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09 September 2012, Volume 16 Issue 37 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Determination of bone tissue maturity in repairing bone defects of the left forearm using two staining methods Tao Yun-xia, Wang Gen-lin, Yuan Peng, Shi Qin, Yang Hui-lin 2012, 16 (37):  6841-6846.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.001 Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (619KB) ( 768 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining are two main methods that are commonly used for evaluating bone tissue repair, but there is a lack of the relevant research on whether these two methods can effectively evaluate the maturity of the bone tissue in the process of bone defect repair. OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivity of Masson staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining on the determination of bone tissue maturity. METHODS: New Zealand white rabbits were involved in the study for establishing models of radial bone defects (15 mm in length). The tissue engineered bone made up of silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite/bone marrow stromal cells was implanted into bone defects in rabbits. The X-ray plain films of six rabbits were randomly selected at 4, 8 and 12 weeks respectively after operation for the general observation, Masson staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining, then the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: X-ray films and general specimens showed that bone defects were repaired and the new bone was changed into mature bone. At week 4, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that a large number of new cartilages, some bone-like tissue and a small number of woven bones could be seen around the silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite grafts; Masson staining showed green with a little red dye. At week 8, a lot of new bone, mature osteoblasts and a large number of woven bones were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the blood vessel formation could be seen. The typical red-green and white views were observed by Masson staining. At week 12, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that a large number of lamellar bones were integrated into a block, and the new medullary cavity could be seen; Masson staining showed mainly in red. Combination of hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining is a better method to determine the process of new bone to mature bone. However, in the judgment of bone maturity, Masson staining is more intuitive than hematoxylin-eosin staining. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic expression of osteoprotegerin gene in an osteoporotic rat’s segmental bone defect model Xu Xiao-feng, Chen Hai-ning, Chen Chen, Zhao Yi-wen, Liu Zi-wen 2012, 16 (37):  6847-6850.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.002 Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (535KB) ( 370 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many domestic reports regarding the healing principle and treatment choice of bone defects under normal conditions, but few in the case of osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the dynamic expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene during restoration of segmental bone defects in osteoporotic rats. METHODS: After osteoporotic models were established in all rats, the models of segmental bone defects could be established at 3 day, and 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks before we extracted the specimens. Then, the expression of OPG and alkaline phosphatase were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In different stages of osteoporotic segmental bone defects, the expressions of OPG and alkaline phosphatase were increased in early and middle stages and then decreased. It is indicated that the key factors to repair osteoporotic rat's segmental bone defects is the expression of OPG. Related Articles | Metrics

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Long-term results of a tissue-engineered small caliber vessel implanted in a sheep Xing Jian-zhou, Wang Zhi-wei, Gao Shang-zhi, Li Luo-cheng, Deng Hong-ping, Wu Zhi-yong 2012, 16 (37):  6851-6856.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.003 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (607KB) ( 416 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies of tissue-engineered small caliber vessels are mainly focused on the construction in vitro. The long-term results of tissue-engineered small caliber vessels in vivo are rarely reported so far. OBJECTIVE: To observe the histological changes of a tissue-engineered small caliber vessel prepared with acellular porcine femoral artery scaffold and sheep bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells implanted into a sheep for 12 months. METHODS: Twelve sheep were randomly divided into scaffold group and recellularized scaffold group. In the scaffold group, the decellularized extracellular matrices, that femoral arteries of pigs were decellularized, were implanted in the right femoral artery of the sheep. In the recellularized scaffold group, the left femoral artery of the sheep were implanted with the recellularized extracellular matrices that were established by implantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the decellularizated extracellular matrices and preconditioning in vitro. The autologous contralateral femoral artery in the two groups served as control group. Histomorphology and calcium content in the grafts were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy, pathological methods, and O-cresolphthalein complex method at the postoperative 12 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the grafts kept patency after 12 months. There were no expansion, thrombosis, and thickening of the cavity and wall, but rigidity and weakened pulsating in all the grafts. The intima of all the grafts was covered with vascular endothelial cells at 12 months after operation. Compared with the control group, calcium content is significantly higher in the scaffold group (P < 0.01) and the smooth muscle cells density lower significantly in the scaffold and the recellularized scaffold groups (P < 0.01). Compared with the scaffold group, there were lower calcium content (P < 0.05) and higher smooth muscle cells density (P < 0.01) in the recellularizated scaffold group. These findings indicate that it is essential to improve the long-term results of tissue-engineered small caliber vessels by increasing the smooth muscle cells density. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gene-expression profiles about myocardial ischemia injury miniature pig’s growth function and intervention effects of needle-embedding therapy at Neiguan Yang Xiao-fang, Cui Jin, Liu Xiao-yu, Zhang Xiao-shan, Feng Lin, Wang Xing-gui, Qian Ning 2012, 16 (37):  6857-6862.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.004 Abstract ( 239 )   PDF (661KB) ( 439 )   Save BACKGROUND: Acupuncture at Neiguan (PC6) can up-regulate relative expressions of vascular growth factors. Nonetheless, there are plenty of growth factors related to angiogenesis, and researches have limitations if just focusing on a part of these factors. OBJECTIVE: To observe characteristics on gene-expression profiles about myocardial ischemia injury miniature pig’s growth function and intervention effects of needle-embedding therapy at Neiguan. METHODS: Thirty-two miniature pigs were randomized into four groups. Afterwards, ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed to establish myocardial ischemia models. Meanwhile, pigs in sham operation group only underwent threading without ligation, while needle-embedding therapy at Neiguan and Geshu (BL17) was conducted in Neiguan group and Geshu group, respectively. Then, ischemic myocardial tissue was extracted for experiments after 7 days needle-embedding therapy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 96 genes were detected that were closely related to the function of angiogenesis by using Q Series Angiogenesis’ functional genomics expression profiles. Compared with the model group, there were 17 significantly up-regulated genes and 3 down-regulated genes in the Neiguan group; and 14 significantly up-regulated genes and 2 down-regulated genes in the Geshu group. As to classifications of gene function, differentially expressed genes had their own features when comparing differences expressions among Neiguan group, Geshu group and model group. Nevertheless, distinctive promoting factor and inhibitor, platelet derived growth factor and receptor, fibroblast growth factor and receptor, growth factor and receptor, other cell growth factors, cytokine and chemokines active element, matrix metalloproteinase and inhibitor, as well as other relative genes were shared between groups; among them, angiogenesis factors and receptors were the most. It indicates that intervention for myocardial ischemia and needle-embedding therapy are related to angiogenesis factors, but the action mechanism of needle-embedding therapy at Neiguan is different from that at Geshu. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a neointimal model of pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline injury plus pneumonectomy in rats Liang Fu-qiu, Lin Qun, Lin Cai-zhu, Lei Li-hua, Yang Qing, Lin Xian-zhong, Cai Hong-da 2012, 16 (37):  6863-6866.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.005 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (406KB) ( 372 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is currently a lack of simple, practical, workable neointimal models of pulmonary hypertension in rats. OBJECTIVE: To establish a neointimal model of pulmonary hypertension by monocrtaline injury plus pneumonectomy in rats. METHODS: Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: monocrtaline+pneumonectomy group (experimental group) was subjected to left pneumonectomy followed by monocrotaline injected 2 weeks later (n=26); Control group only underwent sham operation (n=14). Pulmonary artery pressure, ventricular weight, and pulmonary artery morphology were evaluated at 5 weeks after operation in each group. Factor VIII-positive capillaries that were less than 100 μm in diameter were counted under microscopy for 10 randomly selected fields per specimen. The capillary density was determined as the average number of factor VIII-positive capillaries per 1 mm2. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Four weeks after operation, 85% rats survived (22/26) in the experimental group, and 100% in the control group (14/14). The experimental group had significantly higher mean pulmonary artery pressures and ratio of right ventricular and left ventricular plus septal weights, as well as percent wall thickness of muscular pulmonary arteries ranging from 50 to 100 μm diameter and from 100 to 150 μm diameter were significantly increased as compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Pulmonary capillary density was less in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.01). Historic examination showed significant medial hypertrophy of muscularized pulmonary arteries and muscularization of intra-acinar pulmonary arteries and intimal thickening developed in right lung intracinar pulmonary arteries in the experimental group. However, there was no evidence of pulmonary vascular remodeling in the control group. Hemodynamic pulmonary hypertension and neointimal lesions could be quickly induced at 5 weeks after pneumonectomy plus monocrotaline injury. This method was easily performed and mortality of rats was relatively low. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of an experimental animal model of periodontitis in rats Sun Ji-jun, Wang Dong, Wang Ai-qin 2012, 16 (37):  6867-6870.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.006 Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (473KB) ( 900 )   Save BACKGROUND: To establish an experimental rat model of periodontitis is one of the basic methods to study periodontitis. However, the commonly used methods have many drawbacks and need further improvement. OBJECTIVE: To investigate a new method that can establish an animal model of periodontitis similar to the human body. METHODS: Twenty rats (8 weeks of age) were randomly divided into a control group and experimental group. In the experimental group, the buccolingual gingival of the first maxillary molar was sharply separated, dental calculi derived from chronic periodontitis patients were dried, crushed and adhered to the tooth neck; after that, 10 μL salivary of chronic periodontitis patients was dropped into the gingival twice every day. The contry group had no treatment. The amimals were all provided with high glucose food and drink. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 14 days of modeling, the general biological characteristics, pathological, and X-ray changes of the periodontal tissue of the model animals were dramatically in accord with typical human periodontitis. The rat model of periodontitis established by adhering dental calculus and mixed bacterial infection can simulate human periodontitis. It is a simple and effective method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of an animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration and expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 Li Gang-jian, Zhao Xin 2012, 16 (37):  6871-6875.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.007 Abstract ( 241 )   PDF (564KB) ( 348 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein-7 can promote extracellular matrix synthesis in the intervertebral disc tissue. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in rabbits with intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS: Models of intervertebral disc degeneration were established in New Zealand white rabbits using nucleus aspiration. The lumbar intervertebral disc of L3/4, L4/5, L5/6 were exposed in control group without treatment. The changes in the intervertebral disc were observed by MRI after modeling. The contents of bone morphogenetic protein-7, proteoglycan and type Ⅱ collagen were measured in 12 weeks later. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Intervertebral disc degeneration occurred at 2 weeks after modeling detected by using MRI. Compared with the control group, the disc height, T2 value, contents of bone morphogenetic protein-7, proteoglycan and type Ⅱ collagen in the model group were significantly decreased at 12 weeks after modeling. It indicated that the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 was declined in the degenerative intervertebral disc of rabbits induced by nucleus aspiration method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and the biological characteristics of transplanted squamous cell carcinoma models in rabbits Xing Zai-chen, Ding Guo-wei, Kamulegeya Adriane 2012, 16 (37):  6876-6880.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.008 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (548KB) ( 418 )   Save BACKGROUND: Rabbit VX2 carcinoma has been widely used in building tumor models of multiple body organs, but it is rarely reported to be used for establishing the squamous cell carcinoma model of auricle. OBJECTIVE: To establish the VX2 auricular tumor model in rabbits by two tumor transplantation methods and to investigate its biological characteristics. METHODS: The VX2 cell suspensions were injected in the ears of New-Zealand rabbits by tumor cells suspension injection method and tumor tissue incision implantation method. Then the growth status of the tumors, the tumor-take rates and the metastasis rates of the models were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The tumor take-rate of tumor cells suspension injection group and tumor tissue incision implantation group was 73.3% and 50%, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05), metastases rate of lymph node in two groups was 75% and 85.7% respectively. In the rabbit VX2 squamous cell carcinoma transplanted models established by the two methods, the organization showed infiltrative growth, the deeply stained tumor nuclei and division phase were common, and cancer nest arranged cells were in line with the characteristics of the squamous cell carcinoma. It confirmed that the squamous cell carcinoma transplanted model established by tumor cell suspension injection method and tumor tissue incision implantation method was closed to the natural growth process of human squamous cell carcinoma. The animal model established by tumor cell suspension injection method is more suitable for the study of the squamous cell carcinoma due to the high rate of tumor formation and transfer rate. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between nicotine stimulation and transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice Huang Bo, Du Jiang, Yan Quan-neng, Fu Qiang, Li Zhi-liang 2012, 16 (37):  6881-6884.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.009 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (394KB) ( 395 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that nicotine can induce atherosclerosis. But its specific mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and the level of peripheral blood transforming growth factor-beta 1 in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice following the stimulation of different doses of nicotine METHODS: ApoE gene knockout mice were peritoneally injected with two different doses of nicotine (2 and 0.5 mg/kg/d) for 12 weeks as high-dose nicotine group and low-dose nicotine group, respectively. The mice of the control group were injected with an equal volume of normal saline. The level of peripheral blood transforming growth factor-beta 1 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and pathological changes of atherosclerotic plaque were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 12 weeks of nicotine treatment, the level of peripheral blood transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the low-dose nicotine group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The level of peripheral blood transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the high-dose nicotine group was lower than that in the control group and low-dose nicotine group (P < 0.05). In addition, the degree of vascular stenosis in the high-dose nicotine group was the most serious followed by the low-dose nicotine group and the control group. There was significant difference among the three groups (P < 0.05). Besides, the number of plaques in the low-dose and high-dose nicotine groups was more than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of plaques between the low-dose nicotine group and high-dose nicotine group (P > 0.05). Moreover, there was a negative correlation between vascular stenosis rate and transforming growth factor-beta1 level (r=-0.920, P=0.000). There results suggest that nicotine stimulation can increase the number of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE gene knockout mice, which may be related to the inhibitory effect of nicotine on transforming growth factor-beta1 level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dipsacaceae intervenes the expression of platelet derived growth factor-BB in the periodontal tissue of rabbits during orthodontic tooth movement Zhao Gang, Zhang Huan, Sun Jia-ning, Jiang Li-yan 2012, 16 (37):  6885-6888.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.010 Abstract ( 276 )   PDF (412KB) ( 343 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have found that some Chinese herbal medicines in the process of fracture healing can accelerate bone tissue remodeling by different ways to promote fracture healing. OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of Dipsacaceae decoction on the expression of platelet derived growth factor-BB during orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: Twenty-seven rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group (n=12), control group (n=12), and blank control group (n=3). Mandibular first molars were moved bilaterally in the experimental and control groups. Then, 3 g/kg Dipsacaceae decoction was given orally to the experimental group, and the equal amount of saline was given orally to the control group. There was no treatment in the blank control group. After 1, 7, 14, 21 days, the distance of tooth movement was measured separately and then immunohistochemical analysis was performed for platelet derived growth factor-BB. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 7-, 14-, and 21-day loading, the tooth movement distance was greater in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05). After orthodontic force was performed, the expression of platelet derived growth factor-BB was gradually increased with time in the experimental and control groups. After 7, 14 and 21 days, the experimental group had a higher expression of platelet derived growth factor-BB compared with the control group (P < 0.05). These point out that Dipsacaceae decoction can promote the orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits and increase the expression of platelet derived growth factor-BB. Related Articles | Metrics

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Passive movement and electrical stimulation improve the expression of nerve growth factor in a rat model of disuse osteoporosis Zheng Jian-fu, Ding Pi-fan 2012, 16 (37):  6889-6896.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.011 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (599KB) ( 370 )   Save BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that both passive movement and electrical stimulation can relieve disuse osteoporosis symptoms and improve bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence and status of nerve growth factor in the formation of disuse osteoporosis and the underlying mechanisms of prevention. METHODS: Fifty SD rats according to the principle of equal body weight were randomly divided into sham operation group (n=10) and exercise group (n=40). Rats of the exercise group underwent sciatic nerve and femoral resection (5 mm nerve was cut) and then randomly divided into four subgroups (10 rats in each group): sciatic nerve resection group, sciatic nerve resection+passive movement group (passive movement group), sciatic nerve resection+electrical stimulation group (electrical stimulation group) and sciatic nerve resection+massage+electrical stimulation group (union intervention group). After operation for 24 hours, the rats in the exercises group were given passive movement and electrical stimulation. The rats of the sham operation group had the same procedures as the other four subgroups except for sciatic nerve and femoral resection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1)Body mass of sciatic nerve resection group was lower than that of electrical stimulation and union intervention groups (P < 0.01). (2) Real-time PCR test showed that for the expression of nerve growth factor, the sciatic nerve resection group was lower than the sham operation group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05); the sciatic nerve resection group was lower than electrical stimulation and passive movement groups, and the three groups had significant differences (P < 0.05); union intervention group was higher than sciatic nerve resection group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). These results suggest that after electrical stimulation and passive movement, the expression level of endogenous nerve growth factor gene in rat tibia tissues was improved remarkably. The increase of nerve growth factor gene expression in bone tissues is one of the most important mechanisms for osteoporosis prevention, and this process can be promoted by appropriate passive movement and electrical stimulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 gene eukaryotic vectors for transfection of skeletal muscle cells Dong Gang, Zheng Jian-jin, Li Tao, Xu Xin, Lu Shu-lai, Wu Hong 2012, 16 (37):  6897-6901.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.012 Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (484KB) ( 362 )   Save BACKGROUND: While researcher became more and more interesting in treating tissue damage by transfection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and construction of human VEGF (hVEGF) gene expressive plasmid is of significance. OBJECTIVE: To clone VEGF gene and to construct the expressive plasmid pcDNA4-HisMax-C/VEGF165, and to observe its expression in rat skeletal muscle cells. METHODS: hVEGF gene was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR method from human peripheral blood and constructed into the expressive plasmid pcDNA4-HisMax-C/VEGF165. The gene in the expressive plasmid pcDNA4-HisMax-C/VEGF165 was identified by PCR amplification, enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. pcDNA4-HisMax-C/VEGF165 was transfected into skeletal muscle cells. After 1 week, the VEGF gene cloning was identified. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cloned DNA was confirmed to be VEGF165 gene. After VEGF165 gene transfection, the cloned DNA from skeletal muscle cells was confirmed to be VEGF165 gene. In this study we successfully cloned VEGF165 gene and constructed its expressive plasmid pcDNA4-HisMax-C/VEGF165, and proved the efficiency of transfection preliminarily. Related Articles | Metrics

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Creep properties of the left coronary artery in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats versus Sprague Dawley rats Yu Bo, Gao Ming, Li Xin-ying 2012, 16 (37):  6902-6905.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.013 Abstract ( 401 )   PDF (385KB) ( 361 )   Save BACKGROUND: Reports about one-dimension tensile property of the left coronary artery in aging spontaneously hypertensive animal models are few in China. OBJECTIVE: To observe creep properties of left coronary artery in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats and Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS: Twelve normal male Sprague Dawley rats (4 months old) and 12 aging spontaneously hypertensive male rats (12 months old) were selected and divided into normal Sprague Dawley group and spontaneously hypertensive group. Twelve samples from each group were selected and installed in electronic testing machine for the creep test, and they were given stress by 0.05%/s strain increases velocity at the simulating human body temperature of (36.5±0.1) ℃. The setting time was 7 200 seconds. Creep equations of these samples in the two groups were calculated by normalized analysis method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Creep curves of the two groups were changed in exponential relationship. In the initial 600 seconds, the strain changed rapidly, and it rose slowly as time prolonged. The strain increment in 7 200 seconds of normal Sprague Dawley group was more than that of spontaneously hypertensive group. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). It suggests that there are differences in creep properties of the left coronary artery between normal Sprague Dawley rats and aging spontaneously hypertensive rats. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of turbulent shear stress in downstream of different prosthetic valves with preservation of the same subvalvular apparatus Li Bin, Zhang Gui-min, Sun Yi, Yang Bai-hui, Zhang Hu, Huang Dong 2012, 16 (37):  6906-6909.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.014 Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (345KB) ( 362 )   Save BACKGROUND: The preservation of subvalvular apparatus can cause an obstruction to the blood flow in downstream. At present, there are few quantitative studies on the obstruction to the blood flow in downstream of different kinds of prosthetic valves with preservation of subvalvular apparatus. OBJECTIVE: To the compare the advantages and disadvantages of hemodynamic properties in downstream of different kinds of prosthetic valves with preservation of the same subvalvular apparatus. METHODS: According to the common mitral valve replacement, a standard porcine mitral valve replacement model was established under general anesthesia involving cardiopulmonary bypass. The porcine mitral valve and its subvalvular apparatus were performed three kinds of surgeries: without preservation of the subvalvular apparatus, preservation of the posterior subvalvular apparatus and preservation of the entire subvalvular apparatus. And the implanted valves included monoleaflet mechanical valve, bileaflet mechanical valve and bioprosthetic valve. Turbulent shear stress in downstream of different kinds of prosthetic valves with procine preservation of the same subvalvular apparatus was performed in vivo quantitative experiment by color Doppler echocardiography combined with computerized image analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hemodynamic performances in downstream of monoleaflet mechanical and bileaflet mechanical valves without preservation of the subvalvular apparatus were the same, which were worse than that of bioprosthetic valve. Of the three kinds of prosthetic valves, the hemodynamic performance in downstream of the bioprosthetic valve with preservation of the same subvalvular apparatus was the best, the bileaflet mechanical valve was worse, while the monoleaflet mechanical valve was the worst. Related Articles | Metrics

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Immediate effect of foot posture variation on the stability of static posture Zhu Shi-jie, Wang Wen-ting, Zhang Lu 2012, 16 (37):  6910-6915.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.015 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (448KB) ( 1063 )   Save BACKGROUND: Abnormal foot posture can influence the control capacity of human posture. To normalize the foot posture can improve the postural stability, but the relevant mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe whether normalizing the foot posture could affect the postural control of healthy adults at a static standing position immediately. METHODS: Thirty healthy adults were involved. Postural stability test was done both with and without an unmolded foot orthosis (VASYLI-HowardDananberTM) normalizing the foot posture. The foot posture index (FPI-6) and rearfoot-to-leg angle were measured to measure the foot postures. Postural control capacity was also measure in the subjects standing on one leg before and after foot posture variation by using Active Balancer EAB-100. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Foot postures were improved significantly after unmolded foot orthosis intervention. But the postural stabilities were not improved at one-leg standing position. These findings indicate that the unmolded foot orthoses can normalize the foot posture with slight pronation, but have no significant effects on the postural stability. Although to normalize the foot posture has a long-term effect on the control of static postures, the mechanism is not simple to improve the foot structure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Resveratrol down-regulates the expression of interleukin-18 in syoviocytes of osteoarthritis cultured in vitro Yang Jian-hui, Lü Jian-guo, Nie Hui-yong, Shen Xiao-dong 2012, 16 (37):  6916-6920.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.016 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (439KB) ( 324 )   Save BACKGROUND: Resveratrol can inhibit chondrocytes apoptosis in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Res on the expression of interleukin-18, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in synoviocytes of osteoarthritis cultured in vitro. METHODS: After the rabbits were lavaged with clinical equivalent dose of resveratrol, the 10%, 20% and 40% resveratrol-containing serum were prepared, and then co-cultured with the osteoarthritis synoviocyte. The normal rabbit culture serum was as control. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay detection and immunocytochemistry results showed that the secretion of interleukin-18, interleukin-1 beta and TNF-α of synoviocyte cultured in vitro in resveratrol-containing serum group was significant lower than that in the non-resveratrol containing serum group (P < 0.01), and with the increasing of resveratrol concentration, the level of interleukin-18, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion was gradually reduced (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between interleukin-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta. It indicates that resveratrol can down-regulate the expression of interleukin-18, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in synoviocyte and reduce the inflammatory reaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of different concentrations of monosodium urate on inflammatory factors in synoviocytes in vitro Sun Gui-cai, Xu Yi-er, Yu Xue-feng, Wu Hong-liang, Ling Xiao-peng 2012, 16 (37):  6921-6925.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.017 Abstract ( 419 )   PDF (452KB) ( 470 )   Save BACKGROUND: Monosodium urate stimulates synoviocytes to prepare an in vitro model of acute gouty arthritis, which is important in evaluating of action mechanisms of this kind of drugs. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the influential factors of establishing a model of acute gouty arthritis by directly stimulating synoviocytes in vitro with different concentrations of monosodium urate and observing concentration changes of cytokine. METHODS: Synoviocytes from rats were treated with 0 (control group), 50, 125, 250, 500, 1 000 μmol/L monosodium urate. At 24 and 48 hours, cell viability and levels of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in culture medium were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no effects on cell viability within 24 and 48 hours in control group and treatment groups. Compared with the control group, levels of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the medium of treatment groups were all increased, while the highest concentration was found when drug concentration was 500 μm/L and dosing interval was 24 hours. Monosodium urate at a certain concentration and dosing interval contributes to the screening of ideal models of acute gouty arthritis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of a recombinant pET-32a-leptin efficient expression vector Xie Lin, Wu Guo-hui, Li Xiao-lin, Wen Hui-cai 2012, 16 (37):  6926-6930.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.018 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (484KB) ( 644 )   Save BACKGROUND: Leptin is recognized as a feedback signal of body fat by bonding receptor in the hypothalamus, which is related to ingestion, drinking, and energy metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To construct a prokaryotic recombinant expression plasmid pET-32a-leptin and to analyze its expression in BL21 Escherichia coli. METHODS: The adipose tissues were obtained, and leptin gene was obtained by reverse transcription-PCR. The target gene was orientating cloned into pMD18T and pET-32a vector by DNA recombinant technical. Position clones were transformed into BL21 Escherichia coli and expressed by double digestion and DNA sequencing. Then the expression product was detected for the antigen reactionogenicity after degeneration and renaturation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 520 bp leptin fragment was amplified and the prokaryotic recombinant expression plasmid pET-32a-leptin was correctly constructed. The Leptin gene fragment in position clones was tested be same as the sequence of the GenBank public by DNA sequencing. The position protein pET-32a-leptin was highly expressed and about 50% on total protein. The antigen reactionogenicity of expression product was enhanced after degeneration and renaturation (P < 0.01). Prokaryotic recombinant expression plasmid pET-32a-leptin was successfully constructed and the target protein was expressed largely. Related Articles | Metrics

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Restraint effect of small interfering RNA targeting UL5 gene on herpes simplex virus type Ⅱ Pan Xiao-yu, Lü Yan-cheng, Wang Zhi-yong, Fan Jun, Zhou Dan-dan, Yuan Jun-jie 2012, 16 (37):  6931-6936.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.019 Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (465KB) ( 438 )   Save BACKGROUND: Helicase-primase complex is the necessary gene for the replication of herpes simplex virus type Ⅱ (HSV-2), and UL5 gene is one of the composing units of HSV-2 helicase-primase complex. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the interference effect of specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) on HSV-2 UL5 genes using RNA interference technology. METHODS: To target at HSV-2 UL5 gene, we designed and synthesized five pairs of specific siRNA. By means of liposome LipofeCtamine 2000, the specific siRNA would be transfected into the HEK293 cells. After 48 hours, fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-PCR test was performed to determine the UL5 gene transcription as well as virus titer detection in order to observe the interference effect of siRNA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: siRNA would be successfully transfected into the cells. The fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-PCR test showed that siRNA 722, siRNA 2 394, siRNA 2 513 and siRNA 2 627 could variously reduce the expression of the target mRNA. The virus titer detection showed siRNA 722, siRNA 2 394, siRNA 2 513 and siRNA 2 627 could in various degrees lower the titer of virus infection in the supernatant, negative control group and siRNA 374 had no effect on the titer of virus infection. The siRNA which is effective to UL5 gene could specifically reduce the replication of HSV-2. Related Articles | Metrics

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A comparative study about energy consumption of young men when walking and running Zhuang Tao, Sun Bo 2012, 16 (37):  6937-6941.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.020 Abstract ( 313 )   PDF (481KB) ( 504 )   Save BACKGROUND: Energy metabolism is one of the focuses of fitness, weight loss, marching, prosthetic assessment, and medical diagnosis. Rehabilitators and fitness instructors specify movement patterns, amount of exercise and exercise intensity according to the specific conditions and different purposes. Research of energy consumption differences between different movement patterns at the same velocity is less. OBJECTIVE: To explore gait characteristics and energy consumption differences between two gait patterns of walking and running at the same velocity, providing theoretical support for the public health and the formulation of exercise prescription. METHODS: The subjects were 20 healthy male college student volunteers. H/P/COSMOS Gaitway treadmill controlled the speed of walking and running. Gas composition analysis instrument VO2000 was used indirectly to test the body's energy expenditure. Tow-dimensional acceleration sensor was placed on the first sacral vertebra to collect anteroposterior and vertical original signals of acceleration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Step frequency of running pattern was significantly higher that of walking pattern at the same speed. With the speed increments, walking mainly relied on the increase in the step frequency, but running mainly depended on the step length increase to maintain the velocity. The energy expenditure of running was significantly higher than that of walking at the same speed. When running, the root mean square of the centre of mass vertical acceleration was significantly greater than that when walking at the same speed. It is suggested to choose different gait patterns according to different purposes, such as, select the running pattern such as weight loss fitness, and select fast walking pattern in order to economize energy in the long-distance march. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of over-expressed integrin-linked kinase on rat neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferation Wang Bing-jian, Xu Biao, Bai Jian, Li Qian-jun, Sun Jing-xian, Zhang Na 2012, 16 (37):  6942-6946.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.021 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (473KB) ( 443 )   Save BACKGROUND: Integrin-linked kinase plays an important role in regulating cell survival and anti-apoptosis to promote cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of over-expressed integrin-linked kinase on cardiomyocytes proliferation in neonatal rats. METHODS: The heart of neonatal rats (1–3 days old) was extracted to in vitro isolate and culture cardiomyocytes for 72 hours. Then, the cells were transfected with recombinant adenovirus vector or recombinant adenovirus vector+ integrin-linked kinase gene. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the recombinant adenovirus vector group, there was an increase in DNA synthesis (P < 0.05), mitosis (P < 0.05) and the number of cardiomyocytes (P < 0.05) in the recombinant adenovirus vector+ integrin-linked kinase gene group. Briefly, integrin-linked kinase can promote the proliferation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha promotes the apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells He Zhan-bin, Chen Guang-wei 2012, 16 (37):  6947-6950.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.022 Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (386KB) ( 440 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that the apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells is involved in the generation and development of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inductive effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on the damage of human coronary artery endothelial cells. METHODS: First, human coronary artery endothelial cells c-12221 in the logarithmic growth phase were selected. Next, the cells were added into 0 (control), 200, 400 and 600 mg/L tumor necrosis factor alpha culture medium. Then, the changes of cell proliferation rate, morphological changes of apoptosis cells, changes of cell apoptosis rate and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by MTT assay, Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide staining, fluorescence microscopy, Annexin V-FITC and PI-double staining flow cytometry assay and high content live cell imaging system, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: MTT results showed that tumor necrosis factor alpha had potential inhibitory effects on human coronary artery endothelial cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide staining indicated that characteristic change of apoptotic cells could be seen clearly, such as chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation into pieces. Besides, cell apoptosis rate of tumor necrosis factor alpha with different concentrations was higher than that of 0 mg/L tumor necrosis factor alpha (P < 0.05); their mitochondrial membrane potential was lower than that of the control and in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). These results suggest that tumor necrosis factor alpha can promote the apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and inhibit human coronary artery endothelial cell proliferation. The underlying mechanisms are related to mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

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Warm needling regulates the prostaglandin E2 in a rat model of lumbar nerve root compression Xie Yan-yan, Wu Yao-chi 2012, 16 (37):  6951-6955.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.023 Abstract ( 336 )   PDF (621KB) ( 381 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that warm needling exerts an important role in prostaglandin E2 expression in a rat model of lumbar nerve root compression. OBJECTIVE: To explore the regulating effects of warm-needling on prostaglandin E2 expression of rat models of lumbar nerve root compression, and to compare the efficacy of acupuncture and meloxicam. METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. They were normal group, model group, meloxicam group, acupuncture group and warm needling group. Rats in the latter four groups were prepared for rat models of lumbar nerve root compression by placing silicone films. The rats in the normal group were not modeled and had no therapy. The rats in the model group were modeled but not treated. After modeling, the rats in the meloxicam, acupuncture and warm needling groups were subjected to intragastric administration of 3.75 mg/kg meloxicam, acupuncture and warm needling for 14 days, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Meloxicam, acupuncture, warm-needling all could reduce the content of prostaglandin E2 in rats with lumbar nerve root compression (P < 0.01). Compared to meloxicam and acupuncture, warm needling could better reduce the content of prostaglandin E2 (P < 0.01). The findings indicate that warm needling can effectively reduce the content of prostaglandin E2 in rats with lumbar nerve root compression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Modeling of a comprehensive fitness evaluation model based on artificial neural network Zhang Chong-lin, Yu Li-juan, Wu Wei-bing 2012, 16 (37):  6956-6960.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.024 Abstract ( 359 )   PDF (488KB) ( 448 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many scholars agree that different fitness indexes play different roles in the comprehensive evaluation of the fitness. But there is no effective way to build a comprehensive fitness evaluation model. OBJECTIVE: To establish the comprehensive fitness evaluation model based on artificial neural network. METHODS: The university faculties in Shanghai were selected as objects and the artificial neural network technology was used to establish the comprehensive fitness evaluation models of second-rank index and third-rank index in different ages ad genders. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fitting degrees of the second-rank index and third-rank index comprehensive fitness evaluation models established in this experiment were ＞ 93% and ＞ 94%. The weight calculation results are reliable. In this model, the indicators reflecting body diathesis accounted for the highest proportion of weight coefficients, followed by the indicators reflecting the body shape, and the indicators reflecting the physical function accounted for the lowest proportion of weight coefficients. The findings confirmed that the comprehensive fitness evaluation model was successfully established by using the artificial neural network technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Incorporating predicted functions with variable threshold test to study non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms Yan Lu-ying, Hua Lin, Yan Yan 2012, 16 (37):  6961-6966.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.025 Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (444KB) ( 2185 )   Save BACKGROUND: As the development of genome-wide association study, the simultaneous genotyping of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms have made genetic epidemiology studies come into a new phase. Generally, identification of genetic variants associated with human diseases is based on single base changes in the DNA sequence, some of which lead to alterations in protein structure and function. Therefore, those non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms occurring in coding regions and causing an amino acid substitution or insertion of a stop codon are likely to affect the function of the proteins accounting for susceptibility to complex disease for altering the encoded amino acid sequence. OBJECTIVE: To combine incorporating predicted function scores of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms with variable threshold test to improve the identification accuracy of susceptibility genes associated with complex diseases. METHODS: Firstly, for non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms, we computed their scale invariant feature transform and Polyphen-2 scores. Then weighted variable threshold tests were performed for 35 selected genes. The comparison with general association analysis was also performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results showed that the test power of our method was higher than general association test, and the identification accuracy of susceptibility genes was improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Association of left ventricular geometry with left atrial volume and left ventricular volume in essential hypertensive elderly patients Wang Zhi-feng, Ma Yun, Ren Rong, Xu Xin-juan 2012, 16 (37):  6967-6972.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.026 Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (479KB) ( 516 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that left atrial volume may embody left ventricular filling pressure, atrial structural remodeling and neurohormonal activity. Moreover, left atrial volume expansion is a strong predictor of poor prognosis following chronic heart failure. OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of left atrial volume and left ventricular volume in elderly essential hypertension patients based on different left ventricular geometries. METHODS: The left atrial volume and left ventricular volume of 129 essential hypertension elderly patients and 125 control subjects were measured with echocardiography and their differences were analyzed. The left ventricular geometries were classified according to Ganau standard. The essential hypertension group underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in order to grouping comparison based on types of blood pressure rhythm. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The left atrial volume, left atrial volume index, end-systolic left ventricular volume, end-diastolic left ventricular volume of the essential hypertension group compared with the control group were increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the essential hypertension group, duration of hypertension and rhythm of blood pressure could influence distribution of left ventricular geometries. The left atrial volume, left atrial volume index, end-systolic left ventricular volume, end-diastolic left ventricular volume of the abnormal geometries group compared with the normal geometries group were increased, significantly (P < 0.05). In essential hypertension elderly patients, the disease course and non-dipper blood pressure rhythm have important influence on left ventricular geometry; the left atrial volume and left ventricular volume are changed with different left ventricular geometries. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of heat shock protein 70 in rat cornea during wound healing following alkali burn Zhang Xi-bo, Qin Gang, Xu Mei, Yu Ling 2012, 16 (37):  6973-6978.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.027 Abstract ( 288 )   PDF (412KB) ( 335 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many factors can influence the wound healing of cornea following alkali burn, heat shock protein can promote the rapidly recovery and clear of the degenerated and injured protein. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the expression of heat shock protein 70 after corneal alkali burn in rats is related to corneal wound healing process. METHODS: After the rat eye was checked without inflammation and other lesions, oxybuprocaine eye drops were dropped into the rat eye for twice. Conjunctival sac liquid was sucked by swab, and then the unified specification filter paper of 5 mm diameter was soaked in 1 mol/L NaOH solution for 10 seconds, then the filter paper was placed in the center of the rat cornea for 30 seconds to make the rat corneal alkali burn model. The corneal specimens were obtained at 6 hours, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after alkali burn. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot observation showed that the expression level of heat shock protein 70 increased at 1 day after alkali burn and reached its peak at 7 days. Then, it decreased at 14 days. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscope observation showed that the corneal injury was most obvious at 6 hours after burning and the wound was gradually recovered at 7 days after burning. Alkali burned cornea can induce heat shock protein 70 synthesis in a time-dependent manner, also in accordance with the corneal repair procedure. Induced heat shock protein 70 plays an important role in wound healing. Related Articles | Metrics

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The research of tissue engineering blood vessel Hou Jun-hua 2012, 16 (37):  6979-6986.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.028 Abstract ( 352 )   PDF (683KB) ( 435 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tissue engineering blood vessel is the science of substitute materials to reconstruct and regenerate vessels by the normal cells of the vascular wall and biological degradation of the material. In recent years, with the development of tissue engineering technology, tissue engineering blood vessel has become an important direction for future vascular substitutes. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical and basic research and progress of tissue-engineered vessel. METHODS: A retrieval was performed for the literature about tissue engineering blood vessel, using key words of “tissue-engineered vascular, tissue engineering, vascular, scaffold materials, scaffolds, seed cell, extracellular matrix, vascular scaffold, polymer materials, composite materials, nanometer, biological materials” between 2001-01 and 2010-12 in Science Citation Index (SCI) database. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The research of tissue-engineered vascular mainly includes three aspects: seed cells, extracellular matrix substitutes, three-dimensional culture and tissue engineering vascular research. The seed cells of tissue-engineered vascular include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The vascular scaffolds in tissue engineered blood vessels is required for the growth of living cells in vitro, and is the seed cell growth and proliferation of three-dimensional space for cell adhesion, growth, metabolism. Therefore, tissue-engineered vessel needs to have good biocompatibility, plasticity, and the wide variety of sources, the tensile strength and non-immunogenic scaffold. According to the sources and performance, the current research and application of materials is divided into natural biomaterials and synthetic materials. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone morphogenetic protein 9 induces osteogenic differentiation and its application in orthopedics Yang Zai-qing, Meng Zeng-dong 2012, 16 (37):  6987-6992.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.029 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (546KB) ( 470 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic proteins can enhance osteogenic differentiation and bone formation efficiently. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 is one of the most effective Bone morphogenetic proteins to induce osteogenic differentiation. However, it is one of the Bone morphogenetic proteins least studied. OBJECTIVE: To review the research about bone morphogenetic protein 9 inducing osteogenic differentiation and its application in the treatment of many bony and musculoskeletal disorders at home and abroad in recent years. METHODS: Bone morphogenetic protein 9 relevant articles from CNKI and PubMed databases from 2001-01 to 2011-06 were retrieved by computer. The articles published during the recent 5 years in the authorized journals related to this subject were collected. The key words were “bone morphogenetic protein 9, osteogenic differentiation, bone fracture, spinal fusions, tumor” in Chinese and English, respectively. There were 91 articles after the initial survey. A total of 34 articles related to BMP were included according to inclusion criteria for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: So far, several studies have shown that many growth factors can promote bone formation, and bone morphogenetic proteins are probably the most effective regulatory factor in the process of bone tissue formation. Bone morphogenetic protein 9, one of the bone morphogenetic protein family, not only can powerfully induce the osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and muscle cell preosteoblasts, but also play an important role in chondrogenesis, and its mechanism of inducing bone formation does not totally depend on the traditional classical BMP signal pathway. Animal experiments proved that bone morphogenetic proteins can also promote fracture healing, induce spinal fusions and regulate the behavior of tumor. Therefore, bone morphogenetic protein 9 has a bright future in the treatment of skeletal system diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of osteoprotegerin and its relevant factor signal pathway on interleukin-6 mediated bone metabolism at moving state Shang Chang-jing, Bao Jie, Wang Guo-xiang 2012, 16 (37):  6993-6997.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.030 Abstract ( 290 )   PDF (522KB) ( 357 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoprotegerin-receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (OPG/RANKL/RANK) signal pathway is a classic signaling pathway for bone metabolism. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has a correlation with the OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway. The effect of exercise on bone metabolism is highly related with the modulation of the two above. OBJECTIVE: To research the modulation of OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway on bone metabolism under the inducement of IL-6 at moving state and to find the inherent relationship between IL-6 and OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway. METHODS: CNKI, EBSCO and Elsevier databases were retrieved by computer for papers concerning exercise stress, IL-6, and OPG/RANKL/RANK . Thirty-nine representative and updated papers were chosen and analyzed to reveal the relationship among exercise, IL-6 and OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: These analyses suggested that there is high correlation between IL-6 and OPG/RANKL/RANK in the process of bone metabolism. The expressions of IL-6 and OPG/RANKL/RANK signal pathway at different exercise intension and load have specific exercise stress response and adaption .These osteoarthrosis findings could not only help to reveal the mechanism of exercise for bone health, but also be applied to prevent and treat osteoarthrosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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An animal model of maxillofacial distraction osteogenesis Huang Xuan-ping, Jiang Xian-fang, Zhou Nuo 2012, 16 (37):  6998-7002.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.031 Abstract ( 390 )   PDF (523KB) ( 310 )   Save BACKGROUND: The animal model establishment is an important part for the research of maxillofacial distraction osteogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To review the research process of the establishment of maxillofacial distraction osteogenesis animal model. METHODS: All the literatures were searched in the PubMed database, SCI database, VIP database and Wanfang database (2000/2001) with the key words of “distraction osteogenesis, mandibular, maxillary, craniofacial” in English or Chinese. A total of 28 articles were collected and analyzed in the aspects of the establishment of maxillofacial distraction osteogenesis animal model, and experimental animal selection and application. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The animals selected for the experiment should be similar to human in the aspects of structure, function, metabolism and disease characteristics. Standardized, anatomical and physiological characteristics animals that consistent with the requirements of experimental purposes were selected. The growth characteristics of the selected animals and research purposes in the process of distraction osteogenesis, as well as the stretch-rate and fixed term in the intermission of distraction should be considered. Related Articles | Metrics

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Costimulatory effect of mechanical stress and body stress on beta-catenin and bone metabolism in the phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase signal pathway Bao Jie, Wang Guo-xiang 2012, 16 (37):  7003-7008.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.032 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (546KB) ( 463 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exercising mechanical stress affect the body with the body stress. Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway is the most classic signal in the Wnt signal family with the mechanical stress sensitivity. It could change the mechanics signal into biochemistry signal, through making the cyclooxy enase-2/prostaglandin E-2 (COX-2/PGE-2) signal as a medium to accommodate downstream osteoprotegerin receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (OPG/RANKL/RANK) signal and influence bone metabolism. Interleukin-6 is a signal pathway which transfers the message through the Janus kinase/signal transduction and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT) and influences bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To explore the costimulatiory effect of mechanical stress and body stress on β-catenin whether is in the same signal pathway. METHODS: An online search of CNKI, HighWire and Elsevier databases was performed for articles related to “mechanical stress, body stress, wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, bone metabolism”. Articles published from 2000 to 2011 and related to the effects of mechanical stress and body stress on the signaling pathways were selected. A total of 37 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As a medium of wnt/β-catenin signal way with the mechanical stress sensitivity, COX-2/PGE-2 cooperated with the Interleukin-6 produced by body stress to amplify the β-catenin signal through activating phosphoinositide 3 kinase /protein kinase (PI3K/Akt) signal pathway, and strengthen the regulatory effect of OPG/RANKL/RANK bone receiving signal pathway. These could explain the mechanism of susceptibility bone injury caused by excessive training and verify the costimulatory effect of mechanical stress and body stress on β-catenin in the signal pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

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Repairs of articular cartilage defects with cartilage tissue engineering methods Luo Wen, Fan Jian-nan, Ye Chuan 2012, 16 (37):  7009-7014.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.033 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (616KB) ( 528 )   Save BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage defects are very common in clinic. With the development of molecular biology and tissue engineering, there are many new methods to repair articular cartilage defects. In recent years, the researches on repairs of articular cartilage defects with the cartilage tissue engineering method have obtained the satisfactory curative effect. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the studies addressing repairs of articular cartilage defects with the cartilage tissue engineering methods. METHODS: The first author searched relevant literature from CNKI (2000/2010) and Medline database (1990/2010). The key words were “articular cartilage defects, cartilage tissue engineering” in Chinese or English. Totally 786 articles were retrieved, and finally 47 articles were included. From aspects of seed cells, scaffold materials and biological factors, we generalized articles about the repairs of in the repair of articular cartilage defects with the cartilage tissue engineering methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Scaffold, seed cells and biological factor are the three main elements of cartilage tissue engineering. The cartilage tissue engineering methods refer to implantation of in vitro cultured and proliferated seed cells onto the scaffolds to form tissue-engineered bone induced by relevant regulatory factors. The results show that the cartilage tissue engineering has become one of the important methods for the treatment of articular cartilage defects. Although the treatment of articular cartilage defects has obtained a good effect, there is not a widely recognized treatment program until now. Growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor β, can play a combined role in chondrocytes in autocrine and paracrine manners and can be intertwined to form a network, showing a temporal-spatial distribution. The use of new composite scaffolds to repair articular cartilage defects will become the main direction for future researches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway on osteoarthritis cartilage Fan Su-fang, Wang Wen-ya, Zhang Liu 2012, 16 (37):  7015-7019.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.034 Abstract ( 290 )   PDF (491KB) ( 401 )   Save BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage degeneration is considered to be the main pathological change in osteoarthritis, and abnormal cartilage signal transduction is the key factor in articular cartilage degeneration. OBJECTIVE: To review the updated progresses of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway and to further analyze the role of MAPKs pathway in osteoarthritis cartilage． METHODS: First author searched literatures from CNKI and PubMed databases from 1990 to 2011, using the key words of “osteoarthritis, articular cartilage, ERK, JNK, P38, MAPK signaling pathway” in Chinese and English, respectively. Articles related to MAPK signaling pathway and the effect of MAPK signaling pathway on osteoarthritis cartilage were included. Reproducibility articles were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Of 120 articles retrieved, 32 were selected according to the inclusive and exclusive criteria. The results showed that MAPKs pathway was a highly conserved signaling mechanism via conservative three degree of enzyme promoting cascade reactions (MAPKKK→MAPKK→MAPK) to activate transcription factor and regulate specific gene expression. It is proved that MAPKs pathway participates in regulating chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in the articular cartilage, and maladjustment in MAPKs pathway plays a key role in osteoarthritis initiation and development. Clearing the specific mechanism of MAPKs pathway in osteoarthritis will help the targeted treatment for osteoarthritis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Theoretical research and application of erythropoietin to promote angiogenesis of many tissues and organs Zhang Wei, Wang Hong, Deng Yue, Cai Di-xin 2012, 16 (37):  7020-7024.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.035 Abstract ( 214 )   PDF (538KB) ( 436 )   Save BACKGROUND: From 1906 until now, erythropoietin has been found in lots of tissues and organs, which cannot only promote proliferation and differentiation of red blood cells, but also prevent cell apoptosis and accelerate the formation of collagen and blood vessels. OBJECTIVE: To review the research about erythropoietin promoting angiogenesis in many tissue and organs and to clarify the status of its effect on angiogenesis. METHODS: A computer search of CNKI database (2005/2011), PubMed database (1988/2011) and FMJS database (2000/2011) was performed by the first author using “erythropoietin, angiogenesis” in Chinese and English as the key words, to retrieve articles about the effect of erythropoietin on angiogenesis. Finally, 33 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 45 articles were obtained by the preliminary check, the titles and abstracts and partial contents were screened, and 33 literatures meeting the inclusion criteria were summarized. The findings show that erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adult kidney and liver embryos. Erythropoietin can promote proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis of the cardiovascular system, brain tissue, retina, uterus, tumor tissue, skin and so on, and has applied to the part of clinical treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Calorie restriction, life span and exercise Tang Yu-cheng 2012, 16 (37):  7025-7030.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2012.37.036 Abstract ( 377 )   PDF (593KB) ( 474 )   Save BACKGROUND: Calorie restriction is by far one of the most feasible means to increase life span of many species. As a means of treating diseases and increasing life span, calorie restriction has important application value. OBJECTIVE: To review the history of calorie restriction, implementation plan of calorie restriction, calorie restriction mechanism, calorie restriction mimics and the comparison of calorie restriction and exercises, and to clear the effect of calorie restriction on increasing life span. METHODS: A computer-based online research of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed to collect articles published between 1980 and 2011 with the key words of “calorie restriction, life span, exercise” in Chinese and English, respectively. There were 579 articles after the initial survey. A total of 49 articles were included according inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Calorie restriction can increase maximal life span of some animals. But whether calorie restriction can increase human being’s maximal life span or not is unclear. It needs further study whether exercise, as one of calorie restriction mimetic, can increase human being’s maximal life span, and what kind of exercise can better increase the average human life span and maximal life span. The combination of exercise with calorie restriction, or the combination of exercise with other calorie restriction mimetics would be an important method for fighting against aging in the future. Related Articles | Metrics