Effects of skeletal muscle satellite cells on muscle fiber lesions

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0104

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle satellite cells have been found to possess the potential of stem cells that have the ability to self-renew with the roles of repair and regeneration. Therefore, it can be used to treat myofibrosis.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the function, molecular regulation and related mechanisms of skeletal muscle satellite cells, and to promote the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers, thereby providing new ideas and intervention strategies for the rehabilitation and treatment of skeletal muscle injury.
METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed, Mendeley, Google Scholar, and CNKI databases from 1995 to November 2016 for the relevant literature using the keywords of “skeletal muscle,satellite cells, stem cell, muscle repair”. Data screening, processing, and summarization were performed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to the inclusion criteria, 51 eligible articles were enrolled. Analysis results show that skeletal muscle satellite cells are closely related to muscle fiber lesions. Based on the mechanism of skeletal muscle lesions, the regeneration and repair mechanisms of skeletal muscle satellite cells are explored. Skeletal muscle tissue is a functional and sound system that can regenerate and repair through skeletal muscle satellite cells. The function of skeletal muscle satellite cells is controlled by intracellular and extracellular information networks, which can enhance endogenous satellite cell viability. When the skeletal muscle is injured or malnourished, the viability of skeletal muscle satellite cells is inhibited, further inducing skeletal muscle fiber degeneration. Therefore, skeletal muscle fiber lesions can be treated through skeletal muscle satellite cell transplantation and stimulating the viability of endogenous skeletal muscle satellite cells, which provides intervention strategies for skeletal muscle repair and regeneration.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程

Key words: Muscle, Skeletal, Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle, Tissue Engineering

CLC Number:

R318

Huang He-ping1, Xu Shuang1, Xiao Tao-fang2, Lei Xiao-feng3. Effects of skeletal muscle satellite cells on muscle fiber lesions[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2018, 22(4): 644-649.

Figures/Tables 2

骨骼肌卫星细胞功能的适当控制是有效调节肌肉再生的关键，也是有效防止肌肉肿瘤出现的途径之一。一定数目的通路涉及到调节肌卫星细胞的再生功能。骨骼肌卫星细胞在特异表达的过程中，会出现一些标志蛋白，这些蛋白与骨骼肌卫星细胞的再生功能的调节有关，包括白细胞介素6、胰岛素生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子、机械生长因子和转化生长因子β，以及局部的炎症介质[24-27]。研究证实，体外的细胞培养研究中发现胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ和胰岛素生长因子Ⅱ可以促进卫星细胞增殖。在损伤肌肉的肌膜下注射外源性胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ，可以促进卫星细胞增殖，出现骨骼肌纤维肥大。此外，非肌细胞在调节卫星细胞增殖和分化中所起的作用也备受瞩目[28]。与骨骼肌卫星细胞的功能调控相关的非肌细胞，构成了异构混合的间充质细胞类型，包括脂肪组织、纤维组织以及浸润造血的细胞类型。 2.2 肌肉疾病与肌肉失用对骨骼肌卫星细胞功能的影响肌肉失用性萎缩是肢体在制动、固定及其失重状态下发生的生理、生化、形态学及功能的变化。许多病理条件下，包括先天性肌病在内的神经和肌肉，由于失用性萎缩，所涉及的肌肉质量和力量逐渐丧失，表现出一定数量的肌卫星细胞的增殖潜能减弱[29]。研究表明，肌肉失用可以导致骨骼肌卫星细胞的数目减少。而长期的运动训练可以有效的维持卫星细胞池以及增加骨骼肌卫星细胞的数目，促进卫星细胞的自我更新[30-34]。研究表明，在运动员停训后骨骼肌卫星细胞数目开始逐渐减少，直至出现卫星细胞活化终止[35]。总之，主要基因病变引起肌肉营养不良(受卫星细胞影响相关的疾病)和肌肉失用，这些将会导致渐进性肌肉病变。研究表明，骨骼肌卫星细胞的激活是肌肉再生和修复的前提[36-37]。在运动损伤后，静息状态的卫星细胞被激活。在骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化后，可以达到细胞核增多、RNA转录、肌管系统生成和肌原纤维增多的效果。由于慢性增殖和潜在的抑制性微环境，可以导致卫星细胞数量减少，并加速破坏疾病或营养不良的肌肉组织平衡。现有研究表明，肌营养不良可导致骨骼肌卫星细胞再生功能过早丧失[38-39]。在肌营养不良症的小鼠模型中，骨骼肌卫星细胞数量的减少可导致慢性退行性条件下的重复性肌肉再生障碍。重复周期性的卫星细胞激活可导致端粒缩短或者关键卫星细胞调控的基因突变，使骨骼肌卫星细胞的自我更新活性受损和肌源性容量的受损，加剧了骨骼肌得营养不良，卫星细胞增殖缺乏和再生潜能的受损。 2.3 老龄化与肌肉功能对骨骼肌卫星细胞修复能力的影响老龄化导致的肌肉功能下降与骨骼肌微环境营养的缺乏有密切的关系。由于骨骼肌卫星细胞的内在缺陷，导致在骨骼肌卫星细胞功能改变的过程中，营养的缺乏可以抑制这些细胞的肌源性活动。另外，一些非肌源性细胞类型不能促进肌肉再生，例如，在营养不良的患者中成纤维细胞所分泌的胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白水平增加，将会隔离胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白远离肌源性细胞[40]。同样，分泌的细胞因子，包括细胞增殖、迁移，诱导基质细胞衍生因子1α，可以诱发引起损伤骨骼肌的修复和再生，可以帮助调节和组织新骨骼肌的肌生成。通过这些观察和研究，结果表明，卫星细胞微环境对调节骨骼肌前体细胞活性具有关键性的作用。年龄的增加，骨骼肌纤维数量的减少(以Ⅱ型肌纤维为主)，出现肌肉力量下降，即骨骼肌减少症，这将严重影响到骨骼肌的机能和运动能力。卫星细胞数目和功能的减少，根源在于年龄增大出现的肌肉病理所导致。许多研究已经记录了特定年龄相关的肌肉维护和再生的不足，研究表明，肌纤维相关卫星细胞数下降与年龄有关，活性肌卫星细胞老化的增殖能力明显受损，会引起更快速的进入衰老[41-42]。然而，在适当的条件下，卫星细胞的增殖能力以通过一定程度耐力运动得到恢复或保持。在运动的过程中，肌纤维出现损伤，骨骼肌卫星细胞将被激活，随后出现增殖、分化，融合成新的骨骼肌纤维以修复损伤的肌纤维或肌细胞核。目前的研究表明，运动训练可以诱导骨骼肌质量和肌细胞核的增加，同时伴随着卫星细胞数量和激活状态的增加。 2.4 骨骼肌卫星细胞对肌纤维病变的调节机制骨骼肌卫星细胞对肌纤维病变的调节机制可以分为内在机制和外在机制，见表1。"

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