Biological scaffolds for pulp-dentin tissue engineering

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.08.021

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: For tissue engineering strategies, the choice of an appropriate scaffold is a crucial step.
OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the application of scaffold materials in pulp-dentin tissue engineering.
METHODS: The first author searched PubMed and Wanfang databases (1993/2012) for relevant articles about scaffold materials used in pulp-dentin tissue engineering.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A vast variety of biomaterials including natural materials, synthetic materials, and composite materials are available in pulp-dentin tissue engineering. Each material has its unique biological properties. Among them, collagen, polyester and hydroxyapatite scaffolds have been greatly studied. Self-assembling peptide hydrogel made from amino acid is a new-type scaffold that meets most of the demands of an ideal pulp-dentin tissue engineering scaffold. Therefore, self-assembling peptide hydrogel is a promising pulp-dentin tissue engineering scaffold.

Key words: biomaterials, biomaterial review, pulp-dentin tissue, tissue engineering, scaffolds, self-assembling peptide hydrogel, collagen, oral biomaterials

CLC Number:

R318

Liu Lin, Bao Guang-jie. Biological scaffolds for pulp-dentin tissue engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2013, 17(8): 1455-1460.

Figures/Tables 4

2.1 理想牙本质牙髓组织工程支架材料应具备的条件理想的牙本质牙髓组织工程支架材料应具备以下条件[5]：①良好的生物相容性。有利于细胞黏附、增殖，无毒，不引起炎症反应。②合适的生物可降解性。降解速度可控，降解产物无毒且容易通过代谢途径排出体外。③足够的力学强度。应足以维持在培养期间结构的完整性以及植入后负荷的支撑和传递。④具有三维多孔结构。多孔结构应该是可控和适当的(即100%的贯通性，平均孔径大于200 μm，足够的表面体积比)，以允许细胞附着和生长，组织再生，血管形成及废弃物清除。⑤骨引导作用。应促进血管浸润，细胞浸润和附着及原位成骨。⑥药物释放。应允许附着的活性化合物释放。⑦可消毒。不会造成性能的损失。⑧可塑性。便于加工成所需形状，植入体内一段时间内仍可保持其形状。 2.2 天然生物材料天然生物材料具有以下优点：成分接近于自然状态下的细胞外基质，生物相容性好；能够提供细胞外基质的化学和结构信息，能调节细胞行为并强化特定外观。但是也存在一些缺点：来源稀少，大量制备困难且质量差异较大；某些种类价格昂贵；降解速度、成孔情况难以人为控制；有传染与动物病原菌或引起免疫应答的风险；可塑性差等。牙髓牙本质组织工程中常用的天然生物支架材料包括胶原、藻酸盐、壳聚糖、羟基磷灰石、磷酸三钙等，见表1。用胶原、藻酸盐、磷酸三钙、富血小板血浆、人牙本质基质作为支架进行牙体组织再生的体内实验显示，裸鼠体内产生钙化物质或牙本质、牙髓样物质[6-11]，且由于富血小板血浆可由自体全血获得，避免免疫排斥反应，激活后富含多种生长因子，作为生物支架材有很大潜力[7]。羟基磷灰石是骨和牙体硬组织的无机成分，具有和牙体硬组织相同的物理、力学和其他特性，但由于羟基磷灰石降解需要的时间长，可能会导致慢性炎症反应[12]，因此单独使用羟基磷灰石作为牙髓牙本质组织工程支架材料的报道较少。人牙髓细胞在胶质、藻酸盐和壳聚糖支架上的生长实验表明，藻酸盐和胶质比壳聚糖更适合牙髓细胞的黏附与生长，碱性磷酸酶活性检测提示Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原和藻酸盐能较好促进牙髓干细胞的分化和生长，而壳聚糖完全不能诱导牙髓干细胞的分化[13]。因此胶原可以促进干细胞的分化、黏附和生长，比其他天然生物材料更适合作为牙髓牙本质组织工程支架材料。"

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