中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 2323-2333.doi: 10.12307/2025.868

• 骨与关节综述 bone and joint review • 上一篇    下一篇

股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折内固定失效的危险因素与应对策略

赵非凡1,曹玉净2   

  1. 1河南中医药大学骨伤学院,河南省郑州市   450000;2河南省中医院创伤骨科,河南省郑州市   450003
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28 接受日期:2025-01-17 出版日期:2026-03-28 发布日期:2025-09-29
  • 通讯作者: 曹玉净,博士,教授,河南省中医院创伤骨科,河南省郑州市 450003
  • 作者简介:赵非凡,男,1998年生,河南省周口市人,汉族,河南中医药大学在读硕士,主要从事中医药防治腰髋关节疾病的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    河南省中医药管理局科学研究专项课题项目(2024ZYZD06,2023ZY1008),项目负责人:曹玉净

Risk factors and coping strategies of internal fixation failure in treatment of intertrochanteric fracture with proximal femoral nail antirotation

Zhao Feifan1, Cao Yujing2   

  1. 1College of Bone Injury, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; 2Department of Traumatology, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China

  • Received:2024-10-28 Accepted:2025-01-17 Online:2026-03-28 Published:2025-09-29
  • Contact: Cao Yujing, PhD, Professor, Department of Traumatology, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
  • About author:Zhao Feifan, Master candidate, College of Bone Injury, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Scientific Research Project of Henan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 2024ZYZD06, 2023ZY1008 (to CYJ)

摘要:

文题释义

股骨近端防旋髓内钉:是一种被内固定研究学会推广应用于治疗各种类型股骨转子间骨折的髓内固定系统,在十几年的临床应用中因具有适应证广、术式易操作、价格较低等优势,逐渐占据内固定系统的主要地位。
股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定失效:是指股骨转子间骨折患者在接受股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗后,由于存在某些危险因素,导致骨折复位丢失、内植物的移位或断裂、骨折畸形愈合等,引起患肢功能障碍,甚至需要二次手术。

摘要
背景:股骨近端防旋髓内钉是治疗股骨转子间骨折应用最广泛的手术方式,具有微创、固定可靠、操作简单、快速康复等优点,但仍存在一定的内固定失效风险,且对于其相关危险因素存在较多争议。
目的:归纳并总结股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定失效手术相关危险因素,为降低其发生风险以及制定相应治疗方案提供一定的参考。
方法:以“转子间骨折,粗隆间骨折,股骨近端防旋髓内钉,内固定失效,危险因素”为中文检索词,以“intertrochanteric fracture,proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA,internal fixation failure,risk factors”为英文检索词,应用计算机检索中国知网、万方医学网、维普、PubMed、Springer、ScienceDirect及Elsevier数据库收录的相关文献。检索时限重点为2014年1月至2024年9月,同时纳入少量经典远期文献。通过阅读文题和摘要进行筛选,最终纳入113篇文献进行综述,其中中文45篇、英文68篇。
结果与结论:①股骨转子间骨折是对老年人危害较大的常见骨折,使老年患者致残和死亡的风险显著增加,股骨近端防旋髓内钉仍是目前治疗股骨转子间骨折切实有效的内固定方式;②随着股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折的研究进展,导致内固定失效的诸多危险因素被发现;以往的研究对骨质疏松、合并内科疾病、骨折类型、尖顶距等方面研究较多,而对于前内侧皮质支撑复位、楔形撑开效应、导针进针点、螺旋刀片位置、远端锁钉置入等方面总结的尚不全面,并且对各危险因素的具体机制分析也较少;③综述结果表明,复位质量差(包括骨折对位对线精度差、前内侧皮质负性对位)、外侧壁危险或骨折型、导针进针点不佳、主钉长度选择不当、主钉直径过小或过度扩髓、髓钉皮质撞击、过度的楔形撑开效应、螺旋刀片(螺钉)位置不良、短钉远端锁钉未置入是导致股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定失效的相关危险因素,通过良好的复位、合理放置髓内钉等选择能有效降低内固定失效发生概率。

关键词: 股骨转子间骨折, 股骨近端防旋髓内钉, 内固定失效, 危险因素, 前内侧皮质支撑, 楔形撑开效应, 髓钉皮质撞击, 综述, 骨科植入物

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Proximal femoral nail antirotation is the most widely used operation method for treating intertrochanteric fractures. It possesses advantages such as minimal invasion, reliable fixation, simple operation, and rapid rehabilitation. However, there is still a certain risk of internal fixation failure, and there are many controversies regarding the related risk factors.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize and collate the risk factors related to the failure of internal fixation of proximal femoral nail antirotation, thereby providing some references for reducing the risk and formulating the corresponding surgical plan. 
METHODS: Using “intertrochanteric fracture, proximal femoral nail antirotation, PFNA, internal fixation failure, risk factors” as the Chinese and English search terms, relevant literature was collected from databases such as CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, PubMed, Springer, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier by computer search. The search period was from January 2014 to September 2024, and a small number of classic long-term literature were included. By reading the titles and abstracts, 113 articles were included in the review, including 45 in Chinese and 68 in English.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Intertrochanteric fracture of femur is a common fracture that causes greater harm to the elderly, significantly increasing the risk of disability and death in elderly patients. Proximal femoral nail antirotation remains an effective internal fixation method for intertrochanteric fracture. (2) With the advancement of research on proximal femoral nail antirotation treatment of intertrochanteric fracture, many risk factors leading to internal fixation failure have been discovered. Previous studies focused more on osteoporosis, complicated medical diseases, fracture types, apex distance, etc. However, the conclusions on anteromedial cortical support reduction, wedge splitting effect, guide needle insertion point, spiral blade position, distal locking nail implantation, etc., were not comprehensive, and the specific mechanism analysis of each risk factor was also limited. (3) The results indicated that the internal fixation of proximal femoral nail antirotation failure was associated with poor reduction quality (including poor alignment of the fracture, negative alignment of the anteromedial cortex), external wall risk or fracture type, poor guide needle entry point, improper selection of staple length, small staple diameter or excessive reaming, cortical impingement of the medullary nail, excessive wedge splitting effect, poor placement of the spiral blade (screw), and non-implantation of the distal locking nail. The probability of internal fixation failure can be effectively reduced through good reduction and reasonable placement of intramedullary nails.

Key words: intertrochanteric fracture of femur, proximal femoral nail antirotation, internal fixation failure, risk factor, anteromedial cortical support, wedge splitting effect, cortical impingement of medullary nail, review, orthopedic implant 

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