the natural healing group received normal feeding without exercise intervention. Rats in the model group were sacrificed at the 6th hour after model construction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Massive inflammation cells were found in rat damaged muscle tissues of the natural healing group and exercise intervention group in the 24th hour to the 3rd day after acute gastrocnemius contusion injury; the inflammation decreased on the 5th day. The number of inflammation cells in the exercise intervention group was significantly larger than that in the natural healing group at different time points of the same period (P < 0.05). The inflammation cells disappeared on the 7th day after injury in both groups. A small amount of scar tissue was found on the 5th day after injury in both groups, which increased gradually with time. The area of fibrous scar in the exercise intervention group was significantly larger than that in the natural healing group on the 7th to 14th days after injury (P < 0.01); there was still a growing trend in the scar tissues of both groups on the 14th day after injury. It indicate that exercise can aggravate the local inflammation and lead to excessive formation of scar tissue in the early regeneration following acute contusion of skeletal muscle; it has a negative impact on the repair of skeletal muscle. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene polymorphism associated with ossification of the thoracic ligamentum flavum Zhao Wei-guang, Liu Zhen-wu, Liu Li, Xie Yan-ping, Jiang Li-qiang, Lin Xin 2012, 16 (24):  4376-4380.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.002 Abstract ( 235 )   PDF (479KB) ( 354 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are few studies addressing the association of bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene and ossification of the thoracic ligamentum flavum (OLF). OBJECTIVE: To explore whether two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the bone morphogenetic protein-4 were related to the morbidity and severity of OLF. METHODS: The venous blood samples of 40 OLF patients and 40 non-OLF controls were collected. All experimental participants were matched in age-sex composition. The DNA extracted from the peripheral venous blood was amplified and sequenced at two sites of rs17563 and rs2855532 by using PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The frequency of “T” genotype and allelotype at rs17563 and rs2855532 in the OLF patients was higher than that in the non-OLF patients (P < 0.05). The two single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs17563 and rs2855532) can increase the incidence of OLF. Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrovirus-mediated expression of Indian hedgehog in C3H10T1/2 cells and osteogenic potential Zou Sha-sha, Chen Ting-ting, Zhang Ling-ling, Tian Ru-hui, Yang Shi, Li Zheng, Hu Hong-liang 2012, 16 (24):  4381-4386.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.003 Abstract ( 233 )   PDF (664KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: Indian hedgehog (Ihh) has been confirmed to play an important role in regulating bone growth by a great amount of studies. OBJECTIVE: To clone the Ihh recombinant retrovirus vector, in addition, to observe its expression in C3H10T1/2 cells and study the effect on the osteogenesis METHODS: According to the molecular biological technology, the Ihh gene sequence was linked into the retroviral vector pSFG vector which also contained the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene sequence. Viral supernatants harvested from package cell line were transfected into C3H10T1/2 cells. Then, the intensity of EGFP and the efficiency of gene transfer were monitored under the confocal microscope. The level of Ihh expression was detected by Western blot and morphologic changes of C3H10T1/2 cells were observed. Alkaline phosphatase staining was also used to determine the osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS AND CONCLUTION: The results of the confocal microscope and Western blot show that Ihh and EGFP proteins are coexpressed in a high level in C3H10T1/2 cells. The Ihh affects the morphology of C3H10T1/2 cell line significantly and induces the alkaline phosphatase expression in vitro. Therefore, C3H10T1/2 cells have the potential capability of differentiating into osteocytes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Recombinant human growth hormone for treatment of radial bone defects in rabbits Wang Yi-min, Jiang Zheng-kang, Lin Qi-sheng, Ma Shu-qiang, Wu Wei-dong, Li Zhong-tan, Huang Xing-zhong 2012, 16 (24):  4387-4392.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.004 Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (635KB) ( 301 )   Save BACKGROUND: Growth hormone may act directly on the peripheral tissues such as cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue, etc., and it can promote fracture healing. OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effects of recombinant human growth hormone on small-segment radial bone defects in rabbits. METHODS: Twenty radial bone defect models were made in 10 New Zealand rabbit forelimbs and were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group was subcutaneously injected recombinant human growth hormone after the operation for 2 weeks; in the same method and duration, the control group was injected the same amount of isotonic saline as a placebo. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The treatment group was obviously superior to the control group in callus growth, differentiation of cell morphology and calcinosis. Blood glucose level of the treatment group was slightly higher than that of the controlled group during the treatment, and recovered when the treatment was finished. These findings indicate that recombinant human growth hormone has an effective treatment effect on fractures as well as bone defects and no side effect is observed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor alpha regulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rheumatoid arthritis Li Yong-zhong, Min Hua, Liu Chao, Wu Huang 2012, 16 (24):  4393-4397.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.005 Abstract ( 214 )   PDF (455KB) ( 449 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recently, interleukin-17 (IL-17) is proved to be a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which produced by CD4+helper T cells subtype Th 17 cells. IL-17 is expressed in T cells, and IL-17 receptor is expressed in subtotal cells and tissues. OBJECTIVE: To explore the synergetic effects of IL-17 binding IL-17 receptor (IL-17RA, IL-17RC) and tumor necrosis factor α on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promoter in the synovium as well as synthesis of nitric oxide. METHODS: mRNA of human knee joint cartilage and synovial tissue was extracted. RNA interference expression vector of IL-17RA and IL-17RC were constructed together, and transfected into 293T cells. IL-17 receptor-deficient expression cell model was established under the G418 selection pressure. The recombinant eukaryotic plasmids containing iNOS promoter were transfected into wild type 293T cells and 293T cells deficient in IL-17RA expression respectively. Through the synergetic induction of IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor α, expression of iNOS promoter and activity of iNOS were observed by detection of luciferase and nitric oxide concentrations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ①Full-length cDNA from human knee joint cartilage and synovial tissue iNOS promoter and eukaryotic expression plasmids pGL3-iNOS-p luciferase were obtained successfully. ②Cell model of IL-17RA expression deficiency was established. ③In IL-17RA-deficient expression cells, the expression of iNOS promoter and activity of iNOS were significantly reduced. ④IL-17RC specific shRNA eukaryotic expression vector of shRNA-IL-17RC was successfully constructed. These findings suggest that IL-17 via its receptor IL-17RC cooperated with iNOS promoter to obviously promote gene expression of iNOS and nitric oxide production. Related Articles | Metrics

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Healing effects of myostatin inhibitors applied at different stages on fractures in mice Zhang Zhao-kai, Wang Dong, Sun Hai-yu, Li Shu-wei, Huang Xiao-yin 2012, 16 (24):  4398-4401.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.006 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (424KB) ( 347 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent studies have found that myostatin knockout mice showed a significant increase in muscle mass; the intensity and mineralization of the whole skeleton increase as well. Myostatin expression is found in the early stage of fracture repair. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of myostatin applied at different stages on the callus amount and bone mineral density of fibula fractures in mice. METHODS: Fibula fracture model was constructed in mice. The 48 model mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group (empty treatment other than model construction), 0 day group, 1 week group and 2 weeks group (mice in the latter three groups were injected with myostatin antibody of the same dose at different starting times after model construction). The callus amount of the fractures was measured in the 4th week after model construction. Myostatin content changes and muscle tissue changes were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The success rate of model construction was 80%. There was no significant difference in mouse body mass among groups (P > 0.05). The mass of gastrocnemius and the bone mineral density of the callus in the 0 day group were significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P < 0.01); there was no significant difference between the other three groups. Compared with the other groups, the tissue morphology of the myostatin content in the 0 day group also had an intuitive difference. These findings indicate that the early application of myostatin inhibitors after model construction can increase the bone mineral density and promote muscle proliferation in mouse fractures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and vertebral osteoporosis in osteoprotegerin gene knock-out mice Hao Xiao-dong, Wang Shan-jin, Jiang Lei-sheng, Jiang Sheng-dan, Guo Zhen, Dai Li-yang 2012, 16 (24):  4402-4407.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.007 Abstract ( 297 )   PDF (599KB) ( 436 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoprotegerin gene knock-out (OPG-/-) mice have been shown to demonstrate significant osteoporosis and osteoarthritis phenotype. OBJECTIVE: To observe the relationship between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and vertebral osteoporosis in OPG-/- mice with aging. METHODS: The third lumbar vertebrae (L3) and the L4/5 lumbar intervertebral discs (L4/5) from 4-, 8-, 12-week-old mice were harvested. Bone micro-architecture of the L3 was evaluated using Micro-CT; L4/5 was stained using hematoxylin and eosin for routine morphologic examination to measure the height of intervertebral disc and cartilage endplate. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the third lumbar vertebras in OPG-/- mice appeared with significantly drop in bone mass: trabecular number, trabecular thickness and bone volume fraction significantly declined compared with normal mice of the same age, with a statistical difference between them (P < 0.05); while trabecular separation/spacing, structure model index increased compared with control group, and there ws a statistical difference between them (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining exhibited degeneration of the intervertebral disc and cartilage endplate in OPG-/- mice: irregular arrangement of cartilage endplate was observed, and bone marrow cavity tissue was observed in the endplate cartilage and annulus fibrosis. OPG gene plays a very important role in maintaining the structure and function of the normal intervertebral disc, the deletion of OPG gene causes intervertebral disc degeneration and vertebra osteoporosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Proliferative activity of degenerated nucleus pulposus cells transfected by recombinant adenovirus vectors containing transforming growth factor beta 3 Song Xi-yuan, Peng Sheng-zhi 2012, 16 (24):  4408-4412.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.008 Abstract ( 220 )   PDF (472KB) ( 372 )   Save BACKGROUND: Gene interference can promote certain gene expressions, change the cell matrix synthesis condition by regulating the cell biological activity and stimulate the matrix synthesis which is benefit for the regeneration of the intervertebral discs to achieve therapeutic purposes. OBJECTIVE: To construct a recombinant adenovirus vector containing transforming growth factor-β3 gene and to detect its effects on the proliferation of degenerated nucleus pulposus cells. METHODS: Intervertebral disc degenerated model was constructed to gain the primary degenerated nucleus pulposus cells. Total RNA was extracted. Then the cDNA of the transforming growth factor-β3 was cloned into the shuttle plasmid pAdTrack-CMV. The recombinant adenovirus vector containing transforming growth factor-β3 was constructed by homogenous recombination in bacteria using PAdEasy system. The correct recombinant was packaged by liposome and transfected into 293A cells to amplify. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The adenovirus vector containing transforming growth factor-β3 was successfully constructed with high infection; the titer was 1010 pfu/L. MTT assay showed that the adenovirus vector containing transforming growth factor-β3 significantly enhanced the activity of degenerated nucleus pulposus cells; it provides experimental and theoretical basis for research on the mechanism of transforming growth factor-β3 and its application on the gene therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between vertebral endplate shape and intervertebral disc degeneration Bo Ran, Yang Qing-guo, Duan Wen, Liu Jin-rui, Zhang Yin-shun 2012, 16 (24):  4413-4416.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.009 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (353KB) ( 619 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that a variety of environmental factors lead to disc degeneration, and the most important mechanism is the degeneration of the cartilage endplate. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between intervertebral disc degeneration and endplate shape. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of sagittal MRI was performed in 62 patients with discogenic chronic low back pain and 79 patients with radicular symptoms because of herniated nucleus pulposus. The endplate shape was determined according to sagittal T1-weighted MRI, and the disc degeneration was graded on T2-weighted sequences. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Flat and irregular endplates were most common in the lower lumbar spine of people who had disc degeneration. Flat endplate at L5/S1 segment was the most common. In the two groups, disc degeneration degree of concave endplates was lower than those of flat or irregular endplates, and the degree of flat endplate was lower compared with irregular endplate (P < 0.01). The differences in disc degeneration degree of concave and irregular endplates between the two groups had no significance, while disc degeneration degree of flat endplate in the herniated nucleus pulposus group was higher compared with the discogenic chronic low back pain group (P < 0.05). It is indicated that with the severity of disc degeneration, the endplate will gradually change from concavetype shape to flat shape and irregular shape. Related Articles | Metrics

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Plaur and Plat in vascular tissues induce von Willebrand factor release to promote deep venous thrombosis Hu Ji-hong, Wu Xue-mei, Li Hong-kun, Li Xing-guo, Zhou Ru-dan, Zhao Xue-ling, Wang Bing 2012, 16 (24):  4417-4421.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.010 Abstract ( 247 )   PDF (461KB) ( 424 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, the core control network, molecular etiology and mechanism of deep vein thrombosis is still not completely clear, furthermore, there is no ideal method for early diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the prothrombotic role of Plaur and Plat in the vein endothelial cells in rats with traumatic deep vein thrombosis. METHODS: Clamps plus lower limb immobilization with plaster spica were used to establish rat traumatic deep vein thrombosis models. Based on time points and whether thrombosis occurred, the experiment animals were divided into pre-thrombosis, thrombosis, and non-thrombosis groups, and then femoral vein endothelial cells were harvested at 2.5 and 25 hours after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gene chip analysis and real-time PCR results showed that after trauma 2.5 hours, mRNA expressions of Plaur, Plau and von Willebrand factor in the femoral vein were raised. In the process of thrombosis, Plaur, Plau and Von Willebrand factor mRNA expressions were significantly increased. Signal path analysis showed that the Plaur and Plau were upstream regulation genes for von Willebrand factor, and von Willebrand factor was the key gene for triggering platelet adhesion, aggregation and thrombosis. These findings imply that Plaur and Plau can be raised by up-regulation of von Willebrand factor expression, further to cause platelet adhesion and aggregation, and to promote traumatic deep vein thrombosis in rats. Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of CyclinD1, CDK2 and CDK4 in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts and its relativity with cell cycle Jin Wen-hu, Wang Da-li, Nie Kai-yu, Tang Hong-mei, Wei Zai-rong 2012, 16 (24):  4422-4426.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.011 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (490KB) ( 434 )   Save BACKGROUND: The occurrence and development of hypertrophic scar may be related with the abnormal expression of cell cycle related genes. OBJECTIVE: To detect the mRNA and protein expression of CyclinD1, CDK2 and CDK4 in fibroblasts at different stages of hypertrophic scar; to explore the consistency of CyclinD1, CDK2 and CDK4 in fibroblasts of the same hypertrophic scar during the cell cycle. METHODS: A total of 32 hypertrophic scar samples were collected and divided into four groups based on their formation stages of hypertrophic scar: 3 months group, 6 months group, 1 year group and 2 years group, 8 samples for each group; eight normal skin samples were used as control. The mRNA and protein expression of CyclinD1, CDK2 and CDK4 were detected using quantitative real-time PCR and wetern blot. The cell cycle of fibroblasts was detected using flow cytometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the development of hypertrophic scar, the mRNA and protein expression level of CyclinD1, CDK2 and CDK4 in hypertrophic scars changed from strong to weak. Most fibroblasts in hypertrophic scars of the 3 months group and 6 months group were found in the S phase and G2/M phase; most fibroblasts in hypertrophic scars of the 1 year group and 2 years group were found in the G0/G1 phase. These findings indicate that the mRNA and protein expression tendencies of CyclinD1, CDK2 and CDK4 are basically consistent at different stages of hypertrophic scar; meanwhile, the distribution of cell cycle in fibroblasts of hypertrophic scars corresponds with the functions of CyclinD1, CDK2 and CDK4. Related Articles | Metrics

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Different-concentration angiostatin inhibits rat corneal neovascularizasion Liu Zi-bin, Liu Hai-jun, Feng Liang-qi, Wei Er-xia, Xu Dan-dan 2012, 16 (24):  4427-4431.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.012 Abstract ( 203 )   PDF (447KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether angiostatin inhibits tissue neovascularization. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of angiostatin on rat corneal neovascularization. METHODS: Corneal neovascularization models were established in 24 rats after alkali burns, which were randomly divided into four groups: control group treated with normal saline, and three experimental groups treated with different-concentration angiostatin solution (25, 50, 75 mg/L), four times per day. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were few new vessels in the four groups at 3 days after modeling, and corneal neovascularization appeared obviously in the control group as compared with other three groups. At 3-7 days, the speed of corneal neovascularization accelerated, and new vessels in the control group were thicker compared with other groups. The area of corneal neovascularization in the three experimental groups was less than that in the control group after alkali burns (P < 0.05). 75 mg/L angiostatin drop group had the smallest neovascularized corneal area (P < 0.05). Real-time PCR results showed that there was a significant difference in the mRNA expression of CD31 among different groups (P < 0.01). Western blot findings demonstrated that the CD31 expression was lower in the three experimental groups than the control group, and lowered with the increase of angiostatin concentrations, indicating that the angiostatin eye drops can inhibit the coreal neovascularization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a non-contractile refractory wound model in type 2 diabetic rats Zhang Ying, Xing Wei, Huang Hong, Hao Jin, Xu Xiang 2012, 16 (24):  4432-4436.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.013 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (508KB) ( 775 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, refractory diabetic wounds have brought significant difficulties in clinical treatment of diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: To establish a model of non-contractile refractory wound in type 2 diabetic animals. METHODS: Type 2 diabetic rat models were induced by low-dose streptozotocin following high-fat diet feeding. A circular wound was made on the dorsum of the rats. The silicone splint was used to fix the wound. Skin thicknesses, microvessel densities, and the changes of collagen fibers and collagen levels of granulation tissues around the wound were tested by pathological examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with normal group, after 72 hours of streptozotocin injection, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol of rats fed with high-fat diet were significantly increased (P < 0.05-0.01); after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days of injury, the skin thickness, microvascular density, collagen fibers and collagen content in the diabetes group were significantly reduced compared with the normal group (P < 0.01). The results indicated that high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin is simple and effective in establishment of type 2 diabetic models in rats, and wound healing of diabetic rats is more difficult than that of normal rats. Related Articles | Metrics

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Antibacterial effect of purified maggot secretion antimicrobial peptides on ulcer wound of diabetic rats Gao Lei, Yin Ye-feng, Wang Shou-yu, Wang Jiang-ning 2012, 16 (24):  4437-4440.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.014 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (409KB) ( 368 )   Save BACKGROUND: Maggot secretions have a good antibacterial effect on infected wounds. The studies have confirmed that there are antimicrobial peptides that can inhibit and kill the bacteria in the maggot secretions, and we have carried out effective purification of the peptide. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial effect and wound healing of purified maggot secretion antimicrobial peptides on ulcer wound of diabetic rats. METHODS: Twenty 3.5-month-old male SD rats weighing 330-370 g was used to prepare diabetic ulcer wound model. The rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=10). In the experimental group, the wounds were coated with purified maggot secretion antimicrobial peptide; the control group was not treated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the experimental group, the wounds were clean and healed well with fresh granulation, no purulent secretions and no staphylococcus aureus infections. In the control group, wound exudates were found with severe erosion, and the wound was enlarged and deepened that healed poor. The staphylococcus aureus infection rate in the control group was 70%. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, the ulcer area in the experimental group was significantly smaller than that in the control group (P < 0.05). It indicates that the purified maggot secretion antimicrobial peptide can promote the ulcers wound healing of diabetic rats and prevent the tissue bacterial infection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in stretch-induced differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts Yan Xiao, Li Fei-fei, Liu Li-juan, Sun Xian-rui, Zhang Yue, Liu Wen, Yao Ru-yong, Yuan Xiao 2012, 16 (24):  4441-4446.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.015 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (495KB) ( 497 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a convergence point of several signaling pathway, playing an important role in cell growth and differentiation, inflammatory response, and tumor growth, as well as regulation of myoblasts differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and action mechanism of NF-κB signaling pathway on stretch-induced differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. METHODS: In vitro culture-tensile stimulate models of C2C12 myoblasts were established successfully by using a multi-passage load adding system. Cyclic stretch was applied on the myoblasts for 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours at an optimal magnitude (10%) and frequency (0.5 Hz). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ①NF-κB signaling pathway was activated when C2C12 myoblasts were induced by cyclic stretch. The expression of p65 subunit of NF-κB was increased after 6 hours of mechanical stretch, reaching a maximum after 24 hours of mechanical stretch, which was significantly different from the control groups (P < 0.05), confirming a correlation between NF-κB activation and stretch-induced muscle differentiation. ②To determine whether IκBα degradation occurred in response to mechanical stretch, C2C12 cells were exposed to cyclic stretch for various time points and total protein extracts were analyzed by Western blot analysis. A significant reduction in the levels of IκBα was observed after 6 hours of mechanical stretch, reaching a minimum after 24 hours of mechanical stretch, significantly different from the control groups (P < 0.05). ③Treatment of cells with the specific NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, could decrease the expression of myogenin, but not completely abolish the myogenin expression after stretch. These results indicated that: ①NF-κB may be involved in stretch-induced C2C12 cell differentiation. ②Phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκBα occurs on stimulation of the cells. ③NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role during stretch-induced C2C12 cell differentiation, but is not activated exclusively in this process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Demonstration empirical study of the corticospinal tracts by biotinylated dextran amine tracer Ba Ying-chun, Tang Jian-zhong, Fan Yan, Li Zhong-ming, Wang Jin-de, Wang Ting-hua 2012, 16 (24):  4447-4452.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.016 Abstract ( 286 )   PDF (718KB) ( 744 )   Save BACKGROUND: Biotinylated dextran amine mechanisms and metabolic processes are not entirely clear, which may be similar to the complex linked with biotin. OBJECTIVE: To choose the best biotinylated dextran amine tracing empirical method to fully show courser and distribution of the corticospinal tracts METHODS: Fifteen normal Sprague-Dawley female rats were used in this study and divided into three groups, with five rats in each group: in the first group, rats survived for 2 weeks after 10% biotinylated dextran amine (0.5 μL/site) was injected into the bilateral cerebral cortices; while 10% biotinylated dextran amine (1 μL/site) was injected into the right cerebral cortex in the second group rats which survived for 3 weeks; in the third group, 10% biotinylated dextran amine (0.5 μL/site) was injected into the bilateral cerebral cortices, and the rats survived for 3 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The trace effect of biotinylated dextran amine in the third group was the best. This indicates that the tracing effect of biotinylated dextran amine is optimal in the rats receiving multi-point injection of biotinylated dextran amine (10%, 0.5 μL/site) into the bilateral cerebral cortices and surviving for 3 weeks after injection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy on left ventricular remodeling in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction Tao Si-ming, Guo Tao, Wang Yu, Li Jian-mei, Cai Hong-yan, Yang Chao 2012, 16 (24):  4453-4458.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.017 Abstract ( 229 )   PDF (428KB) ( 268 )   Save BACKGROUND: Initial studies have confirmed that extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy can ameliorate metabolism of ischemia myocardium from the level of gene and cells. However, will the therapy improve the development of post-infarction ventricular remodeling in a morphology level? OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy on the function and morphology of the left ventricle after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: A total of 25 pigs were randomly divided into three groups: shock wave group, sham shock wave group and sham operation group. Pigs in the shock wave group were treated with extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy on 3, 5 and 7 days after the model construction of myocardial infarction. Pigs in the sham shock wave group received the same therapy to the shock wave group except for the shock waves and energy. Sham operation group received the same treatment to the sham shock wave group without constructing the myocardial infarction model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the sham shock wave group, shock wave therapy significantly reduced the left ventricular end-systolic volume, increased the end-diastolic volume and improved the global left ventricular function (P < 0.001); it significantly improved the ventricular wall motor function in the myocardium of the myocardial infarction border zone and the motion compatibleness of the left ventricular. These findings demonstrate that the early application of effective extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy can delay the development to some extent from reversible stage to irreversible stage in the left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Feasibility of establishing an animal model of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats aged 6 months Guo Feng, Li Zheng-nan, Liu Jin-ping, Zhu Jiang-tao 2012, 16 (24):  4459-4462.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.018 Abstract ( 428 )   PDF (360KB) ( 351 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are rare reports about establishing an animal model of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility to establish an animal model of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats aged 6 months. METHODS: Forty-eight female rats aged 6 months old were divided into sham operation group and ovariectomized group. Bilateral ovaries were removed in the ovariectomized group to establish osteoporosis models. A small amount of adipose tissue around the ovary was removed in the sham operation group. Body weight, wet weight of the uterine, alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured at 1, 2 and 3 months after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 1, 2, 3 months after modeling, the ovariectomized rats had a significantly increase in the body weight as well as a decreased in wet weight of the uterine (P < 0.05). Serum alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels in the ovariectomized group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group at 1 and 3 months, respectively (P < 0.05). Serum alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels had a slight increasing tendency with aging in rats. After 2 and 3 months, bone mineral density in the ovariectomized group was significantly lower than that in the sham operation group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the animal model of osteoporosis can be established successfully in ovariectomized rats aged 6 months. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a dog disc degeneration model by percutaneous needle technique Peng Jun, Xu Jian-guang 2012, 16 (24):  4463-4466.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.019 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (453KB) ( 276 )   Save BACKGROUND: Annulus puncture using ordinary needles is recognized as an ideal construction method of intervertebral degeneration. However, there still exists certain disadvantages, such as great damage to animals, inconvenient to operate. OBJECTIVE: To establish an animal model of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in Beagle dogs through percutaneous paracentesis under the fluoroscopic guidance of C-arm equipment. METHODS: Eight healthy adult dogs were involved. Percutaneous paracentesis of intervertenral space was performed under the fluoroscopic guidance of C-arm equipment after lumbar MRI examination to damage the L5/6 intervertebral disc. Lumbar MRI examination was performed in the 3rd and 6th months after operation. Specimens were obtained for immunohistochemical examination to observe the disc degeneration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Significant degeneration was found in L5/6 intervertebral disc in 3 and 6 months after ercutaneous paracentesis; MRI examination showed that T2 values were significant lower, and signs of varying degrees of herniated disk was found in the intervertebral disc. The amount of type Ⅱ collagen-positive nucleus pulposus cells in the puncture segment of L5/6 was significantly lower than that in the segment of L4/5 (P < 0.05). It indicates that the construction method of percutaneous needle technique for dog disc degeneration model is easy, effective and reproducible. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of experimental pulpitis models in rabbits Mao Xiao-quan, Xing Lu, Tan Shun, Wu Duo-rong, Xu Pu, Huang Qian 2012, 16 (24):  4467-4470.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.020 Abstract ( 384 )   PDF (520KB) ( 447 )   Save BACKGROUND: Animal models of pulpitis have been established using endotoxin in the past; however, they cannot fully reflect the formation process of clinical pulpitis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the inflammatory characteristics at different time points of rabbit models of pulpitis induced by Streptococcus mutans. METHODS: The mandibular anterior teeth of 20 healthy New Zealand rabbits were divided into experiment group and control group. The lingual surfaces of the rabbit mandibular anterior teeth were drilled; normal saline was imported into the control tooth, while Streptococcus mutans was imported into the experiment tooth. Five rabbits were sacrificed on 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after operation, respectively; inflammation outcomes of pulpitis was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Inflammatory reaction in the experiment group was slight on 1 day after operation, and was aggravated gradually on 3, 5 and 7 days after operation, accompanied with vascular hyperemia in the pulp, severe effusion and necrosis of the pulp tissue. Inflammation in the control group was aggravated gradually as time went on; very few necrosis were found in the pulp tissues. These findings indicate that the forming process of pulpitis induced by Streptococcus mutans is more suitable to the pathological features of pulpitis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation on praxiology of rats with Parkinson’s disease Yu Xue-hong, Tian Xue-long, Li Yi-yan, Jiang Wei-wei, Qian Long 2012, 16 (24):  4471-4475.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.021 Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (478KB) ( 478 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has potential applications in clinical treatment of Parkinson’s disease, the aftereffects of single tDCS are limited in a few hours. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of repetitive tDCS on rotational behavior of the rat models of Parkinson’s disease. METHODS: Substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area of Sprague Dawley rats were injected 6-hydroxydopamine solution to construct Parkinson’s disease models and then were randomly divided into three groups: anodal tDCS, cathodal tDCS and control groups. The rats in the first two groups received single stimulation lasted for 10 consecutive days (current intensity: 80 μA, stimulation time: 30 min/d) at primary motor cortex, while in control group without any electrical stimulation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Repetitive tDCS could lead to statistically significant difference of time in decreasing average speed (P < 0.05), and the aftereffects could maintain for 2-3 weeks, however, there was no significant changes in latency and duration (P > 0.05). Stimulation time, stimulation intensity and target location were kept the same between the two stimulation groups, the study showed that in the cathodal tDCS group average rotational speed decreased more significantly than that in the anodal tDCS group. It is indicated that repetitive rDCS can decrease the rotational speed of the rat models of Parkinson’s disease, and the effect of cathodal tDCS is better. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of stromal cell derived factor-1 on the proliferation and directional migration of bronchial epithelial cells transfected by CXCR4 gene Liu Jun, Ren Kai-ming, Shi Wen-jun 2012, 16 (24):  4476-4480.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.022 Abstract ( 214 )   PDF (468KB) ( 297 )   Save BACKGROUND: A key problem of study on tracheal prosthesis is to cover the tracheal mucosa and recover its function. Stromal cell derived factor-1/CXCR4 pathway plays an important role in accelerating tissue repair. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of stromal cell derived factor-1 on the proliferation and directional migration of bronchial epithelial cells transfected by CXCR4 gene. METHODS: CXCR4 lentiviral vector was constructed and transfected into human bronchial epithelial cells. In the blank group, cells were not infected with any virus. In the control group, cells were infected with non-transfected lentiviral vectors. In the experimental group, cells were infected with CXCR4 lentiviral vectors. CXCR4 lentiviral vectors-transfected and common human bronchial epithelial cells were processed with different concentrations of stromal cell derived factor-1 (1 μmol/L, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0 nmol/L). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: CXCR4 lentiviral vector was successfully constructed. CXCR4 protein expression was low in the normal human bronchial epithelial cells. CXCR4 mRNA and protein expression was high in the CXCR4 gene- transfected human bronchial epithelial cells. With increasing concentration of stromal cell derived factor-1, absorbance was gradually increased in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). This suggests that stromal cell derived factor-1 promotes the proliferation and directional migration of bronchial epithelial cells transfected by CXCR4 gene. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of insulin resistance models of human umbilical vein endothelial cells Xiao Wei-min, Yao Shang-long, Wu Qing-ping, Diao Bo, Zhou Fang, Wang Jue, Dai Zhong-liang, Wu Jing 2012, 16 (24):  4481-4485.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.023 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (557KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that vascular endothelium may be the first link of insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: To establish insulin resistance models of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by hyperinsulinsm. METHODS: HUVECs were chosen as the research object and were incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle’s medium with different concentrations of insulin (50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 U/L) for 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 hours. Normal group was set. The change of cellular form was observed under optical microscope, and the cell viability in each group was determined by MTT. Glucose oxidizes peroxides was done to evaluate whether the insulin resistance model was successfully prepared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the normal group, the morphology of HUVECs incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle’s medium containing insulin more than 40 U/L for more than 48 hours was badly damaged and the cell viability decreased significantly (P < 0.01). When the concentration of insulin was less than 20 U/L, and incubated time was less than 36 hours, no significantly damage was found in the cellular form, the cell viability decreased but not significantly (P > 0.05). The results of glucose oxidizes peroxides showed that the glucose content in the culture medium in which HUVECs were incubated with 30 U/L insulin for 48 hours was higher than that in the normal group significantly (P﹤0.01). These findings indicate that HUVECs incubated in the culture medium containing 30 U/L insulin for 48 hours can present with insulin resistance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of total RNA extraction methods from long-term frozen and fresh gastric carcinoma tissues Ye Wen-jing, Han Ji-ju, Zhao Xiao-min, Xia Zuo-li 2012, 16 (24):  4486-4490.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.024 Abstract ( 339 )   PDF (499KB) ( 475 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, the most reliable and commonly used methods are guanidine isothiocyanate based RNA isolation method (typically Trizol) and the silica-gel column based RNA isolation method. In case of clinical rare tissues, it is necessary to evaluate the reliability and repetitiveness of the optional RNA isolation methods. OBJECTIVE: To compare the silica-gel column based RNA extraction method and Trizol method to determine which technique is preferable when frozen, long-term stored or fresh gastric caricinoma tissues have to be evaluated for the downstream molecular analysis. METHODS: Frozen gastric carcinoma tissues were prepared by long-term storage (more than 2 years) in -80 ℃ while fresh tissues were harvested and processed immediately. The purity of RNA was determined with a spectrophotometer whereas the Ct values of target sequences were recorded by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) system to indirectly assess the RNA intactness (28S and 18S) and mRNA fragment sizes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The purity of RNA extracted with silica-gel column based and Trizol method was comparable. qRT-PCR data revealed that lower mean Ct values of 28 S and a longer fragment were obtained from RNA isolated with silica-gel column based method than Trizol method using fresh as well as frozen tissues. A low mean Ct value of 18 S and medium fragment were obtained in RNA isolated by silica-gel column based method from the fresh tissues, only. For the shorter fragment, no significant differences were observed. Silica-gel column based RNA isolation method was much more superior to typical Trizol method with respect to the reliable generation of an intact RNA and effective amplification of longer mRNA products in fresh as well as in frozen gastric carcinoma tissues. Related Articles | Metrics

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Culture of adult rabbit tenocytes using tissue explant method Yang Guang, Jiang Tao, Wang Zhen-xing, Zhang Ju 2012, 16 (24):  4491-4494.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.025 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (449KB) ( 300 )   Save BACKGROUND: Culture in vitro and understanding the biological characteristics of tenocytes are the premise and foundation to study the mechanism and improve the internal environment of tendon healing. OBJECTIVE: To culture adult rabbit tenocytes in vitro with tissue explant, investigate the morphology, growth and proliferation of tenocytes, and to test the expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅲ in the cells. METHODS: After adult New Zealand rabbit flexor tendon was obtained under aseptic condition, the peritenon of tendon was removed. The tendon was divided into small fragments. The fragments were digested with 0.25% trypsin and 0.1% collagenaseⅠfor 10-15 minutes. The fragments were transferred into culture flasks after centrifugation. And 1 mL culture medium was added into the flasks after the fragments attaching to the wall. Culture medium was added when the cells showed an adhesive growth, and the medium was replaced every 3 days. When 80%-90% of the cells were in confluence, they were passaged at a ratio of 1:3. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The tenocytes showed an adhesive growth at 10 days, and appearance was star-shaped or irregular shaped. The number of tenocytes was increased and the cell appearance changed to fibroblast-like as went on. Passaged cells were round-shaped at the beginning of cell seeding, the cells attached to the wall after 4-6 hours showed a spindle-shape, and the cells gradually arranged in groups. The growth curve of passage cells showed that: the latent period was the first 4 days, the logarithm period was at 5-6 days, and the platform period was at 7 days. Type Ⅰ collagen was positive and type III collagen was negative tested by immunofluorescence assay. The results indicated that tenocytes can be successfully isolated and cultured from adult rabbit tendon in vitro with tissue explant. Related Articles | Metrics

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Primary culture of bladder epithelial cells in vitro Deng Bi-hua, Yao You-sheng, Hao Wei-ping, Wang Jia-wei 2012, 16 (24):  4495-4498.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.026 Abstract ( 531 )   PDF (418KB) ( 483 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are three methods to obtain human bladder epithelial cells: enzymatic digestion, scraping and tissue plant. Each of the three methods has its advantage and disadvantage. There are too many ingredients in the culture medium to deal with, besides, the efficiency is low. OBJECTIVE: To approach the best method for primary culture of human bladder epithelial cells. METHODS: Human bladder epithelial cells from normal bladder mucosa were cultured with three different primary cell culture methods: enzymatic digestion, scraping and tissue plant. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The successful rates of bladder epithelial cells cultured with enzymatic digestion, scraping and tissue plant were 13.3%, 26.7% and 86.7% respectively, and the differences in successful rates were significant (P < 0.001). Fluorescent staining with AE1/AE3 antibody confirmed that the cultured bladder epithelial cells were positive for AE1/AE3 epithelial cytokeratins. Tissue plant is a simple and feasible primary culture method for bladder epithelial cells culture, and a great amount of pure bladder epithelial cells can be obtained in a short time using this method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Peng Cao rheumatism-syndrome dispelling decoction on bone resorption, bone remodeling and cytokine expression in rats with rheumatoid arthritis Liu Chun-jing, Tian Xin-wei, Wang Xue-han, Xu Di 2012, 16 (24):  4499-4504.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.027 Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (624KB) ( 479 )   Save BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown that the compound Chinese medicine can effectively lower receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand or up-regulate osteoprotegerin and regulate receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin to inhibit joint damage and bone resorption. OBJECTIVE: To observe Peng Cao rheumatism-syndrome dispelling decoction’s effect on cytokines, bone resorption and remodeling of rats with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were randomized into six groups: blank group, model group, high-, middle- and low- dosage Peng Cao rheumatism-syndrome dispelling decoction groups and Tripterygium wilfordii group. Except blank and model group, other groups were administrated intragastrically once a day for 28 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, other groups had a remarkable effect on relieving right foot swelling (P < 0.01 or 0.05). The levels of serum interleukin 1β, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor α were significantly lower in the treatment groups than the model group (P < 0.01). The middle- and high-dose Peng Cao rheumatism-syndrome dispelling decoction had a better effect than Tripterygium wilfordii (P < 0.05). The expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B and osteoprotegerin were significantly lower in the treatment groups than the model group (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that Peng Cao rheumatism-syndrome dispelling decoction is capable of improving symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis effectively and restraining bone erosion. The mechanism may relate to the following aspects: ① Reduction in levels of interleukin 1β, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor α in serum; ② Expression restraint on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in the joint of rats with rheumatoid arthritis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and identification of a recombinant pcDNA4 His/Max human bone morphogenetic protein eukaryotic expression vector Jiang Wei, Hu Zhen-ming, Hao Jie, Gan Qiang 2012, 16 (24):  4505-4508.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.028 Abstract ( 255 )   PDF (362KB) ( 316 )   Save BACKGROUND: Adenovirus mediated method has been used numerously in human bone morphogenetic protein 9 (hBMP-9) induced osteogenesis researches, but the security is the most important problem. Eukaryotic expressing vector is a way to solve this question. OBJECTIVE: To reconstruct a recombinant DNA pcDNA4 His/Max hBMP-9 eukaryotic expressing vector by amplifying hBMP9 gene and then cloning into pcDNA4 His/Max. METHODS: Padtrack-cmv-hBMP-9 was amplified by PCR, and hBMP-9 gene was retrieved by electrophoresis. pcDNA4 His/Max was digested by NotⅠ, Kpn Ⅰand then the hBMP-9 gene was cloned into pcDNA4 His/Max. The recombinant plasmid was transformed by DH5α, clonal expansion, and purification, and then verified by sequencing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cloned hBMP-9 gene was 1.3 kb long, having the same length and sequence of the gene that human possessed. Eukaryotic expressing vector of pcDNA4 His/Max hBMP-9 has been constructed successfully. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Dian Kuang Meng Xing Tang on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis rabbits Han Feng-li, Yu Ming-quan 2012, 16 (24):  4509-4513.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.029 Abstract ( 318 )   PDF (536KB) ( 523 )   Save BACKGROUND: Modern clinical studies have shown that Dian Kuang Meng Xing Tang (awaken from the dream of madness decoction) has remedial effects on neurosis, menopausal syndrome, hysteria, dementia and other mental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Dian Kuang Meng Xing Tang on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis rabbits. METHODS: A total of 32 Japan big-ear white rabbits were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, Dian Kuang Meng Xing Tang group and Simvastatin group; the corresponding rabbits in each group were fed with normal diet, high fat diet, high fat diet+ Dian Kuang Meng Xing Tang and high fat diet+Simvastatin for 12 weeks, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The atherosclerosis model was successfully established with high fat diet. There was a severe pathological lesion of atherosclerosis in the model group; the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and platelet-derived growth factor B was significantly increased, the smooth muscle cells were synthetically changed. The pathological lesion of atherosclerosis in the Dian Kuang Meng Xing Tang group and Simvastatin group were significantly alleviated; the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and platelet-derived growth factor B were significantly reduced; the change of smooth muscle cells were close to “contractile” change. These findings indicate that Dian Kuang Meng Xing Tang has an inhibit effect on the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and can delay the development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and platelet-derived growth factor B. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of triamcinolone acetonide and methylprednisolone on peripheral nerve regeneration Wang Yuan-hui, Zhang Lei, Han Qing-luan, Chen Lei, Zhang Bo 2012, 16 (24):  4514-4519.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.030 Abstract ( 233 )   PDF (605KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: Research has shown that the application of methylprednisolone can promote peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. However, the research on the effect of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate and compare the effect of triamcinolone acetonide and methylprednisolone on peripheral nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury in New Zealand rabbits. METHODS: Thirtysix New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: triamcinolone acetonide group, methylprednisolone group and normal saline control group. The tibial nerves on both sides of New Zealand rabbits were cut and sutured by end-to-end method. The sutured areas were treated with local injection of triamcinolone acetonide, methylprednisolone and normal saline in each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The gait ability and plantar ulcer healing status in the triamcinolone acetonide group and methylprednisolone group were significantly better than those in the control group, less appearance of nerve anastomsis; in histological examination, more regenerative nerve fiber and less connective tissue hyperplasia were observed around the anastomosed site. The nerve conduction velocity, the regeneration ratio of myelinated nerve fiber and the wet mass of triceps surae muscle in the triamcinolone acetonide group and methylprednisolone group were obviously better than those in the control group (P < 0.01). But there was no significant difference between triamcinolone acetonide group and methylprednisolone group in above parameters (P > 0.05). Local application of triamcinolone acetonide or methylprednisolone to the anastomosed site in the repair surgery of peripheral nerve injuries can effectively prevent adhesion and promote regeneration of peripheral nerve. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of smooth muscle large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel on alteration of the thoracic aortic contractility induced by exercise training Shi Li-jun, Zeng Fan-xing, Li Shan-shan, Liu Xiao-dong 2012, 16 (24):  4520-4525.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.031 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (699KB) ( 328 )   Save BACKGROUND: Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels play a critical role in regulating the cellular excitability and vascular tone. The reports about the mechanisms of the smooth muscle BKCa channels on the conduit arteries are rare. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on the rat thoracic aortic contractility, and to explore the possible BKCa channel mechanisms underlying these effects. METHODS: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sedentary group and aerobic exercise group. Rats in the aerobic exercise group were preformed with 12 week-treadmill exercise, 0° slope, 20 m/min, 60 min/d, 5 d/wk. After 12 weeks, some animals (n=5 in each group) underwent femoral arterial and venous cannulation. Following 1 day recovery, the cardiovascular responses were monitored in vivo without anesthesia. For the rest animals (n=5 in each group), the thoracic aorta was carefully dissected free, cut into rings, and the endothelial cell lining was removed. The vessel contractility was examined in vitro. RESULTS AND CONCOUSION: ①The pressor responses induced by intravenous injection of norepinephrine were attenuated in the aerobic exercise group. ②Intravenous injection of iberiotoxin, a selective BKCa channel blocker, caused a pressor response, which was more prominent in aerobic exercise group. ③120 mmol/L KCl elicited a significantly increase of vascular tone in both groups, and there was no significant differences of the maximal tension between two groups. ④Norepinephrine (10-9-10-5 mol/L) induced a concentration-dependent contraction of thoracic aorta in both groups, while the maximal tension in exercise group was significant less than that in the sedentary group. ⑤Iberiotoxin (3×10-8 mol/L) pretreatment could enhance the NE-induced tension increase, which was more significant in exercise training group. ⑥BKCa channel opener NS1619 (10-10-10-6 mol/L) could cause a decrease of norepinephrine-induced vascular contraction, and the sensitivity of tissue to NS619 (pD2) was higher in exercise group than that in the sedentary group. These results suggest that aerobic exercise can change the cardiovascular reactivity and vascular contractility, in which the smooth muscle BKCa channels play an important role. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterization and analysis of matrix metalloproteinases 8 and 20 in the human crown and root dentin Zhu Zi-yuan, Zhou Tian, Zhang Bao-wei 2012, 16 (24):  4526-4529.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.032 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (330KB) ( 352 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-mediated collagen degradation in dentin has been widely studied. Recent studies have shown that MMPs play an important role in the progress of periodontal disease, dentin caries, pulpitis and failure in dentin adhesive interface. OBJECTIVE: To determine the contents and distribution features of MMP-8 and -20 in the human crown and root dentin. METHODS: Dentin powder was extracted by guanidine hydrochloride, then subjected to ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid demineralization in four cycles, and finally extracted by guanidine hydrochloride again. Extracts were analyzed by Western blot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for MMP-8 and -20 detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: MMP-8 and MMP-20 in the extracted materials were confirmed by western blot and ELISA. MMP-8 and -20 were mostly extracted from the mineralized compartment of the dentin (E1). These two MMPs presented overall lower levels in G1 and the lowest levels in G2. Both Western blot analysis and ELISA detected that MMP-8 and -20 equally distributed in the crown and root dentin. MMP-8 and MMP-20 proteins have been found in the extracted materials from the human crown and root dentin. They are mostly presented in mineralized dentin, both in the crown and root dentin. Related Articles | Metrics

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Latest research progress of nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 Li Xue-li, Tang Yun, Xu Xue-zhu 2012, 16 (24):  4530-4534.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.033 Abstract ( 251 )   PDF (492KB) ( 1764 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 belongs to the activated transcription factor family of leucine-zipper. It is related to antioxidant response, anti-inflammatory response and cytoprotection. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the function of nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 and its relationship with tumor prognosis, antineoplastic property and other diseases of the body system. METHODS: An online search of PubMed database was performed for articles published between January 1990 and July 2011 with the key word of “Nrf2, Keap1” in English. Articles related to basic research and clinical practice of nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 was included. Obsolete or repetitive articles were excluded. A total of 50 articles were retained in the end. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nrf2 is not only related to anti-oxidative stress, but to the occurrence, progression and metastasis of tumors. Meanwhile, it is found that Nrf2 is related to many diseases and intoxication in the body system other than oxidative stress-induced disease. Nrf2 inducers may become a potential drug for gene-targeted therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue-engineered repair of exercise-induced meniscal injury: International research trends and future Yang Xiao-ning 2012, 16 (24):  4535-4540.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.034 Abstract ( 194 )   PDF (508KB) ( 567 )   Save BACKGROUND: The depth study of disciplines, such as tissue engineering, genetic engineering, biomechanics and materials science, provides a new approach for the treatment of meniscal injuries. OBJECTIVE: To multivariately analyze the literatures on the tissue-engineered repair of exercise-induced meniscal injury through Scopus database and to summarize the application progress of tissue-engineered repair of exercise-induced meniscal injury. METHODS: A retrieval was performed for the literature of the tissue-engineered repair of exercise-induced meniscal injury, using the key words of “meniscus, sports injuries, tissue engineering, repair” between January 2002 and December 2011 in Scopus database. The retrieval results were analyzed, and the trends were described in words and graphics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 245 literatures on the issue-engineered repair of exercise-induced meniscal injury were retrieved in Scopus database, in which most of paper were published as original articles. Eight articles were identified as classic literatures. The overall number of literature had an upward trend from 2002 to 2011. United States and England published more literature than other countries, which play an important role in the field of tissue-engineered repair of exercise-induced meniscal injury. Most of literatures were published from Rice University, University of Pennsylvania, and Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre. Biomaterials published most papers in this field (n=15, 6.12%). This paper provides a valuable reference for researchers to understand the overview and present situation of this field. Related Articles | Metrics

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The research and analysis of tissue-engineered esophagus in artificial esophagus substitutes Mao Zhi-gang, Chen Zhao-Hui, Han Hong-guang 2012, 16 (24):  4541-4548.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.035 Abstract ( 204 )   PDF (597KB) ( 427 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tissue engineering construction technology provides a new approach for esophageal defect repair. OBJECTIVE: According to the literature retrieval results, to multivariately analyze the literatures on tissue-engineered esophagus through China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database and Science Citation Index (SCI) database and to explore the future development tendency of tissue-engineered esophagus. METHODS: A retrieval was performed for the literature of tissue-engineered esophagus, using the key words of “esophagus, tissue engineering, esophageal epithelial cells, scaffold construction” between January 2002 and December 2011 in CNKI database and SCI database. The retrieval results were analyzed, and the trends were described in words and graphics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1)The literature of tissue-engineered esophagus between January 2002 and December 2011 was not too much. The overall number of literature had an upward trend from 2002 to 2011. (2)Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research published most papers in this field. There were 10 fund projects on the tissue-engineered esophagus. United States published more literature than other countries, which play an important role in the field of the tissue-engineered esophagus. Many of literatures were published from Medical University of Graz, Nanyang Technological University, and University of Washington. (3)This paper provides a valuable reference for researchers to understand the overview and present situation of this field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Microglia and Parkinson’s disease Huang Dan-yu, Ye Min 2012, 16 (24):  4549-4554.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.036 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (295KB) ( 433 )   Save BACKGROUND: Because dopaminergic neurons are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress, microglia is characteristics of being prone to activation, and activated microglia is the main source of oxygen free radical production, so microglia activation is more important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and illness progress. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the correlation between microglia and Parkinson’s disease. METHODS: An online computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author among the Chinese Journal Full-Text Database (CNKI: 2000/2010) and Medline (2000/2010) Database, with key words of “Parkinson’s disease, microglia” in English and Chinese. The correlation between microglia and Parkinson’s disease was discussed through two aspects, one is the influence of cell factors and toxic substance produced after microglia activation on Parkinson’s disease, the other is the inhibition of microglia and prevention of nerve toxic factors on Parkinson’s disease progress. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 112 articles were screened out according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 27 of them were involved in the analysis. Results showed that microglia activation will damage dopaminergic neurons, and cause Parkinson’s disease. And the occurrence and development of Parkinson’s disease may further reduce the neurotransmitter dopamine, continue to damage dopaminergic neurons and release the inflammatory factor, thus promoting microglia activation. Inhibition of microglia activation is likely to stop the progress of Parkinson’s disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation analysis of body shape and health quality of life in Gin residents from the Sino-Vietnamese border He Jiang-chuan, Yang Fang, Qin Ming-lu 2012, 16 (24):  4555-4560.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.24.037 Abstract ( 264 )   PDF (504KB) ( 470 )   Save BACKGROUND: Health quality of life survey in the border minority has a practical and political role to improve the public health-care system of China. Correlation analysis of body shape and health quality of life in Gin residents from the Sino-Vietnamese border is a typical representative. OBJECTIVE: To find the main components of body composition influencing health quality of life by the related analysis and corresponding matrix after rotation and then to evaluate the correlation between the body shape and health quality of life in Gin residents from the Sino-Vietnamese border. METHODS: From July 2009 to April 2011, the in-situ investigation, testing and health questionnaire were used for a cross-sectional survey in 361 male Gin residents from the Sino-Vietnamese border, aged 20-35 years. The response rate for the questionnaire was 100%. SPSS 17.0 software was applied to analyze the related indicators, and then initial factor model and rotated factor model were established for quantitative correlation analysis between the morphological characteristics and health quality of life in Gin residents from the Sino-Vietnamese border. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the data were included in result analysis. Correlation analysis showed a higher relevance among indicators, of which, there was a higher correlation in 21 coefficients (P < 0.01), and correlation in 14 coefficients (P < 0.05). Correlation coefficients accounted for 44.48%. The main components influencing the body shape and health quality of life in border residents were health life basic quality as the first, life happiness index as the second, life happiness as the third, and nutrition development as the fourth. Using dimension reduction method, we can observe the extremely complex correlation between variables to objectively evaluate the health quality of life of the minority populations of the border. This method is characterized as practicality, generalizability and replicability. Related Articles | Metrics