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12 March 2013, Volume 17 Issue 11 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Different generations of rabbit nucleus pulposus cells: Morphological and biological properties Wu Hai-jun, Yin He-ping, Li Shu-wen, Bai Ming, Du Zhi-cai, Cao Zhen-hua 2013, 17 (11):  1901-1908.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.001 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (616KB) ( 473 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc degeneration is a chronic and complicate procedure, but its mechanism is still unclear and difficult for self-repairs. Recent studies addressing stem cell transplantation in the treatment of disc degeneration disease are still limited to the laboratory study. Research on biological properties of nucleus pulposus cells can provide theoretical basis for studying the mechanism underlying intervertebral disc degeneration, construction of the intervertebral disc by tissue engineering, and gene therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of different generations of rabbit nucleus pulposus cells, searching for the best suitable seed cells to treat degenerative disc diseases. METHODS: Nucleus pulposus cells from New Zealand white rabbits were separated, cultured and then passaged. The morphological changes of primary, passages 3 and 4 nucleus pulposus cells were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining under an inverted microscope. The biological properties of rabbit nucleus pulposus cells were observed. Aggrecan and type Ⅱ collagen expressions were detected by toluidine blue and immunocytochemistry staining, respectively. TypeⅡ collagen and glycosaminoglycan mRNA expressions in the nucleus pulposus cells were detected by reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Rabbit nucleus pulposus cells were successfully cultured and passaged in vitro. Primary nucleus pulposus cells were round or polygonal, and the average adherence time was 7 days. The first and third generations of nucleus pulposus cells were round or polygonal, and have strong vitality. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that nuclei were in a uniform blue-black, and cytoplasm showed light pink. The cytoplasm of nucleus pulposus cells was sky blue stained for toluidine blue staining, and type II collagen immunohistochemical staining showed the cytoplasm of nucleus pulposus cells displayed yellowish-brown. Passage 4 nucleus pulposus cells appeared with degeneration, and type Ⅱ collagen and glycosaminoglycan mRNA expression was significantly decreased compared with previous generations. The first three generations of nucleus pulposus cells were exuberant in metabolism and showed consistent phenotypes and normal expression of aggrecan and type Ⅱ collagen. Passage 4 nucleus pulposus cells began to age and degenerate. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Co-culture of subchondral osteoblasts and chondrocytes from human knee joint Zhang Li-zhi, Jiang Yao, Mao Yan-jie, Hang Cheng-long 2013, 17 (11):  1909-1916.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.002 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (566KB) ( 665 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cartilage tissue engineering provides a potential method for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The relation and mechanism of interaction that subchondral osteoblasts act on chondrocytes are worthy of further research. OBJECTIVE: To co-culture subchondral osteoblasts and chondrocytes from human knee joint, thereby constructing a co-culture system of subchondral osteoblasts and chondrocytes to investigate the reaction between osteoblasts and chondrocytes. METHODS: Subchondral bone specimens were obtained from patients undergoing total knee replacement for primary osteoarthritis and those receiving amputation surgeries for serious limb injuries. Primary osteoblasts were isolated from subchondral bone specimens using sequential digestion method, and identified using type Ⅰ collagen immunochemistry. Primary chondrocytes were isolated from articular specimens after amputation and identified using type Ⅱ collagen immunochemistry. Then, a three-dimensional co-culture system of osteoblasts and chondrocytes was constructed using cell culture inserts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Osteoblasts and chondrocytes were identified successfully using immunochemistry, NBT/BCIP staining, and alizarin red staining. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR results exhibited that expression of type Ⅱ collagen and proteoglycans significantly decreased in chondrocytes co-cultured with subchondral osteoblasts from osteoarthritis patients. These findings show that osteoblasts from osteoarthritis patients can initiate chondrocyte phenotypes shifting towards degenerative differentiation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on type Ⅱ collagen expression in chondrocytes Zhang Ye-yong, Cheng Wen-dan, Chen Zhe-feng, Fan Wei-min, Liu Feng 2013, 17 (11):  1917-1924.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.003 Abstract ( 507 )   PDF (590KB) ( 487 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ginseng has a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, and immunomodulatory roles. Its major pharmacological active ingredient is the ginsenoside, and Rg1 is an active ingredient with a higher content. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on type Ⅱ collagen and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in chondrocytes of an interleukin-1β-induced osteoarthritis model. METHODS: Undamaged cartilage from osteoarthritis patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty was harvested and cultured. The effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 mg/L) on proliferation rate of passage 2 chondrocytes was analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8. Then the passage 2 chondrocytes were divided into blank group, control group and experimental group randomly. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium was added into the blank group alone. Interleukin-1β at a dose of 10 μg/L was added into the control group to establish an osteoarthritis model. While 10 μg/L interleukin-1β and ginsenoside Rg1 with different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 100 mg/L) were added into the experimental group concomitantly. After 24-hour in vitro culture, the expressions of type Ⅱ collagen and cyclooxygenase-2 gene in human articular chondrocytes were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Promotive effect of the certain concentration of ginsenoside Rg1 on chondrocyte proliferation was observed by the result of cell counting kit-8 analysis. However, compared with the blank control group, the lower concentration of ginsenoside Rg1 (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/L) could not stimulate the proliferation rate of chondrocytes significantly (P > 0.05); only the higher concentration of ginsenoside Rg1 (10 and 100 mg/L) could stimulate the proliferation rate of chondrocytes significantly (P < 0.05). From the results of cell counting kit-8 analysis, compared with the blank group, the type Ⅱ collagen mRNA expression significantly decreased and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression significantly increased in chondrocytes of the control group (P < 0.05). When 10 μg/L interleukin-1β and ginsenoside Rg1 of different concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L) were added concomitantly in the experimental group, the type Ⅱ collagen and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression had no obvious changes compared with the control group (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, when 10 μg/L interleukin-1β and ginsenoside Rg1 of different concentrations (10, 100 mg/L) were added concomitantly in the experimental group, the type Ⅱ collagen mRNA expression significantly increased and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression significantly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). These findings showed that interleukin-1β induced decreased mRNA expression of type Ⅱ collagen and increased mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2 could be antagonized by somewhat concentration of ginsenoside Rg1. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of chemokine signaling pathway in the subchondral bone of early experimental osteoarthritis Zhang Rong-kai, Ye Zhi-qiang, Chen Yan, Fang Hang, Zhang Song-yang, Wu Zhao-ya,Zhao Qing, Cai Dao-zhang 2013, 17 (11):  1925-1930.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.004 Abstract ( 466 )   PDF (470KB) ( 573 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chemotatic factors distribute widely in the inflammatory tissues, which can induce inflammatory cells to participate in immune response. Large experimental results have shown that chemotatic factors exert an important role in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of chemokine signaling pathway in the subchondral bone of early experimental osteoarthritis, which provides evidences that this signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into two groups: experimental group and control group. The right knee joints of rats in the experimental group underwent both medial collateral ligament transection and medial meniscectomy, while a sham operation was carried out in the control group. Rats were killed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postsurgery to obtain the right knee joints. Total RNA of the subchondral bone was extracted, and then hybridized to Agilent Whole Rat Genome Microarray. Differentially expressed genes analysis and pathway analysis were used to study the chemokine signaling pathway. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A set of differential expression genes known involved in the chemokine signaling pathway were found. (2) Chemokine signaling pathway was found expressed significantly in 1 week post-surgery in the experimental group as compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while it showed no changes at 2 and 4 weeks postsurgery (P > 0.05). Chemokine signaling pathway plays an important role in pathogenesis of very early experimental osteoarthritis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association of bone mineral density with left ventricular mass index in the elderly women Wei Ya-nan, Chen Ling-xia, Miao Yi-de, Liu Jie, Jia Rong 2013, 17 (11):  1931-1938.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.005 Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (541KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is an association between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis in elderly women. Left ventricular hypertrophy is the independent determining factor for cardiovascular events. Osteoporosis and left ventricular hypertrophy might be linked by some common pathological mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between bone mineral density and left ventricular mass index in the elderly women. METHODS: Totally 157 elderly women were enrolled and divided into a normal group, bone loss group and osteoporosis group according to the bone mineral density. Bone mineral density, echocardiography measurements as well as the measurements of blood biochemical markers were analyzed. Left ventricular mass index was obtained by echocardiography. One-way analysis of variation and multiple stepwise linear regression analyses were performed for identifying determinants of left ventricular mass index. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the increasing of bone loss, left ventricular mass index and prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy were increased significantly (P < 0.05). Multiple stepwise linear regression analyses demonstrated that the lumbar and femoral bone mineral density was correlated with left ventricular mass index, and the association remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine and blood lipid. Age, systolic blood pressure, and lumbar or femoral bone mineral density were independent predictors of left ventricular mass index. In the elderly women, bone mineral density may be an independent determining factor for left ventricular mass index. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Huangqi Sanxian decoction is involved in gene regulation of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in osteoblasts Li Xiao-min, Lu Chang-jun, Zhou Yan-fang, Zhou Zhi-kun, Feng Xin, Zheng Li-hua 2013, 17 (11):  1939-1945.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.006 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (530KB) ( 460 )   Save BACKGROUND: Long-term clinical research has demonstrated that Huangqi Sanxian decoction exerts a certain curative effect on osteoporosis. In addition, experimental studies have also showed that Huangqi Sanxian decoction can improve the biomechanical indexes in experimental animals. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Huangqi Sanxian decoction on osteoblasts in the cellular level. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Huangqi Sanxian decoction on gene regulation of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in osteoblasts cultured in vitro and to investigate the action mechanism underlying the curative effect of Huangqi Sanxian decoction on osteoporosis. METHODS: Huangqi Sanxian decoction, Xianlinggubao capsule containing serum and blank serum were prepared to intervening osteoblasts from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats cultured in vitro. Cellular morphology was observed, and western blot analysis and determination of protein concentration were used to observe the effects of drug-containing serum on osteoblast proliferation, gene expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in osteoblasts cultured in vitro. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After drug intervention, osteoblasts were spindle-shaped and trabs-shaped, which were concentrated and confluent with undefined boundary. Huangqi Sanxian decoction could increased the protein expression of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts (P < 0.01), and also increased the protein expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (P < 0.01) to increase ratio of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (P < 0.01). Huangqi Sanxian decoction can achieve the therapeutic effect on osteoporosis through regulating the expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Restraint stress effects in type 1 diabetes rats Wei Guang-xi, Wan Zhao-xia, Dai Hong-wei, Wang Mou 2013, 17 (11):  1946-1950.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.007 Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (390KB) ( 475 )   Save BACKGROUND: A way to build psychological stress is restraint stress. OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship of restraint stress and type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to rat models of type 1 diabetes mellitus. After the successful modeling, rats were randomly divided into two groups: stress group (the rats were exerted with restraint stress) and control group (no intervention). Six rats from either group were executed at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after exerting stress, and the related stress markers were detected, including the levels of adrenal cortical hormone, corticosterone and glucagon in the serum. Fasting blood glucose was measured regularly in rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the stress group, the levels of glucose and glucagon, after a week of the stress, were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). Simultaneously, the levels of adrenal cortical hormone and corticosterone in serum were higher in the stress group compared with the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). These indicate that restraint stress can raise the blood sugar level of diabetic rats. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hypoxia training regulates myocardial apoptosis and apoptotic factor expression in rats Lin Xi-xiu, Zhou Ju, Luo Zi-qiang, Qu Shu-lin, Zhao Yong-qiang, Qiu Ji-wang 2013, 17 (11):  1951-1958.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.008 Abstract ( 521 )   PDF (754KB) ( 504 )   Save BACKGROUND: During hypoxia training, the body should bear the motor load and stay in the hypoxic environment outside. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of hypoxia and hypoxia training on myocardial apoptosis and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in rats. METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: normoxia group, 8 hours hypoxia group, 12 hours hypoxia group, normoxia training group, 8 hours hypoxia training group and 12 hours hypoxia training group, 10 rats in each group. The rats of normoxia training group, 8 hours hypoxia training group and 12 hours hypoxia training group were introduced to treadmill running on an incline of 0° at 25 m/min for 1 hour. After training, the rats of group 8 hours hypoxia group, 8 hours hypoxia training group, 12 hours hypoxia group and 12 hours hypoxia training group were exposed to hypoxic chamber with 12.5% volume fraction of oxygen (equal to altitude 4000 m) for 8 hours and 12 hours every day respectively. The course of the experiment was 4 weeks, 5 days every week. At 24 hours after the final experiment, the rats were treated with intraperitoneal anesthesia of sumianxin Ⅱ to obtain the samples, then hematoxylin-eosin staining, in situ terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method and protein immunohistochemistry methods were used to detect the myocardial apoptosis and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the normoxia group, the myocardial apoptosis index was significantly increased in the 24 hours hypoxia group, normoxia training group and hypoxia training group (P < 0.05); the myocardial apoptosis index in the 12 hours hypoxia training group was significantly higher than that in the normoxia training group and 8 hours hypoxia training group (P < 0.05). Compared with normoxia group, the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-2/Bax in the other five groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05); the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-2/Bax in normoxia training group were significantly higher than those in the 8 hours hypoxia group, and significantly lower than those in the 12 hours hypoxia group (P < 0.05); the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-2/Bax in the 12 hours hypoxia training group were significantly higher than those in the 12 hours hypoxia group and the 8 hours hypoxia training group (P < 0.05). Hypoxia and hypoxia training could induce the protein expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax in myocardial tissue. Hypoxia training was related with apoptosis rate and apoptotic index and pathological damage, especially the 12 hours hypoxia training. Bcl-2 and Bax participated in regulating the myocardial apoptosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrin beta 1 inhibits long-term potentiation induced by amyloid beta-protein Han Hai-yan, Zhang Yi-chi, Ji Shu-qiong, Liang Qi-ming, Zhu Sui-qiang, Xue Zheng 2013, 17 (11):  1959-1964.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.009 Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (334KB) ( 475 )   Save BACKGROUND: Inhibition of integrin activity in the hippocampal slices of mice cannot influence the induction of long-term potentiation, but bring rapid long-term potentiation attenuation, proving integrin plays a key role in maintaining and stabilizing the long-term potentiation after induction. OBJECTIVE: To explain the influence of integrin beta-1 subunit during the inhibition of long-term potentiation induced by amyloid beta-protein in rat hippocampus CA1 in vivo using electrophysiological technology. METHODS: Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were equally randomized into control group treated with normal saline, amyloid beta-protein group treated with amyloid beta-protein, and integrin beta-1 subunit inhibitor group treated with selective antagonist for integrin beta-1 subunit. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded from 10 minutes before amyloid beta-protein administration till 3 hours after high-frequency tetanic stimulation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the control group, excitatory postsynaptic potentials were enhanced significantly with an increment of 30%. In the amyloid beta-protein group, excitatory postsynaptic potentials were obviously restraint within 3 hours after high-frequency tetanic stimulation and had no remarkable increase. It can be speculated by the results that integrin beta-1 subunit may be important to the long-term potentiation inhibited by amyloid beta-protein in the rat hippocampal CA1 region in vivo. The special inhibitor or antibody of integrin beta-1 subunit has the ability to stop the mediation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Acidic fibroblast growth factor promotes the repair of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats Sun Hong, Zhang Ming-hui, Weng Li-xin, Sun Tong-zhu 2013, 17 (11):  1965-1971.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.010 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (614KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury repair has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To identify the changes in extracellular signal-regulated kinase and acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 regulated by exogenous acidic fibroblast growth factor (acidic fibroblast growth factor) following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, and to explore the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in acidic fibroblast growth factor-induced injury repair. METHODS: Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury models were produced in rats by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 45 minutes, and then acidic fibroblast growth factor administration was applied immediately after modeling. Tissue specimens were collected at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after reperfusion. The expressions of acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expressions of acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase increased gradually after ischemia-reperfusion injury and peaked at 6-12 hours after reperfusion. Acidic fibroblast growth factor administration relieved intestinal mucosa injury and increased the expressions of acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. These results suggest that acidic fibroblast growth factor administration can upregulate the expressions of acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase after ischemia-reperfusion injury, indicating exogenous acidic fibroblast growth factor can participate in visceral damage repair via the activation of endogenous acidic fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pubic symphysis: A donor area of tissue engineering seed cells? Ge Cheng, Zang Xiao-xia, Zou Jing-cai, Yu Kai-tao, Sun Hai-yan, Zhang Zhi-guang 2013, 17 (11):  1972-1980.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.011 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (643KB) ( 450 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pubic symphysis is the same kind of tissue as the temporomandibular joint disc, meniscus or intervertebral disc, but it is rarely reported that pubic symphysis can be used as a donor area of tissue engineering seed cells. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of the pubic symphysis as the donor area of tissue engineering seed cells. METHODS: Hematoxylin-eosin stain, alcian blue stain and type Ⅱ collagen immunohistochemical study were used to detect the histological features of the extracellular matrix of rat pubic symphysis tissue. Cells derived from rat pubic symphysis were cultured in three-dimensional alginate scaffold in vitro. Cell viability in scaffold was detected by living cells fluorescence staining. Cells proliferation in the alginate scaffold cultured in vitro for 21 days was observed. Eight pelvis specimens of adult men were used to measure the cartilage volume of the pubic symphysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Parallel and crossing fibrous bands were spread in the rat pubic symphysis tissue, and between them there were small round or short-fusiform cells in the lacunae, with basophilic cytoplasm. Cells were in pairs or lined up. Sections stained with alcian blue and type Ⅱ collagen antibody showed positive in the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix surrounding the round lacunae, whereas the matrix farther from cells stained lightly. Alginate gel scaffold displayed a porous structure with (27.0±16.7) μm pore diameter. Cell viability in the scaffold was (72.4±4.5)%. The spheroidal cells in the alginate gel grew into isogenous group after long-term three-dimensional culture in vitro. Cell clusters were observed after cultured for 13 days, and became larger with more cells after 21 days culture. Pubic symphysis cartilage region of adult man was wedge shaped with thick front part and its volume was (1.13±0.21) cm2. It turns out that cells of the rat pubic symphysis have the chondrocyte features as alignment and specific histological stain of cartilage tissue. Cells derived from the pubic symphysis proliferate well in three-dimensional culture in vitro. Volume of adult man pubic symphysis cartilage is large enough as a donor site to supply cartilage mass for cells isolation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of transforming growth factor beta receptor during mouse submandibular gland development Zhao Yi-bing, Huang Xiao-feng 2013, 17 (11):  1981-1986.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.012 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (505KB) ( 387 )   Save BACKGROUND: The submandibular gland in mice is a typical study model for salivary development. Transforming growth factor beta is an essential growth factor during development and diseases. Till now the receptor of transforming growth factor beta and its function during salivary development has not been known well. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of transforming growth factor beta typeⅠreceptor (Tgfbr1), transforming growth factor beta type Ⅱ receptor (Tgfbr2) and phospholated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in mouse submandibular glands in order to uncover the mechanism of transforming growth factor beta signaling in gland development. METHODS: Male and female C57BL/6J mice were mated to get embryos at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) and newborn stage. The samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed into paraffin embedded serial sections. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry by the antibodies of Tgfbr1, Tgfbr2 and phospholated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 using standard procedures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At newborn stage, the submandibular gland was located under the mandible in mice. The submandibular gland alveolus, gland duct including intercalary duct developed well. (2) At E14.5, Tgfbr1 and Tgfbr2 were expressed strongly in the submandibular glands epithelium, but not in the mesenchyme. (3) Expression of phospholated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, similar to Tgfbr1 and Tgfbr2, was only detected in the epithelium. Therefore, transforming growth factor beta might regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in epithelial cells of the submandibular glands in order to control the submandibular gland development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interferon alpha-2a and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells in rats with hepatic fibrosis Liu Cui-yun, Zhang Wei, Liu Pei-pei, Ye Chang-gen, Yi Zhen, Sun Shui-lin 2013, 17 (11):  1987-1992.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.013 Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (580KB) ( 551 )   Save BACKGROUND: Up to now, the mechanism underlying interferon alpha 2a to improve hepatic fibrosis has not been clarified. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of interferon alpha 2a on hepatic stellate cells apoptosis in the CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis rat model. METHODS: We established the CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis models in rats. Fifty healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats were equally and randomly divided into five groups, certainly each group included 10. Five groups were saline control group, hepatic fibrosis model group (model group), 6×104 U/kg interferon alpha 2a intervention group, 12×104 U/kg interferon alpha 2a intervention group and 6×104 U/kg interferon alpha 2a control group. At 8 weeks after modeling, blood and liver tissues were collected to detect the indicators of hepatic fibrosis; the expression of bcl-2 and bax in the liver tissue was analyzed with semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR; and immunohistochemical staining was used to mark a-smooth muscle actin in activated hepatic stellate cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pathological morphology of the liver tissue demonstrated that the hepatic fibrosis model was successfully established. The model group had fibrosis significantly around the portal area; in addition, Mans-like fibers and fibrous septa formed. Different interferon alpha 2a intervention groups had fibrosis relief to different extent. a-smooth muscle actin had a great amount of positive expression in the model group, while the positive expression of a-smooth muscle actin was lower in the interferon alpha 2a intervention groups, especially in the 12×104 U/kg interferon alpha 2a intervention group as compared the model group. In addition, there was no expression of a-smooth muscle actin in the 6×104 U/kg interferon alpha 2a control group. Interferon alpha 2a could down-regulate bcl-2 expression and up-regulate bax expression in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis models. These findings indicate that the mechanism of interferon alpha 2a blocking CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis is mainly present by regulating the expression of bcl-2 and bax to induce apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells, and this regulatory role is possibly related to interferon alpha 2a dose. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of gliacytes after spinal cord transection in Ambystoma mexicanum Li Min, Liu Jia, Zhong Yu-hua, Peng Fu-hua 2013, 17 (11):  1993-2000.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.014 Abstract ( 461 )   PDF (778KB) ( 746 )   Save BACKGROUND: The spinal cord of Ambystoma mexicanum can regenerate after transection, and the number and distribution of gliacytes alter during regeneration. So it is important to observe the changes of gliacytes following spinal cord transection in Ambystoma mexicanum in order to further discuss the mechanism of spinal cord regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of microglias, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes following spinal cord transaction in Ambystoma mexicanum. METHODS: Adult Ambystoma mexicanum was selected and divided into spinal cord transection group and control group. Immunohistochemistry assay was performed to observe the changes in cd11b-labeled microglias, glial fibrillary acidic protein labeled astrocytes and myelin basic protein labeled oligodendrocytes in the injured region and peripheral region at 1, 3 and 10 days after spinal cord transection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After transaction, the staining results of cd11b were negative. The staining intensity results of glial fibrillary acidic protein and myelin basic protein positive cells at 3 and 10 day were lower to the control group, but showed no significant difference from the control group at 1 day after transection. Microglias were negative in Ambystoma mexicanum, indicating the marker proteins of microglia in salamander may be different from those in the mammals. The staining intensity results of glial fibrillary acidic protein and myelin basic protein positive cells at 3 and 10 days were lower to the control group, which suggested that astrocytes and oligodendrocytes hyperplasia were not seen and no glial scar formed in early stage of spinal cord injury in Ambystoma mexicanum. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microglia-mediated oxidative stress injury in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease Lu Ming-jia, Wang Shan-shan, Zhu Yi 2013, 17 (11):  2001-2006.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.015 Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (511KB) ( 566 )   Save BACKGROUND: In microglia, inducible nitric oxide synthase can induce dopaminergic neurons to promote the intake of paraquat. However, exposure to paraquat can result in specific injury to dopaminergic neurons. The substantia nigra pars compacta in patients has activated microglia, but the role of oxidative stress injury is unkonwn. OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of microglia mediated oxidative stress injury in mouse models of Parkinson’s disease. METHODS: Thirty-six C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups with 18 mice in each: Parkinson’s disease group and control group. The model of Parkinson’s disease was established by intraperitoneal injection of paraquat to mice (10 mg/kg). The control group was given the same dose of normal saline as paraquat. Adult spontaneous motor activity was observed in the two groups. The level of dopamine in the substantia nigra pars compacta was observed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase and mac-1 in the substantia nigra pars compacta were measured by immunohistochemical staining under optical microscope. The spectrophotometry was used to detect the activities of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and the content of malondialdehyde in the substantia nigra pars compacta. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Parkinson’s disease group showed a marked hypoactive behavior and the number of microglia as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the Parkinson’s disease group was decreased, but mac-1 was increased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The content of dopamine in the substantia nigra pars compacta was lower than that in the control group detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced in the Parkinson’s disease group, but the content of malondialdehyde was increased as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that activated microglia in the substantia nigra pars compacta can strengthen oxidative stress injury and weaken anti-oxidative protection, which may be an important pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein during type Ⅱ collagen treatment of osteoarthritis Lei Jing, Zhong Cui-hong, Chen Dan-chang, Huang Lei 2013, 17 (11):  2007-2012.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.016 Abstract ( 434 )   PDF (637KB) ( 562 )   Save BACKGROUND: Type Ⅱ collagen and chondroitin sulfate are the major components of articular cartilage. They cannot only protect the cartilage, but also inhibit pathology of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the curative effect of type Ⅱ collagen injection and type Ⅱ collagen- chondroitin sulfate composite injection on osteoarthritis by detecting the expression of rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein. METHODS: A rat model of knee osteoarthritis was established by using improved Hulth’s method. The treatment was performed via injection into the articular cavity (treatment group A: type Ⅱ collagen injection; treatment group B: type Ⅱ collagen-chondroitin sulfate composite injection; positive control: sodium hyaluronate; model control: physiological saline). After operation, rats in each group were characterized with daily observation, weighing, serum antibody test and histological observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After treatment, the content of rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein in rats’ serum of model group was increased, and inflammation was aggravated; while compared with the model group, the content of rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein in the other groups, especially in the treatment group B, were lower and the inflammation was eased (P < 0.01). The findings show that both type Ⅱ collagen and sodium hyaluronate can prevent and treat osteoarthritis effectively. The therapeutic effect of type Ⅱ collagen combined with chondroitin sulfate is better. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of osteopontin in the articular synovium of human knee osteoarthritis Xiao Sheng-shi, Gao Shu-guang, Xu Mai, Zhang Kai, Zhu He-yuan, Song Yang, Yang Yang, Lei Guang-hua 2013, 17 (11):  2013-2019.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.017 Abstract ( 410 )   PDF (620KB) ( 573 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that osteopontin is closely related to cartilage degeneration of osteoarthritis, but the osteopontin expression in the synovium and their relations to osteoarthritis severity are still rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate osteopontin effects on the occurrence and development of primary knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Synovium samples from patients with knee osteoarthritis and low-limb trauma controls were enrolled in this study. The comprehensive score method was taken for grouping. Osteopontin levels in the synovium were measured using immunohistochemical method. The differences among groups were compared. The level of osteopontin between the synovial lining layer and the sub-lining layer was also compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the tissue of osteoarthritis, positive expression of osteopontin was found, showing yellow, burry, and brown in color. Compared to the controls, osteoarthritis patients had higher osteopontin level in the synovium (P < 0.05). In addition, subsequent analysis showed that osteopontin levels in the synovium were significantly correlated with severity of disease (ρ=0.663, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the osteopontin level between the synovial lining layer and the sub-lining layer (P > 0.05). These data suggest that osteopontin may be associated with the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trypsin and dexamethasone affect proliferation and cytoskeleton protein expression of human lung fibroblasts Fang Qiu-hong, Shui Chao-xiang, Wang Yao-yao, Wang Rui-qin, Wang Jing, Ma Ying-min 2013, 17 (11):  2020-2025.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.018 Abstract ( 345 )   PDF (487KB) ( 484 )   Save BACKGROUND: In addition to the supporting function, lung fibroblasts play a pivotal role in the process of lung tissue injury and repair through proliferation, contraction, chemotaxis and secretion of the extracellular matrix. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of trypsin and dexamethasone on the proliferation and cytoskeleton protein expression of lung fibroblasts. METHODS: Human lung fibroblasts were isolated and cultured in vitro followed by trypsin (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5, 10 mg/L) treatment for 24 hours or dexamethasone (10-9-10-6 mol/L) treatment for 72 hours. The expression of vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin was detected by immunoblotting. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was utilized for measuring fibroblasts proliferation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Trypsin at lower concentrations (0.1-0.5 mg/L) significantly stimulated lung fibroblasts proliferation, while higher concentrations (1-10 mg/L) of trypsin inhibited lung fibroblasts proliferation. No effect on fibroblasts proliferation was observed with dexamethasone. Trypsin significantly increased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin in a dose-dependent manner, but had no influence on vimentin expression. Dexamethasone (10-9-10-6 mol/L) significantly inhibited vimentin expression in a concentration-dependent manner. The data reveal that trypsin and glucocorticosteroids may participate in the tissue remodeling process of chronic inflammatory airway diseases through affecting lung fibroblasts proliferation and the expression of cytoskeleton protein. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thioredoxin gene recombination and expression in Neuro-2A cells Wang Long, Lü Guo-feng 2013, 17 (11):  2026-2031.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.019 Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (462KB) ( 530 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies on antioxidant genes Thioredoxin (TRX) have attracted more attention gradually, but relevant studies from the aspect of gene therapy are fewer. OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of cells expressing the corresponding proteins in TRX transfected Neuro-2A cells and to analyze the possible mechanism underlying the protective effect. METHODS: Plasmids PIRES2-EGFP-TRX were used to transfect Neuro-2A cells and to establish a cell line which could stably express TRX proteins identified by reverse transcription-PCR. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were used to treat normal cells and transfected cells for the establishment of oxidative stress models. Cell morphology, cell survival, glutathione concentration and DNA strand breaks situation were observed after oxidative damage. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Normal cells and transfected cells were both damaged by hydrogen peroxide; however, the transfected cells were superior to the normal cells in cell damage, cell survival, intracellular glutathione level and degree of DNA strand breaks. These findings indicate that TRX gene in Neuro-2A cells can be reconstructed and expressed successfully, which plays a certain protective. This effect may be achieved through scavenging oxygen free radicals, maintaining intracellular glutathione levels, thereby protecting cellular DNA against oxidative damage. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Work efficiency during movement: Detection using energy and biomechanical methods Sun Ming-yun, Sun Bo, Zhang Xiang, Li Hai-peng 2013, 17 (11):  2032-2039.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.020 Abstract ( 925 )   PDF (533KB) ( 1149 )   Save BACKGROUND: So far, the testing methodologies of the work efficiency are not perfect, though international scholars have actively explored the energy methods for running efficiency early. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the work efficiency of 400-meter running. METHODS: Twelve male subjects (the first or second rank sprinter) volunteered to participate in this study, and they had no muscle damage, fractures and diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems in the past 1 year. We recorded synchronously the related parameters using the high speed PULNIX CCD (TM6710) system, the portable CORTEX, Meta Max 3B and the self-made timepiece of measuring time in the level track. Energy expenditure was collected by the MetaMax 3B system. We calculated the work efficiency of 400-meter running using mathematics modeling and the statistical methods based on theoretical analyzing and collected datum-physiological and kinematic parameters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We obtained average velocity in the X axis [(7.00±0.23) m/s] and average displacement data in the Y axis [(10.0±1.70) cm] at the centre of the body mass. The time of movement was (57.20±1.84) seconds. The net energy consumption, the heat energy, the drag energy, the potential energy, the kinetic energy and the work efficiency were (301.2±29.3) kJ, (197.0±30.3) kJ, (5.3±0.6) kJ, (3.7±0.7) kJ, (95.2±10.9) kJ, (35.0±4.3)%, respectively. In the average speed of (7.00±0.23) m/s, it was concluded that the average work efficiency (external work efficiency) was 35% during 400-meter running in the level track. It is a viable method that combines the energy balance theory model with the means of biomechanics to measure the work efficiency of human body during exercise. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stress distribution of needle body during the process of acupuncture Wang Xi-ming, Zhang Hui, Zhou Yong-jun 2013, 17 (11):  2040-2047.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.021 Abstract ( 543 )   PDF (558KB) ( 529 )   Save BACKGROUND: During the process of acupuncture, the stress distribution of needle body not only depends on the tissue structure of different acupoints, but also is affected by method of manipulating needle. OBJECTIVE: According to the tissue structure and mechanical properties of epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous connective tissue of normal acupoints, to analyze the stress distribution of the needle body during the acupuncture using lifting-thrusting method and twirling method. METHODS: Based on the previous research results, solid-like and soft matter models were established to analyze the resistance distribution of the needle body during the acupuncture using lifting-thrusting method and twirling method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The epidermis has no vessel and nerve, but it is dense and hard that can be seen as a solid-like. The dermis and subcutaneous connective tissue possess vessels and nerves that are widely distributed, and they are loose and soft, which are typical soft matters. Under the condition without “Deqi”, the resistance during the lifting and thrusting of manipulating needle mainly comes from the epidermis; after so-called “Deqi”, the main resistance comes from the combined action of dermis and connective tissue. There are stress points all over the needle body after it goes into the skin. The stress near the needle tip is higher. Manipulating needle using twirling method can be resistant by collagen fiber and elastic fiber winding. The stress points of the needle body are mainly concentrated at the pinpoint and its neighboring. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ligustrazine prevents lung cell apoptosis in the acute stage of pulmonary contusion induced by blunt chest trauma Cao Chen, Deng Ying-zhong, Zheng Ming-an, Liu Fang, Meng Qing-tao 2013, 17 (11):  2048-2053.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.022 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (437KB) ( 463 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pulmonary contusion induced by blunt chest trauma can result in respiratory dysfunction and secondary inflammatory reaction, which can take part in the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. However, the reason and mechanism of pulmonary contusion is urgently for clarity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of ligustrazine on cell apoptosis in the acute stage of pulmonary contusion induced by blunt chest trauma in rats. METHODS: Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally and randomly into three groups: control group, model group and ligustrazine group. Blunt chest trauma models were prepared in the latter two groups. Rats in the ligustrazine group were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg/kg ligustrazine immediately after blunt chest trauma. Lung tissues were collected at 1, 2 and 3 hours after blunt chest trauma to observe pathomorphological changes. The apoptotic index, pulmonary microvascular permeability and severity of pulmonary edema were detected to assess the lung function. Expressions of Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by immunohistochemical staining, and blood tumor necrosis factor alpha was also detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the model group, tumor necrosis factor alpha increased at 1 hour and increased sharply in 2 and 3 hours after blunt chest trauma (P < 0.05); the apoptotic index and the degree of lung injury increased significantly at 2 and 3 hours after blunt chest trauma (P < 0.05); pulmonary microvascular permeability and degree of pulmonary edema were increased (P < 0.05); the expression of Caspase-3 increase significantly (P < 0.05) with the decrease of the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax (P < 0.05). In the ligustrazine group, tumor necrosis factor alpha decreased notably (P < 0.05); the apoptotic index and the degree of lung injury decreased significantly after blunt chest trauma (P < 0.05); pulmonary microvascular permeability and the degree of pulmonary edema were relieved (P < 0.05); the expression of Caspase-3 decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increase of the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax after treated with ligustrazine (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that ligustrazine can alleviate cell apoptosis in the acute stage of pulmonary contusion induced by blunt chest trauma by inhibiting the tumor necrosis factor alpha, down-regulating the expression of Caspase-3 and enhancing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-dose methylprednisolone cannot protect against early spinal cord injury through lysosome apoptosis pathway Zheng Yan-ke, Zhang Chun-qiang, Tang Yan-fei, Tang Shan-hua, Zhao Min, Lü Ren-fa 2013, 17 (11):  2054-2059.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.023 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (366KB) ( 579 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether the Cathepsis family is involved in the pathological process of early spinal cord injury and whether high-dose methylprednisolone plays neuroprotective effect through lysosome apoptosis pathway. OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression and change of genes Cathepsin family in early spinal cord injury and to identify if high-dose methylprednisolone plays neuroprotective effect by the lysosome apoptosis pathway. METHODS: Nine Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, the rabbits in the model group and drug treatment group were treated with laminectomy, and then the rabbits were used to establish the acute spinal cord injury model with Allen falling strike method. The rabbits in the drug treatment group were treated with human equivalent dose flushing-dose methylprednisolone at 2 hours after acute spinal cord injury. The rabbits in the control group were treated with laminectomy. All rabbits were killed at 8 hours after acute spinal cord injury, and then the damaged spinal cord tissues were obtained carefully. Total RNA was extracted from above nine samples with Trizol One-step method to undergo the examination of the gene expression profile by using Agilent Rabbit Oligo Microarray (4×44K) respectively. GeneSpring 11.0 software was then used to filter potential candidate genes, and only genes with P values ≤0.01 and fold change≥2 were retained for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The spinal cord injury models were successfully set up and the corresponding tissue specimens were obtained. Acquired nine subsample of total RNA were qualified for microarray examination. The results of microarray examination showed that among the 10 genes of Cathepsin family, only Cathepsin Z and Procathepsin E showed significant different expression. All of Cathepsin family genes of Cathepsin C, D, F, K, L, S and W did not showed significant different expression. There were no significant differences of Cathepsin family genes expressions between drug treatment group and model group after treated with methylprednisolone. Gene Cathepsin Z and Procathepsin E took part in the apoptosis of spinal cord injury at acute phase, but high-dose methylprednisolone cannot play neuroprotective effect by the lysosome apoptosis pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteocytes and bone remodeling Wang Si-sheng, Gui Bin-jie, Zhou Jian 2013, 17 (11):  2060-2066.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.024 Abstract ( 669 )   PDF (757KB) ( 620 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteocytes that form a three-dimensional cellular network inside the mineralized bone matrix are a critical regulator of bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To explore the progress in studies of osteocytes effect on bong remodeling. METHODS: The articles on the role of osteocytes and bone remodeling were searched by computer in the PubMed and ELSEVIER databases from January 1990 to April 2012 using the key words of “osteocytes, remodeling”. Meanwhile, Wanfang database was retrieved to identify the related articles published between January 1990 and April 2012 with the keywords of “osteocytes, remodeling” in Chinese. After the full texts on the subject were founded, 41 articles were chosen and summarized. Repetition and analogous researches were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Osteocytes that sense and response to mechanical stress play a critical role in bone remodeling, including initiating bone remodeling, inhibiting bone resorption and controlling bone formation. Studies have demonstrated that osteocyte synapses can serve as the direct receptor for stress-induced cell deformation. After stress stimulation, osteocytes can activate the Wnt/Lrp pathway serving as a negative regulator of hardened protein that is a negative regulator of bone formation, and osteocytes also play a role in the control of bone matrix filling during bone remodeling. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue engineering technology in urethral reconstruction Lü Xiang-guo, Xu Yue-min 2013, 17 (11):  2067-2074.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.025 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (695KB) ( 442 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many congenital and acquired anomalies can lead to a defect or stenosis of the urinary tract that ultimately need to be rebuilt. Past surgical repair often utilizes skin, oral mucosa or autologous graft, which may lead to many postoperative complications. The development of tissue engineering technology has opened up a new treatment approach for urethral repair and reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current development of scaffold materials, cell sources, and the clinical applications of tissue engineering technology in urethral repair and reconstruction. METHODS: A computer-based online search of literatures related to urethral tissue engineering from January 1994 to may 2012 was performed by the first author in PubMed database and Wanfang database using the key words of “tissue engineering, urethra, scaffold materials, stem cells, vascularization” in English and in Chinese. Literatures published in the authorized journals or recently were preferred. A total of 57 literatures were chosen in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The main goals underlying the most current research in tissue engineering remain the following: the determination of the optimal scaffold for cell seeding, the best source of stem cells, and the promotion of neovascularization and nerve regeneration into the implant. Studies addressing urethral tissue engineering have demonstrated that acellular scaffolds with or with no seed cells can be used for urethral reconstructions in clinical trials. While continued development and additional innovation are necessary before potential broad applications are realized, there is cautious optimism that tissue engineering technology will play an increasing role in the management of urethral diseases. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional regeneration of tissue-engineered skin appendage is significant for metabolism and perspiration Cui Xiao, Cheng Biao, Liu Jian 2013, 17 (11):  2075-2082.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.026 Abstract ( 335 )   PDF (729KB) ( 556 )   Save BACKGROUND: Perspiration can remove some metabolites dissolved in the sweat out of the body, playing a supporting role in the excretion. Modern medicine cannot restore the sweat glands of severe trauma or burn patients, and how to solve the regeneration of the skin and sweat glands and culture tissue-engineered skin functional appendage has become a hot spot in today’s medical research. OBJECTIVE: To explore the body’s metabolism and metabolic way of the sweat, thereby analyzing the functional sweat gland regeneration of tissue-engineered skin. METHODS: Studies addressing the tissue-engineered skin functional appendage regeneration effects on perspiration and metabolism were collected to analyze the body’s metabolism and excretion ways, sweat metabolites and metabolism methods, as well as the regeneration of tissue-engineered skin appendages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sweat as an important member in the excretory system cannot be ignored in maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of the body and preventing the body against metabolite damages. Ideal tissue-engineered skin functional appendages have abilities of sweat secretion, excretion of waste, regulating body temperature and maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of the skin, thereby playing a vital role in skin wound repair and reconstruction after extensive burns. Studies have shown that stem cells and sweat gland cells were co-cultured, and then transplanted into the scar wound for sweat gland reconstruction, which has achieved some success. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Traditional Chinese medicine promotes the osteocalcin synthesis of osteoblasts Wei Shuang-ping, Li Meng, Li Rui-yu, Wu Li-ping, Sun Yan-fu, Yan Jun-li 2013, 17 (11):  2083-2090.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.11.027 Abstract ( 412 )   PDF (767KB) ( 545 )   Save BACKGROUND: In vitro culture of osteoblasts and its Chinese medicine intervention is one of the important means for the research and development of osteoporosis treated with traditional Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Chinese medicine on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and the synthesis of osteocalcin. METHODS: The researches on the effect of different kinds of Chinese medincine-loaded serum on the secretion of osteoblasts and osteocalcin were collected for the data analysis. The effect of traditional Chinese medicine on osteocalcin synthesis of osteoblasts was observed from the level of molecular cell biology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Some single Chinese herbs and Chinese herbal compounds could promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and the synthesis of osteocalcin, and different Chinese medicines had different effects in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and expression level of osteocalcin, which was positively correlated with the concentration of Chinese medicine-loaded serum. Through screening with the in vitro culture of osteoblasts, the drugs and appropriate dose for promoting the proliferation and differentiation were founded, which could positively promote the development of drugs used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics