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    19 March 2013, Volume 17 Issue 12 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    Self-made Fe3O4 versus gelatin sponge embolic agents in rabbit pulmonary microcirculation
    Yang Qing, Tong Yu-yun, Guo Li, Wang Jia-ping, Li Ying-chun, Jiang Hua
    2013, 17 (12):  2091-2099.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.001
    Abstract ( 406 )   PDF (806KB) ( 572 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that small-particle embolic agents can easily perform embolization by micro-catheter, and the arterioles can be embolized well by 50-100 μm particles to reduce collateral circulation generation.
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the pathological changes following embolizing rabbit pulmonary microcirculation with self-made embolic agents.
    METHODS: Self-made Fe3O4 fine particles with a size of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 μm and self-made gelatin sponge with a diameter of 500-1 000 μm were employed for interventional embolism of the pulmonary artery from New Zealand white rabbits. Then, the embolic effect was observed.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Angiography and pathological results showed that 50, 150, 250 μm Fe3O4 fine particles and gelatin sponge particle could embolize to different-diameter microcirculatory blood vessels. Fe3O4 fine particles could result in the embolization of rabbit capillaries and precapillary arterioles until 1-4 weeks after interventional embolism, indicating that Fe3O4 fine particle had a long-time embolism effect. Fe3O4 fine particles could also pass though the microtubule, and no ectopic embolization was visible. Gelatin sponge particles that were unable to pass through the microtubule could block the small arteries with a diameter of (1 300±348) μm. Gelatin sponge particles could be absorbed within 1-2 weeks after embolization. These findings suggest that Fe3O4 particles have good embolic effect that is persistent and complete, and it is difficult to vascular recanalization and establishment of collateral circulation after embolization. Gelatin sponge as an embolic agent is suitable for branches and small arteries rather than the microcirculation.

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    Osteogenesis and degradation performances of nano biphasic ceramic artificial bone
    Nie Wei, He Wei
    2013, 17 (12):  2100-2107.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.002
    Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (542KB) ( 426 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Nano-hydroxyapatite has a high crystallinity after sintering and difficultly degrades in vivo. Due to the high degradation rate, nano-β-tricalcium phosphate is not conducive for the biological tissue to attach on the material in vivo, which is not conducive to osteogenic induction.
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the bone formation and degradation performances of nano-hydroxyapatite/nano-β-tricalcium phosphate biphasic ceramic artificial bone.
    METHODS: Thirty-six Chinchilla rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group, control group and blank group, and the rabbits were used to establish the left radius bone defect model. The rabbits in the experimental group and the control group were implanted with nano-hydroxyapatite/nano-β-tricalcium phosphate biphasic ceramic artificial bone and nano-hydroxyapatite artificial bone respectively, and the blank group was not implanted with any materials. The bone formation and degradation performances were observed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after implantation.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: X-ray film at 12 weeks after operation showed that the materials in the experimental group were basically degraded, the continuity callus grew through the bone defect site; the materials in the control group were not degraded obviously, and there was callus at the bone defect site; the bone defect in the blank group was not repaired. Histological observation at 12 weeks after operation showed that the material pores in the experimental group were filled with bone cells and osteoblasts, as well as a small amount of chondrocytes, the scattered cancellous bone appeared and the materials were completely degraded; the material pores in the control group were filled with bone cells, as well as a small amount of osteoblasts and chondrocytes, and the materials were not degraded completely; fibrous connective tissue and collagen fibers could be seen in the blank group. Scanning electron microscope observation at 12 weeks after operation showed that in the experimental group, the materials were degraded, and the bone defect sites were replaced with new bone cancellous bone; materials in the control group were not degraded, and most of the bone defect sites were replaced with new cancellous bone; no obvious bone reconstruction could be seen in the blank group. The results indicate that nano-hydroxyapatite/nano-β-tricalcium phosphate biphasic ceramic artificial bone has good degradation performances.

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    Bone cement particles are important to the proliferative capacity of human nucleus pulposus cells
    Mao Hai-qing, Geng De-chun, Zhu Xue-song, Zou Jun, Yang Hui-lin
    2013, 17 (12):  2108-2115.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.003
    Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (565KB) ( 543 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are widely used to treat osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Cement leakage into the intervertebral disc is one of common postoperative complications. The effect of cement leakage on intervertebral disc cells is not clear.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of bone cement particles on the proliferative capacity of human nucleus pulposus cells.
    METHODS: Human nucleus pulposus cells were treated with bone cement particles including calcium phosphate cement or polymethylmethacrylate particles at the concentration of 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% (v/v). Routinely cultured human nucleus pulposus cells served as controls. Cell viability in different groups was tested with Cell Counting Kit-8.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Calcium phosphate cement particles of different concentrations had no significant effect on the proliferative capacity of human nucleus pulposus cells. Polymethylmethacrylate particles at the concentration of 0.001% and 0.01% (v/v) did not have a significant impact on the cell viability of normal human nucleus pulposus cells; but when the concentration was above 0.1% (v/v), polymethylmethacrylate particles could significantly inhibit the proliferation activity of the nucleus pulposus cells in a dose-dependent manner as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). After 3 or 6 days of treatment with the polymethylmethacrylate particles, the inhibition effect on human nucleus pulposus cells proliferation was increased gradually with increasing concentration of the particles; when the polymethylmethacrylate particles were at the concentration of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0 % (v/v), the inhibition effect on the human nucleus pulposus cells proliferation was strengthened depending on the duration of particle treatment.

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    Staged injection of bone cement in percutaneous vertebroplasty
    Zeng Yi-wen, Xu Jian-an
    2013, 17 (12):  2116-2122.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.004
    Abstract ( 641 )   PDF (483KB) ( 738 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Percutaneous vertebroplasty can induce bone cement leakage to oppress and damage the surrounding nerves, spinal cord and vascular tissues in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures patients who have incomplete vertebral bone cortex.
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the method and therapeutic effect of staged injection of bone cement in percutaneous vertebroplasty.
    METHODS: Twenty-six patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, who had incomplete vertebral bone cortex, underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty. Of the 26 patients, 12 received unilateral transpedicular injection and 14 were administered with bilateral transpedicular injection of bone cement. The fractured vertebra reduction, vertebral volume, distribution and leakage of bone cement and visual analogue scale scoring were observed before and after operation.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the operations were successful, with no leakage of bone cement, damage of nerve root or spinal cord, pulmonary embolism, and acute cardiovascular system response. None of patients died during the operation. After 6 months, vertebral volume and scores on visual analogue scale were improved significantly (P < 0.01). However, no difference in the vertebral volume and visual analogue scale scores was found between the two groups (P > 0.01). As described above, staged injection of bone cement increases the surgical indications for percutaneous vertebroplasty, avoid the leakage of bone cement effectively and get satisfactory clinical curative effect.

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    Surface properties of magnesium alloy AZ31B and its influence on osteoblast adhesion
    Zhang Tao, Wu Xiao-na, Yin Qing-shui, Xia Hong, Zhang Yu, Li Mei, Yang Xiao-ming, Lan Guo-bo
    2013, 17 (12):  2123-2130.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.005
    Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (634KB) ( 559 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Whether the biological behavior and early adhesion of osteoblasts can be affected by magnesium alloy is still unknown.
    OBJECTIVE: To study surface properties of magnesium alloy AZ31B and to investigate the effects on the adhesion of osteoblasts in vitro.
    METHODS: Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to study surface morphology and elemental composition of the magnesium alloy AZ31B. Protein absorption assay was applied to study the ability of magnesium alloy AZ31B and titanium alloy for protein adsorption. Then, mouse osteoblasts MC3T3-El were cocultured with magnesium alloy AZ31B or titanium alloy in 24-well plates to observe the cell adhesion at 2, 6 and 24 hours.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The surface of AZ31B was rough which is beneficial for cell adhesion. Energy dispersive spectrometer results proved that the main elements of AZ31B were magnesium, aluminum, and zinc, among which, magnesium accounted for about 96%, aluminum for about 3%, and zinc for about 1%. There were also some other elements, but the content was little. Protein adsorption experiment results showed that AZ31B had good protein adsorption capacity. When the cells were cultured 2 hours, there was no significant difference between magnesium alloy AZ31B and titanium alloy in the rate of cell adhesion, but at 6 and 24 hour, the adhesion rate of magnesium alloy AZ31B was significantly lower than that of the titanium alloy (P < 0.01). The cells cultured on the surface of AZ31B expanded, and appeared with irregular shape, mostly fusiform, and more processes. Interconnected processes were seen among some cells. These show that the magnesium alloy AZ31B has a good capacity of cell adhesion, which is suitable for early osteoblast adhesion.

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    Antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil microsphere composite on bone defect repairs
    Feng Wei, Jin An-min, Liu Ji-en, Gou Rui-en, Guan Chun-hui, Liang Qi-feng, Xin Ruo-bing
    2013, 17 (12):  2131-2137.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.006
    Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (510KB) ( 462 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Previous studies have successfully prepared nano-hydroxyapatite-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- hydroxyvalerate)/polyethylene glycol-5-fluorouracil.
    OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate)/polyethylene glycol-5-fluorouracil composite on bone defect repair and against bone tumor.
    METHODS: Bone tumor models were induced by injection of VX2 carcinoma cell suspension into the medullary cavity of right tibias in 72 New Zealand white rabbits through the knee joints. Partial resection of the tibia was performed to form bone defects that were adjacent to bone tumors. After modeling, all the rabbits were randomized into experimental and control groups. Nano-hydroxyapatite-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate)/ polyethylene glycol-5-fluorouracil and nano-hydroxyapatite-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate)/ polyethylene glycol artificial bone were implanted into bone defects, respectively, in the experimental and control groups.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Inorganic content was decreased gradually in the two groups, especially in the experimental group. (2) X-ray examination: At 24 weeks after implantation, the implant became smaller than that in the early stage after implantation. However, there were no changes in the implant volume in the control group, and tumor volume in the control group was enlarged progressively. (3) Biomechanical detection: At 24 weeks after implantation, the maximal torque of the lower limbs in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). (4) Bone mineral density in the two groups was firstly decreased and then increased at 2-24 weeks after implantation. The changes in the bone mineral density of the experimental group were significant. (6) Tumor volume was decreased in the experimental group and increased in the control group at 24 weeks after implantation. These findings indicate that nano-hydroxyapatite-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- hydroxyvalerate)/polyethylene glycol-5-fluorouracil can perfectly repair bone defects and exert a remarkable effect against tumor growth.

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    Nano-hydroxyapatete/collagen/P17-bone morphogenetic protein-2 for alveolar ridge repair after tooth extraction
    Li Shan-chang, Gong Li-qiang, Du Xiao-yan
    2013, 17 (12):  2138-2144.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.007
    Abstract ( 577 )   PDF (504KB) ( 520 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: All reasons for tooth extraction are able to cause the alveolar ridge absorption, resulting in jaw bone deficiency, which is harmful to the denture and dental implant repair.
    OBJECTIVE: Through the establishment of an alveolar ridge model in rats after tooth extraction, to observe the effect of nano-hydroxyapatete/collagen/P17-bone morphogenetic protein-2 on tooth crypt repair and alveolar ridge absorption.
    METHODS: Thirty-six healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into experimental group, control group and simple material group, and each group had 12 rats. The right mandibular incisors were removed in all the rats. nano-hydroxyapatete/collagen/P17-bone morphogenetic protein-2, nano-hydroxyapatete/collagen/bone morphogenetic protein-2 and nano-hydroxyapatete/collagen were implanted into the tooth crypt of the three groups, respectively.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 2, 4, 8 weeks, alveolar ridge relative length in the experimental group and the control group was more than that in the simple material group (P < 0.05),but there was no difference between the experimental and control groups (P > 0.05). After 2, 4, 8 weeks, the experimental group and the control group had better new blood vessels and new bone formation speed and quality than the simple material group. Percentage of new bone area accounting for bone defect area was increased with time after 2, 4, 8 weeks, which was higher in the experimental and control groups than the simple material group (P < 0.05) and higher in the control group than the experimental group. These findings indicate that nano-hydroxyapatete/collagen/P17-bone morphogenetic protein-2 material has good bone induction ability, and dental implant can promote the healing immediately after tooth extraction and delay alveolar ridge absorption.

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    Self-assembling nanofiber gel controls the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells
    Tu Lai-yong, Kan Rui, Yang Ming-kun, Xu Tao, Sheng Wei-bin, Ma Yan, Bi Xiao-juan
    2013, 17 (12):  2145-2152.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.008
    Abstract ( 319 )   PDF (520KB) ( 531 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine has good biological activity, and under certain conditions, it can self-assemble into isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine nanofiber hydrogel scaffold which is a natural biomimetic material for the spinal cord matrix.
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of self-assembled isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine nanofiber gel on proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow derived neural stem cells in vitro.
    METHODS: Passage 2 bone marrow derived neural stem cells were co-cultured with isoleucine-lysine-valine- alanine-valine as experimental group, neural stem cells cultured alone counted as control group, and isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine was set as blank control group. Cell proliferation rate and differentiation proportion of neural stem cells into neurons were measured at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 days after culture using Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used for detecting cytotoxicity of passage 2 bone marrow derived neural stem cells from new born Sprague-Dawley rats.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cell proliferation rate and differentiation proportion of neural stem cells into neurons were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control groups at each time (P < 0.05). Cell proliferation in the experimental and control groups peaked at day 7. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay detected no cytotoxicity of the isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine. Taken together, isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine nanofiber gel has a better biological activity, and can increase the differentiation proportion of neural stem cells into neurons.

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    1-Ethy1-3-(3-dimethylaminopropy1)carbodiimide hydrochloride cross-linking xenogeneic porcine acellular tendon for repairing Achilles tendon injury
    Jin Xian-hui, Gao Chun-guang, Cui Sheng-jie, Liu Gui-hua, Yang Jian-bo, Lin Yue-qiu
    2013, 17 (12):  2153-2158.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.009
    Abstract ( 553 )   PDF (750KB) ( 476 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Heterogeneous tendon is an ideal method to repair tendon defects, but the post-transplantation rejection limits the application of heterogeneous tendons.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of transplantation of 1-ethy1-3-(3-dimethylaminopropy1) carbodiimide hydrochloride cross-linking acellular tendon of Banna inbred-lines miniature pig for repairing the rabbit Achilles tendon defects.
    METHODS: Lateral resection of bilateral Achilles tendons from 40 Japanese rabbits was performed, and then the tendons were divided into experimental group and control group. The experimental group was repaired with transplantation of 1-ethy1-3-(3-dimethylaminopropy1) carbodiimide hydrochloride cross-linking acellular treated tendon of Banna mini-pig inbred-lines, and the control group was repaired with autologous tendon graft.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Histological observation showed that the cells in the new tissue of two groups were mainly the mononuclear fibroblast and fibrocytes, and the cells were oval or circular fibroblasts at 1-4 weeks after operation; new collagen formation could be seen around the cells in the cell aggregation area, and the collagen represented disorderly; focal cord-like mature collagen was distributed in island shape and formed the so-called “collagen island”; at 12 weeks after operation, the cells were increasingly elongated and became spindle-shaped and long strip fibroblasts. Laboratory testing showed that there were no significant differences in white blood cells, C-reactive protein levels, hydroxyproline content and tensile strength between two groups. The results show that 1-ethy1-3-(3-dimethylaminopropy1) carbodiimide hydrochloride cross-linking acellular tendon from Banna mini-pig inbred-lines can repair rabbit Achilles tendon defects successfully with good histocompatibility, less transplant rejection and strong biomechanical performance.

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    Synthesis and characterization of histidine-silver(?) nanoparticles
    You Yu-hua, Zhang Chao-ping
    2013, 17 (12):  2159-2163.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.010
    Abstract ( 592 )   PDF (415KB) ( 592 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: In recent years, many domestic and international studies on the interaction of metal ions and amino acids have been reported. However, the interaction of sliver ions and amino acids is rarely reported.
    OBJECTIVE: To characterize the synthesized histidine-silver(I) nanoparticles using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and infrared spectroscope.
    METHODS: The histidine-silver(I) nanoparticles were synthesized from micro emulsions, then the structures and the morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized with X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and infrared spectroscope.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the imidazole ring of hisditine was involved in the bonding effect to silver(I). X-ray diffraction pattern showed the mean particle size of histidine-silver(I) was 34.6 nm. Topographical image measured with transmission electron microscope presented that the hisditine-silver(I) complexes can be adsorbed on the surface of the columnar product due to the formation of framboidal aggregates, and the size of the complex particles are less than 100 nm.

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    A 2-year follow-up of endodontically treated teeth restored with either tapered or parallel-sided glass-fiber posts
    Zhou Xin-wen, Liu Xi-yun, Zhao Jing
    2013, 17 (12):  2164-2171.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.011
    Abstract ( 603 )   PDF (565KB) ( 980 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: More and more structurally compromised teeth are restored with either tapered or parallel-sided glass fiber reinforced posts. While the clinical effect on the restoration with different-shape posts still need to be confirmed.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effectiveness over 2 years of parallel-sided and of tapered glass-fiber posts to restore structurally compromised teeth.
    METHODS: The study population was composed of 121 patients with 156 endodontically treated teeth. They were divided into two groups randomly and restored by the post-and-core technique with either tapered or parallel-sided glass-fiber posts. The final full crowns were either all-ceramic or porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. The restorations were examined clinically and radiologically every half year. The inspection items included the retention and sealing property of restorations, state of periodontaltissue and occlusal function. The total observation period was 2 years.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the patients completed the 2-year clinical investigation. One parallel post was broken at cervical level. In the taper post group, one post was broken and one restoration fall off. The survival rate for parallel-sided posts was 98.7% and for tapered posts was 97.5%. There was no significant difference between these two groups (P > 0.05). It indicated that both parallel-sided posts and tapered posts could achieve satisfactory clinical performance in 2-year follow-up, while long-term effects still need to be observed.

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    Preparation and evaluation of chitosan/ellagic acid/erythrocyte membrane lipid hemostatic composite sponge
    He Qing, Ao Qiang, Wang Zhen, Liu Wei-qiang, Gong Kai, Gong Yan-dao, Zhang Xiu-fang
    2013, 17 (12):  2172-2176.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.012
    Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (396KB) ( 636 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Some previous studies have indicated that the hemostatic effect of chitosan is limited when dealing with severe injuries. Therefore, the procoagulant activity of chitosan-based hemostatic agents needs to be enhanced.
    OBJECTIVE: To prepare a novel chitosan/ellagic acid/erythrocyte membrane lipid composite sponge and to evaluate its procoagulant activity and cytotoxicity.
    METHODS: Chitosan sponge and chitosan acetate sponge were prepared by freeze-drying method. Then chitosan/ellagic acid/erythrocyte membrane lipid composite sponge was prepared by electrostatic adsorption method. Procoagulant activity of the chitosan, chitosan acetate, and chitosan/ellagic acid/erythrocyte membrane lipid sponges was evaluated by the plasma recalcification time method. Hemostatic effect of these sponges was evaluated in the Sprague Dawley rat liver bleeding model, and the cytotoxicity to L929 cell line was evaluated.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The plasma recalcification time, bleeding time and blood loss of the chitosan/ellagic acid/erythrocyte membrane lipid composite sponge group were significantly lower than those of the chitosan sponge and chitosan acetate sponge groups (P < 0.01). Cell culture experiment showed that the chitosan/ellagic acid/erythrocyte membrane lipid composite sponge did not have cytotoxicity. The results indicate that the chitosan/ellagic acid/erythrocyte membrane lipid composite sponge has the enhanced procoagulant activity and non-cytotoxicity.

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    Performance of dexamethasone coated polyvinyl chloride pipeline in the extracorporeal circulation
    Yu Guang-dong, Li Tong, Gao Wen-qing, Yu Mei-li, Zhou Shu-fen, Lu Hai-bin, Li Jin-you
    2013, 17 (12):  2177-2184.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.013
    Abstract ( 751 )   PDF (591KB) ( 595 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Dexamethasone as coating is fixed to the surface of cardiopulmonary bypass pipe, which can maintain sustainable anti-inflammatory effects and avoid adverse reactions due to excessive blood concentration, thereby maximizing the anti-inflammatory action of dexamethasone.
    OBJECTIVE: To develop a new coating method of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, which has anticoagulation activity, and to evaluate the performance of the coated pipeline, including the stability, anticoagulant and antiplatelet activity.
    METHODS: The surface of polyvinyl chloride pipelines in the extracorporeal circulation was successively pretreated with strong sulfuric acid and polyethylene imines. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate coated pipelines were made through two methods: ionic blond and premix. Then, a quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate anticoagulation, antiplatelet, resistance of protein adhesion and antithrombosis function. Non-coated polyvinyl chloride pipeline served as control group.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The biggest drug loadings were (2.06 ±0.68) and (3.33±0.75) μg/cm2 for dexamethasone sodium phosphate coated polyvinyl chloride pipelines prepared by premix and ionic blond, respectively. In the anticoagulation, antiplatelet, and resistance of protein adhesion experiment, dexamethasone sodium phosphate coated polyvinyl chloride pipelines prepared by premix were superior to those prepared by ionic blond and control group (P < 0.05). Release in vitro experiment showed that dexamethasone sodium phosphate coated polyvinyl chloride pipelines prepared by premix were also superior to those prepared by ionic blond. The findings indicate that the dexamethasone sodium phosphate coating prepared by premix shows better release and anticoagulation performance, as well as forms antiplatelet adhesion and antithrombosis function, to meet the short-term extracorporeal circulation requirements.

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    Water-soluble lipopolymer carrying gene drugs for treatment of neuropathic pain in rats
    Hu Chun-kui, Lu Jian-hua, Chen Hao, Xiong Jia-xiang
    2013, 17 (12):  2185-2190.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.014
    Abstract ( 417 )   PDF (525KB) ( 421 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown that viral vectors can carry N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors 1 (NR1) small interference RNA (siRNA) to relieve inflammatory pain in rats, but the viral vectors are unsafe.
    OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential application of a non-viral gene carrier, water soluble lipopolymer (WSLP) for delivering siRNA targeting NR1 in vitro and in vivo and to determine whether WSLP-NR1siRNA complexes can be a new method for neuropathic pain treatment.
    METHODS: PC12 cells were randomly divided into three groups: group WSLP-negative NR1 siRNA (negative group), group polyethylenimine-NR1 siRNA (control transfection group) and group WSLP- NR1 siRNA (group WS). NR1 expressions were detected using reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis. Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=12 in each group): sham operation group (sham group), neuropathic pain group (model group), group polyethylenimine-NR1 siRNA (group PEI) and group WSLP- NR1 siRNA (group WSLP). Neuropathic pain models were established in the latter three groups. Normal saline, PEI-NR1 siRNA complex and WSLP-NR1 siRNA were injected intrathecally in model, PEI and WSLP groups, respectively, at 1 day after operation. Only the sciatic nerve was exposed in the sham group.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: NR1 mRNA and protein expression significantly decreased in group WS as compared with negative and control transfection groups (P < 0.01). Compared with the sham group, NR1 mRNA and protein expression significantly increased in the model, PEI and WSLP groups, and cumulative pain scores in the latter three groups were also higher (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, intrathecal injection of WSLP- NR1siRNA complexes could relieve neuropathic pain and inhibit NR1 gene expression with reductions in mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.01), and intrathecal injection of PEI-NR1siRNA complexes did not show this inhibitory effect (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that WSLP not only efficiently delivers NR1 siRNA targeting NR1 in vivo and inhibits the expression of NR1, but also reduces neuropathic pain in rats.

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    Acetylation attenuates polyamidoamine cytotoxicity
    Acetylation attenuates polyamidoamine cytotoxicity
    2013, 17 (12):  2191-2196.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.015
    Abstract ( 290 )   PDF (487KB) ( 525 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Polyamidoamine dendrimer nanomaterials have been widely used in drug carrier research, but there are many electropositive amino groups on the surface of the entire generation polyamidoamine, resulting in certain cytotoxicity.
    OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of acetylation on polyamidoamine cytotoxicity.
    METHODS: (1) 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay: the cell proliferation of 293T cells incubated with acetylated polyamidoamine under 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 μmol/L concentrations was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. (2) Cell morphology: the cell morphology of 293T cells incubated with 4 μmol/L acetylated polyamidoamine was observed by inverted fluorescence microscope. (3) Cell cycle: the cell cycle of 293T cells incubated with acetylatedpolyamidoamine under 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L concentrations was detected by flow cytometry.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Polyamidoamine had cytotoxicity to 293T cells. The cell viability at 4 μmol/L concentration after 48 hours incubation was only 52%, and the acetylation could significantly decrease the cytotoxicity of polyamidoamine (P < 0.01). 293T cells incubated with polyamidoamine shrank and had bad stretching, while 293T cells incubated with acetylated polyamidoamine had good stretching. Acetylated polyamidoamine had no significant effect on the cell cycle, but polyamidoamine at 20 mg/L could block the cell cycle at S stage. All the results show that acetylation can decrease the cytotoxicity of polyamidoamine.

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    Tissue-engineered bovine pericardium patch in staged repair of Tetralogy of Fallot
    Li Bo, Wang Hui-shan, Wang Zeng-wei, Fang Min-hua, Han Hong-guang, Wang Zhen-long
    2013, 17 (12):  2197-2204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.016
    Abstract ( 471 )   PDF (515KB) ( 515 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: A perfect repairing material is necessary to improve the quality of life in staged repair of Tetralogy of Fallot to enlarge the right ventricular outflow tract that is serious narrow. The materials currently used for outflow tract widening include biological patch and man-made fabric patch.
    OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of tissue-engineered bovine pericardium patch and Dacron patch in staged repair of Tetralogy of Fallot to widen the right ventricular outflow tract.
    METHODS: Twenty-five patients with Tetralogy of Fallot who had undergone the first-stage shunt operation were divided into two groups according to the date of second stage surgery. Polyester-made artificial blood vessel patch group included 14 cases, and the right ventricular outflow tract was enlarged with polyester-made artificial blood vessel patches (from April 2007 to July 2010); tissue engineered bovine pericardium patch group included 11 cases, and the right ventricular outflow tract was enlarged with bovine pericardium patches (from August 2010 to September 2011). Clinical effects of the two groups in the early stage postoperation were compared.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was one case of postoperative death in the polyester-made artificial blood vessel patch group. Ventilator time, the ratio of right ventricular pressure and left ventricular pressure, the pressure gradient across the right ventricular outflow tract, the pericardial cavity drainage volume, ICU time and length of hospital stay in the bovine pericardium patch group were less than those in the polyester-made artificial blood vessel patch group (P < 0. 05) . Tissue engineered bovine pericardium patch can be adapted as a better repairing material in staged repair of Tetralogy of Fallot to enlarge the right ventricular outflow tract.

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    Tissue-engineered nerve conduits repair peripheral nerve damage
    Xu Hai-dong, Zhao Jian-ning, Lu Jun-hao, Chen Yong
    2013, 17 (12):  2205-2209.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.017
    Abstract ( 494 )   PDF (398KB) ( 849 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Theoretically, nerve conduit technology uses the biological or non-biological materials to prefabricate suitable tubular stent to bridge the nerve ends on both sides. And it can promote the nerve regeneration through neural induction and nutrition under the nerve regeneration microenvironment.
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effects of tissue-engineered nerve conduits for repairing peripheral nerve damage.
    METHODS: Twenty-four patients with old upper extremity nerve damage were selected, and divided into two groups for the treatment according to voluntary principle. The patients in the experimental group were repaired with tissue-engineered nerve conduits, and those in the control group were repaired with autologous surrounding surface sensory nerve transplantation. All the patients were followed-up for 6 months after treatment to observe the repairing functional effect of limb nerve damage.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After followed-up for 6 months, the limb distal sensory motor function and visual analogue scale scores of the limbs in the two groups were improved compared with those before treatment (P < 0.05), and the experimental group showed better effects (P < 0.05); the sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity of the damaged side in the two groups were improved compared with those before treatment (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups. It indicates that tissue-engineered nerve conduit materials can meet the requirements of nerve repair conduit stent and the clinical application is effective.

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    Safflower injection-preserved human amniotic membrane is applied in skin wound
    Luo Qiu-yan, Li Hui-zhi, Bian Wen-ling, Wang Li-li
    2013, 17 (12):  2210-2217.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.018
    Abstract ( 318 )   PDF (620KB) ( 338 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor can participate in tissue repair and promote wound healing.
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the infection rate and vascular endothelial growth factor expression during the healing of rat skin wound following treated with human amniotic membrane preserved by the safflower injection.
    METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into four groups after skin wound modeling. The wounds were stuck with gauze, amniotic membrane and amniotic membrane saved with safflower injection. Skin tissue samples of rats were taken at 2, 3, 5, 7 days after wound for immunohistochemical staining. Then the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and infection rate were detected with auto image analysis system.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was much higher in the rats treated with human amniotic membrane saved with safflower injection than the others at days 2 and 3 after wound (P < 0.05). The infection rate of skin wound in the rats treated with human amnion saved with safflower injection (5%) was less than that of the other groups at day 5 after wound (P < 0.05). Results showed that the human amniotic membrane preserved by safflower injection could not only enhance the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor around the area of injury in the initial stage, but also reduce the infection rate of skin wound, thereby promoting wound healing in rats.

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    Alginate fiber: Development and biomedical application
    Lin Xiao-hua, Huang Zong-hai, Yu Jin-long
    2013, 17 (12):  2218-2224.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.019
    Abstract ( 497 )   PDF (705KB) ( 1148 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: At present, alginate fiber possesses various forms and functions, which is increasingly used in biomedicine and clinical medicine.
    OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively review the structure and feature of alginate fiber and to introduce the biomedical application of its blend fiber with chitosan or gelation.
    METHODS: PubMed database and Wanfang database were retrieved by the first author for literature about alginate fiber production process, the alginate fiber structure and properties, biomedical application of alginate fiber, and related blended fiber characteristics and applications, published from 1990 to 2012.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Alginate has been widely applied in agriculture and chemical industry, biological control, tissue engineering, drug delivery system, wound repair, and environmental purification. New hybrid fibers obtained through blending modification cannot only improve the shortcomings of alginate fiber applications, but also be endued with more performances, as biomaterials which have become a research hotspot nowadays and in the future. At present, development of biomedical materials is going towards environmental protection, high functionality, and intellectualized directions. Seaweed fibers, chitosan fibers, gelatin fibers and their blend fibers, which are present with a rich storage in natural, low cost, excellent biocompatibility and degradation, have great potential and have been expected to have further development in biomedicine and bionic medicine.

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    Insight into new medical dressings: Classification and characteristics
    Li Jing, Xue Bin
    2013, 17 (12):  2225-2232.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.020
    Abstract ( 2614 )   PDF (698KB) ( 2480 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: The clinical application of a variety of new wound dressings can accelerate wound healing, reduce wound infection, improve the cure rate, shorten the course of the disease, and alleviate the suffering of patients.
    OBJECTIVE: To review the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional wound dressings and the new medical dressings, and then to outlook clinical applications and development of new medical dressings.
    METHODS: A computer-online search was performed in PubMed (2003-01/2006-08) and CNKI (2000-01/2006-08) databases to retrieve studies addressing types, characteristics, and clinical applications of medical dressings using the key words of medical dressing in English and Chinese, respectively.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: New medical dressings are divided into film, hydrogel, alginate salt, foam, hydrocolloid, and medicinal dressings. Transparent film dressings are characterized as: easy to observe the wound, closely adhering to the wound surface, effectively inhibiting the wound exudate, being in favour of moist environment for wound healing, promoting necrotic tissue loss, reducing wound pain. The shortcoming is poor water absorption. Hydrogel dressings can be tightly bonded with uneven wounds to reduce bacteria, accelerate angiogenesis and promote epithelial cell growth. A hydrocolloid dressing is much thicker than film dressing, and the thickness of its adhesive layer determines the size of its absorptive capacity. Hydrocolloid dressings can absorb small-to-moderate amount of wound exudate, which are not applicable to the wound with great amount of exudates. Foam dressings, presenting with porosity, low surface tension, strong elasticity and plasticity, have strong capacity of exudate absorption and are almost completely transparent for oxygen and carbon dioxide, which can be used as drug carriers. Alginate dressings, which are relatively soft and easy to fold and apply, can form a soft gel-like semi-solid substance on the wound, providing a moist environment for wound healing and improving the regeneration ability and migration of epidermal cells. Medicinal dressings can protect the wound and relieve pain, bleeding and inflammation to promote the growth of granulation tissue and epithelial cells, thereby accelerating wound healing.

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    Application of medical titanium mesh in orthopedic repair and reconstruction
    Song Jun-tao, Guo Zhi-kun
    2013, 17 (12):  2233-2240.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.021
    Abstract ( 502 )   PDF (619KB) ( 854 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Titanium mesh has good effect in the treatment of orthopedic repair and reconstruction which has been widely used.
    OBJECTIVE: To explore the reliability and superiority of titanium mesh in the treatment of orthopedic diseases, such as skull defects, bone defects of the limbs, large piece chest wall defects, metacarpal and phalangeal fractures and maxillofacial fracture.
    METHODS: Clinical and experimental researches on the application of titanium mesh in the repair and reconstruction of orthopedic diseases were collected, including maxillofacial fracture, large piece chest wall defects, skull defects, limb long-bone shaft defects and metacarpal and phalangeal fractures. The effect of titanium mesh for the treatment of orthopedic diseases was evaluated.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with other repair materials, titanium mesh has significant advantages in orthopedic repair and reconstruction, but it has certain disadvantages when used as the reconstruction material, such as the poor X-ray translucent. So, during the treatment of orthopedics, defects in different parts should be treated with different methods in order to reduce the incidence of complications and obtain the better effect.

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    Performance and evaluation of lung sustained-release microspheres for the treatment of lung diseases
    Wang Shi-shou1, Wu Gang
    2013, 17 (12):  2241-2248.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.022
    Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (682KB) ( 580 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: The lung is suitable as a local or systemic administration site because of its special physiological structure, while there lacks reports on advantages of lung sustained-release microspheres for the treatment of lung diseases, even systemic diseases.
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate drug releasing property and safety of clinical administration of lung sustained-release microspheres, and to compare the difference between lung sustained-release microspheres and other pulmonary drug delivery dosage forms.
    METHODS: The distribution and degradation of microspheres in the lung, pathological changes of the lung tissue and the effect of continuous administration on lung function were observed.
    RESUTLS AND CONCLUSION: The materials commonly used for lung sustained-release microspheres included starch and polylactic acid. The lung sustained-release microspheres have the abilities of biodegradability, biocompatibility and bioadhesion. The sustained-release microspheres are easy to prepare and have no damage to the normal tissue with high security. The lung sustained-release microspheres have good lung targeting effects which can improve the drug efficacy, reduce the side effects of drugs and have no pathological damage to lung tissue.

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    Chelating agent effects on root canal smear layer removal and relevant impact factors
    Sitashi Poudyal, Pan Wei-hong, Zhan Liu
    2013, 17 (12):  2249-2256.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.023
    Abstract ( 488 )   PDF (286KB) ( 785 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Presence of smear layer can reduce the efficiency of the root canal irrigants used for canal disinfection, simultaneously reduce the adhesion of the filling materials to the root canal wall, and increase the apical microleakage, leading to root canal treatment failure. Thus, the prerequisite for a clinically successful root canal treatment is the effective removal of smear layers.
    OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors affecting the efficiency of chelating agents starting from its basic structure and action mechanism.
    METHODS: The first author searched Medline (1999-01/2011-12) with the key words of “chelating agent, smear layer, root canal irrigation, root canal preparation” for the initial retrieval of relevant articles. After reviewing and quality assessment, a total of 50 articles were included.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The factors affecting the efficiency of chelating agents for smear layer removal are as follows: the concentration of the fluid, volume used for irrigation, duration of irrigation, method of irrigation and other irrigating agents used in combination. Among these, time and the other irrigating agents used in combination are found to be the important factors affecting the efficiency with longer duration of irrigation responsible for the erosion of the dentin. Ultrasonic vibration is found to enhance the efficiency of chelating agent by allowing it to reach the apical third within the shortest duration. The combination of sodium hypochlorite and chelating agent is found to enhance the efficient smear layer removal although the best combination is yet to be determined.

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    Features of endovascular stent materials and their therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke
    Guo Yi-tong, Tan Zhi-gang
    2013, 17 (12):  2257-2264.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.024
    Abstract ( 620 )   PDF (701KB) ( 540 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Novel endovascular stent materials have become the research hot spot in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
    OBJECTIVE: To analyze the features of endovascular stent materials and the treatment effect on ischemic stroke.
    METHODS: Related databases were searched by the first author with computer at December 2012 for the related articles published from 2003 to 2012. The Chinese key words were “ischemic stroke, endovascular stent, stent material, interventional treatment”. A total of 120 articles were screened out, and 24 articles were included for the final review according to the inclusion criteria.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Long-term storage of bare-metal stents in the blood may lead to corrosion, metal ions dissolution and coagulation; the surface modification of the metal material could be used to solve the problem of metal material storage in order to improve the blood compatibility of the metal materials. Therapeutic drugs were coated on the surface of stent which can help the drugs release with high concentration continuously, and this method can inhibit restenosis after stent implantation. Film-covered endovascular stent was covered with degradable or non-degradable polymer films on the surface of metal stent in order to inhibit the vascular endothelial proliferation and restenosis after stent implantation, and the film-covered endovascular stent could promote the biocompatibility of vascular smooth muscle cells. Endovascular stent is a safe and effective treatment method to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke, and it can also improve the cognitive dysfunction of the patients with ischemic encephalopathy. Gene and cell cultivation scaffold material has certain advantages in the prevention and treatment of restenosis after vascular intervention, which is the new direction for the research of endovascular stent materials.

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    Fibrovascularization of different types of hydroxyapatite orbital implants
    Wang Xing-li, Liu He-nan, Chen Xiao-long
    2013, 17 (12):  2265-2272.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.025
    Abstract ( 287 )   PDF (697KB) ( 394 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Hydroxyapatite orbital implant is the best intraocular implant which has broad application prospects.
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of fibrovascularization of different types of hydroxyapatite orbital.
    METHODS: The fibrovascularization degree of natural hydroxyapatite orbital implants with different pore sizes and synthetic hydroxyapatite orbital implants was evaluated with radionuclide, MRI imaging and histopathological examination, and the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor collagen on the fibrovascularization of hydroxyapatite orbital implants was analyzed.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Radionuclide, MRI imaging and histopathological examination could clearly display the process and degree of fibrovascularization of hydroxyapatite orbital, and the examination results showed that the vascularization could be completed generally in 6-8 weeks, and the speed of fibrovascularization of natural hydroxyapatite orbital was faster than that of synthetic hydroxyapatite orbital, and there was positive correlation between the pore size and the speed of fibrovascularization. Basic fibroblast growth factor could promote the vascularization of hydroxyapatite orbital.

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    Biocompatibility of different post-core materials in molar repairing
    Cai Juan, Yu Zhang-xin, Wu Jin-zhi, Liu Xin-qing
    2013, 17 (12):  2273-2280.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.12.026
    Abstract ( 454 )   PDF (684KB) ( 468 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: Molars are the main functional teeth, and molar repairing is able to improve the biological function of molars and has the sturdy histological effect.
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application effect of different post-core materials in molar repairing.
    METHODS: The patients received molar repairing with amalgam post-core, cast post-core and fiber post-core were followed-up to observe the incidence of prosthesis loosening, fracture, loss, periodontitis and gingivitis. The combination between post-core crown prosthesis and dental body, broken root canal and the resorption of alveolar bone of root tip and root body were tested with X-ray film. The biocompatibility of different post-core materials used for molar repairing was evaluated and compared.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The amalgam post-core, cast post-core and fiber post-core have good effects for the repair of molars. But compared with cast post-core, the amalgam post-core and fiber post-core have better biocompatibility, lower incidence of prosthesis loosening, fracture, loss, periodontitis and gingivitis, and have better histological effect, considered as the best post-core materials for molar repairing.

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