中国组织工程研究 ›› 2018, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (33): 5399-5407.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0647
• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇 下一篇
刘艳妮1,倪 敏2,张 睿1,黄小波1,周春根1,江 滨2
修回日期:
2018-07-22
出版日期:
2018-11-28
发布日期:
2018-11-28
通讯作者:
江滨,博士,主任医师,南京市中医院,江苏省南京市 210000
作者简介:
刘艳妮,女,1992年生,陕西省凤翔县人,汉族,在读硕士,主要从事干细胞的基础与临床研究。
基金资助:
南京市卫生局重点资助项目(ZKX17034,ZKX15040)
Liu Yan-ni1, Ni Min2, Zhang Rui1, Huang Xiao-bo1, Zhou Chun-gen1, Jiang Bin2
Revised:
2018-07-22
Online:
2018-11-28
Published:
2018-11-28
Contact:
Jiang Bin, MD, Chief physician, Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
About author:
Liu Yan-ni, Master candidate, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
Supported by:
the Major Funded Projects of Nanjing Health Department, No. ZKX17034, ZKX15040
摘要:
文章快速阅读:
文题释义: 复杂性肛瘘:是指侵犯外括约肌超过30%的肛瘘。外科手术是治疗复杂性肛瘘的主要方式,但由于复杂性肛瘘(包括克罗恩肛瘘)侵犯括约肌范围广,易出现肛门失禁。传统手术不同程度损伤肛门括约肌,失禁发生率高,微创术式又无法解决已有感染造成的损伤修复困难问题。感染和多次手术导致大量有修复能力的干细胞死亡,内口和创面愈合困难,复发率高。 脂肪干细胞治疗复杂性肛瘘的优势:是从脂肪组织中分离得到的一种具有自我更新及多向分化潜能的间充质干细胞,属于成体干细胞。由于取材容易,体内储备量大,并且具有强大的组织再生、修复、抑制炎症反应等功能,逐渐成为近年来的研究热点之一。国外脂肪干细胞治疗肛瘘临床研究结果显示:无论是自体脂肪干细胞还是异体脂肪干细胞治疗肛瘘,均具有创伤小、无括约肌损伤、疼痛轻、修复快、复发率低、住院时间短等特殊优势,安全性与有效性得到了初步认证。
中图分类号:
刘艳妮,倪 敏,张 睿,黄小波,周春根,江 滨. 脂肪干细胞治疗复杂性肛瘘:作用与机制[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2018, 22(33): 5399-5407.
Liu Yan-ni, Ni Min, Zhang Rui, Huang Xiao-bo, Zhou Chun-gen, Jiang Bin. Treatment of complex anal fistula with adipose-derived stem cells: roles and mechanisms[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2018, 22(33): 5399-5407.
2.2 ASCs移植促进创面愈合的作用及机制 皮肤或组织创面愈合是涉及炎症、上皮形成、新生血管生成、增殖和胶原基质形成的复杂过程[20-21]。ASCs可通过多种机制来发挥这些作用,如诱导分化、调节炎症免疫、促进血管新生、激活成纤维细胞等作用,在创面愈合的各个环节中发挥重要的作用(图1)。Rodriguez等[22]在裸鼠皮肤伤口皮下注射ASCs,通过愈合后的皮肤免疫组织化学和血液灌注分析发现,与自发愈合组相比,ASCs治疗组创面愈合速度更快。Lee等[23]进行的一项初步研究中,采用肌肉内多次注射ASCs治疗严重肢体缺血患者,随访6个月发现 66.7%的患者临床症状、疼痛评分量表和跛行距离较治疗前均显着改善。总结文献发现, ASCs在创面愈合中的作用机制主要有以下几个方面。
(1)选择ASCs的剂量:由于各实验室对ASCs的培养、扩增技术不同,有1×107,2×107,3×107,4×107,9×106等不同剂量,也有ASCs结合纤维蛋白胶混悬液、ASCs结合基质血管成分混悬液等不同形式。2003年Garcia-Olmo等[73]学者报道了临床上首例使用ASCs治疗炎症性肠病相关的克罗恩肛瘘,该33岁女性患者,患有克罗恩病11年,因肛周脓肿术后形成直肠阴道瘘;使用肿瘤坏死因子α单抗和挂线引流术后症状没有改善,局部注射9×106自体ASCs治疗1周后,手术伤口完全闭合,仅留有轻微的炎症症状,无大便失禁或阴道出血,3个月内疾病未复发。2012年英国克利夫兰的北帝斯医院结直肠外科报道了3例自体ASCs治疗复杂性肛瘘患者,研究人员清理3例患者的瘘管,封闭内口后,将5 mL ASCs和20-30 mL脂肪组织中基质血管成分混悬液采用十字交叉格状注射到瘘管及周围组织内,达到最大的组织密度并填满相邻组织间隙,然后堵塞外口。经过两三年的随访,3例患者都能维持较好的治疗效果[74]。2013年,韩国报道了一项ASCs剂量递增Ⅰ期临床研究[75],10例克罗恩肛瘘患者分为3组,注射前彻底搔刮瘘管,用2-0 vicryl线缝合关闭内口,注射细胞体积与瘘道的大小成正比,将每组所需的ASCs均匀注入瘘管壁和瘘管内口周围黏膜组织中,再将凝血酶和纤维蛋白原的混合溶液灌注到瘘道中。前3例患者(组1)给予1×107/mL ASCs的第一次剂量注射,4周后,该剂量被认为是安全时,另外4例患者(组2)给予2×107/mL ASCs,其中1例患者中途退出。再过4周后,第2次剂量认为是安全的,第3次给最后一组的3例患者给予4×107/mL ASCs。注射8周后随访,第2组中2例患者显示完全愈合,第3组中1例患者显示完全愈合,其他患者均部分愈合,引流量较术前减少。对第8周显示完全愈合的3例患者又追踪随访6个月,以监测ASCs治疗的持续有效性和安全性。所有患者对治疗都表现出良好的耐受性,没有发生3级或4级严重不良事件,且没有发生与研究药物有关的不良事件。在跟踪治疗8个月后,仍保持疗效并无复发现象。因此,该研究显示了ASCs治疗克罗恩肛瘘的耐受性、安全性和潜在疗效,并为进一步的临床研究提供了基础支持。Lee等[76]进行了一项评估ASCs与纤维蛋白胶结合使用的Ⅱ期临床试验。首先打开瘘管,用2-0 vicryl缝合瘘管内口,ASCs注射在内口处黏膜下层及瘘管周围。瘘管用ASCs和纤维蛋白胶混合剂灌注。注射前用探针测量瘘管的直径和长度来确定瘘管的大小。当瘘管直径大约不超过1 cm时,每厘米瘘管长度注射3×107/mL ASCs,当瘘管直径在1.0-2.0 cm之间时,重复注射2次ASCs。注射8周后瘘管未愈合者,进行第2次注射。第2次注射ASCs的剂量为第1次注射所用细胞数量的1.5倍。注射第4,6,8周后拍摄病变部位,并与注射后第1天照片进行比较。根据修改后的方案分析,82%(27/33)的患者在第8周时表现出完全愈合,而在意向治疗分析中为64.3% (27/42)。在27例完全愈合患者中,26例完成1年随访,其中23例(88%)完全闭合。另一项研究对其长期结果进行了分析,在24个月时,经过修改后的方案分析中80.6% (21/26)患者完全愈合,在改进的意向性治疗分析中为75%(27/36)[77]。没有与ASCs治疗相关的不良事件发生。Choi等[78]比较1×107/mL ASCs与2×107/mL ASCs 2种不同剂量ASCs治疗与克罗恩不相关的复杂性肛瘘的临床安全性与有效性,将患者分为两组,组1使用1×107/mL ASCs,组2使用2×107/mL ASCs。注射后第8周评估疗效,第8周瘘管完全闭合者再随访6个月。未愈合者接受2倍的初始注射剂量。患者在第8周,第4个月和第6个月时分别拍照片记录肛周局部变化(图2)。注射ASCs的15例患者中13例完成了这项研究。在第8周时69.2%(9/13)患者瘘管完全闭合。第1组中5例患者中有3例,第2组中8例患者中有6例瘘管完全闭合,发现两组之间无明显差异。瘘管完全闭合的9例患者中有6例参与了随访,其中5例患者(83.3%)在第6个月时仍维持疗效。未观察到3级或4级不良事件。因此,对于传统手术无法治愈的复杂性肛瘘,ASCs移植可能是一个很好的选择方式。ASCs治疗肛瘘具有良好耐受性和安全性,但各实验室使用剂量不统一,需要大样本的临床试验寻找适合患者疾病特点的细胞剂量。
(3)ASCs的细胞来源:ASCs根据来源不同可分为自体、异体及同种异体。例如,2015年,西班牙进行了一项ASCs治疗克罗恩肛瘘相关的妇女妊娠临床回顾性观察研究[87]。23名肛瘘妇女每间隔三四个月依次接受2×107和4×107 2种剂量的自体ASCs局部灌注治疗。6名妇女在干细胞治疗缓解期成功怀孕,并且5名妇女足月妊娠,1名发生2次妊娠早期流产,流产率符合一般人群发生率(20%)[88],且明显低于文献报道与克罗恩疾病相关的流产率(40%)[89-91]。因此,ASCs治疗似乎并没有增加流产率,其认为接受ASCs治疗可以帮助克罗恩肛瘘患者跨越妊娠的心理障碍,减轻肠道炎症反应,增加怀孕成功率。最近一项Ⅰ-Ⅱ期临床试验研究异体ASCs治疗克罗恩相关直肠阴道瘘的安全性和可行性[92]。异体ASCs治疗10例直肠阴道瘘患者,如果外科医生认为有必要,则增加阴道或直肠推移皮瓣。治疗方案包括在阴道壁的黏膜下层和瘘道内注射2×107 ASCs。治疗12周后评估愈合情况,愈合定义为阴道和直肠两侧的再上皮化以及阴道没有引流物。治疗12周时2例患者愈合,8例患者接受4×107 ASCs注射。血液中细胞因子谱和免疫毒性检测,没有发现严重不良事件。随访1年,60%的患者达到完全愈合。这表明ASCs可作为不同类型的克罗恩病变的替代疗法之一。2016年,武田制药和TiGenix公司联合在欧洲7个国家和以色列的49家医院进行的一项随机、双盲、平行、安慰剂对照的Ⅲ期临床试验[93],总共212例克罗恩肛瘘患者纳入该试验。随机分为2组,治疗组107例采用1.2×109Cx601(同种异体脂肪干细胞),安慰剂组105例采用24 mL生理盐水。治疗24周后,Cx601治疗组与安慰剂组疾病缓解率分别为50%与34%(P=0.024);治疗相关的不良事件发生率分别为17%与29%;出现肛周脓肿分别为6例与9例,出现肛门痛分别为5例与9例。52周后,Cx601治疗组与安慰剂组缓解率分别为56.3%与38.6%(P=0.010),复发率分别为55.9%与75%(P=0.052)。在1年后随访发现CX601组与安慰剂组相比更加安全和有效。这一结果表明对传统治疗或生物治疗无效的克罗恩病肛瘘,同种异体脂肪干细胞移植是一种安全有效的治疗方法。由上可见,不同国家,不同临床中心采用了不同的细胞来源、剂量及手术方式(表1)。
应用ASCs治疗复杂性肛瘘,是一项具有巨大发展潜力的医疗技术,可为一系列难治性结直肠外科疾病提供新的治疗方向,引起了各国临床医生、科研工作者的关注。国外文献研究也证实了ASCs治疗复杂性肛瘘疾病的安全性和有效性。但目前此研究仍处于初级阶段,可能存在一些问题需要进一步改进:①虽然ASCs来源丰富、取材简便,但干细胞不同于普通药物治疗,不同研究单位其培养方法、移植剂量和质量检测都有差异,因此确定ASCs最佳来源,建立ASCs标准化的培养体系,治疗流程非常重要;②临床研究大多是单中心、小样本回顾性病例报告,观察时间较短,样本量较少,缺乏有力的对照数据,未来需要开展多中心、大样本、前瞻性的临床随机对照研究;③目前虽然没有报道临床干细胞治疗增加致瘤风险,但建议在临床治疗前,需对ASCs进行体内外的致瘤分析。开展自体、异体及同种异体ASCs之间的实验研究及临床对照研究,明确各自的优缺点及适应证;④各临床中心的治疗评估体系不尽相同,可以采用统一的临床瘘管愈合评估标准以及实验室、影像学评估标准,增强结果的可信度;⑤自体ASCs移植需要进行2次手术,一次用于提取脂肪组织,另一次用于注射ASCs,总的治疗费用也高于一般手术,也给患者造成了一定经济压力。因此,加强对干细胞技术和人员的培养,降低干细胞提取过程的中间投资,减少治疗成本,从而更好的应用于临床。
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随着干细胞移植和组织工程技术的发展,脂肪干细胞移植疗法由最初的整形重建领域已经逐步应用于临床实践中的各个方向。复杂性肛瘘由于侵犯括约肌范围广,易出现肛门失禁。目前各种肛瘘术式均未达到理想的治疗效果。国外脂肪干细胞治疗肛瘘临床研究结果显示:无论是自体脂肪干细胞还是异体脂肪干细胞治疗肛瘘,均具有创伤小、无括约肌损伤、疼痛轻、修复快、复发率低、住院时间短等特殊优势,安全性与有效性得到了初步认证,其优势是目前括约肌切开术和保留括约肌手术等治疗方法所不具备的。目前国内尚无脂肪干细胞治疗复杂性肛瘘的相关研究报道。对国外文献中脂肪干细胞在复杂性肛瘘治疗中的临床应用现状进行归纳分析,有利于国内外同行学习,推动干细胞在组织工程中的发展。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程
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