中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 1464-1475.doi: 10.12307/2026.571

• 组织构建综述 tissue construction review • 上一篇    下一篇

骨骼肌衰老主要生理变化及运动的多机制调控作用

侯超文1,2,李兆进2,孔健达2,张树立1   

  1. 1齐鲁理工学院,山东省济南市  250200;2曲阜师范大学体育科学学院,山东省济宁市  272000

  • 收稿日期:2024-12-26 接受日期:2025-03-06 出版日期:2026-02-28 发布日期:2025-07-16
  • 通讯作者: 李兆进,博士,教授,曲阜师范大学体育科学学院,山东省济宁市 272000 共同通讯作者:孔健达,硕士,曲阜师范大学体育科学学院,山东省济宁市 272000
  • 作者简介:侯超文,男,1995年生,山东省烟台市人,汉族,2020年曲阜师范大学毕业,硕士,讲师,主要从事体育教学管理和运动康复方面研究工作。
  • 基金资助:
    国家社科规划一般项目(21BTY1115),项目负责人:李兆进;齐鲁理工学院科研计划项目(QIT23SN009),项目负责人:侯超文

Main physiological changes in skeletal muscle aging and the multimechanism regulatory role of exercise

Hou Chaowen1, 2, Li Zhaojin2, Kong Jianda2, Zhang Shuli1     

  1. 1Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, Shandong Province, China; 2College of Physical Education, Qufu Normal University, Jining 272000, Shandong Province, China
  • Received:2024-12-26 Accepted:2025-03-06 Online:2026-02-28 Published:2025-07-16
  • Contact: Li Zhaojin, PhD, Professor, College of Physical Education, Qufu Normal University, Jining 272000, Shandong Province, China Co-corresponding author: Kong Jianda, MS, College of Physical Education, Qufu Normal University, Jining 272000, Shandong Province, China
  • About author:Hou Chaowen, MS, Lecturer, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, Shandong Province, China; College of Physical Education, Qufu Normal University, Jining 272000, Shandong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Social Science Foundation General Project, No. 21BTY1115 (to LZJ); Research Program of Qilu Institute of Technology, No. QIT23SN009 (to HCW)

摘要:


文题释义:
骨骼肌衰老:指随着年龄增长,骨骼肌在细胞结构、生理功能等方面出现的渐进性退变过程,表现为肌肉质量减少、力量下降、功能减退以及对损伤的修复能力变弱等。
运动:是指生物通过身体的动作或位移,包括各种有意识的身体活动如跑步、游泳、跳跃等,以及生物体内部器官和细胞层面的活动,以实现适应环境、维持生命健康、增强体能等目的的行为或过程。

背景:骨骼肌衰老与多种慢性疾病相关,运动被认为是延缓骨骼肌衰老进程的重要手段,但运动干预策略的多机制调控仍需深入探究。
目的:通过综述梳理骨骼肌衰老的主要生理变化,以及探讨运动调控骨骼肌衰老的多重机制,为基础研究和临床应用提供理论依据。
方法:通过第一作者检索 Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、中国知网、万方和维普等数据库,以“骨骼肌衰老,运动调控,慢性炎症,线粒体功能障碍,细胞外基质纤维化,脂质介质,卫星细胞” 为中文检索词,以“skeletal muscle aging,sarcopenia,exercise regulation,physical activity,chronic inflammation,inflammaging,mitochondrial dysfunction,extracellular matrix fibrosis,lipid mediators,satellite cells”为英文检索词,检索从各数据库建库至2024年10月的相关文献,包括研究原著、综述等。依据纳入和排除标准筛选文献,纳入95篇文献进行质量评估和数据提取。
结果与结论:①骨骼肌衰老的核心表现为肌肉质量、力量和功能下降,与多种生理变化密切相关。肌肉中蛋白质的合成能力下降及降解速率加快,导致了肌肉的萎缩与功能衰退。此外,卫星细胞功能障碍亦被认为是肌肉再生能力减弱的关键因素。线粒体功能异常是导致肌肉疲劳与能量代谢紊乱的另一重要因素,直接影响骨骼肌的代谢活性和耐力表现。慢性炎症反应及细胞外基质纤维化则进一步加剧了肌肉衰老,此类因素相互作用,共同导致了骨骼肌退化。②运动被广泛认为是延缓骨骼肌衰老的重要手段。运动通过调节免疫系统减轻骨骼肌的慢性低度炎症反应,增加抗炎因子分泌并抑制促炎因子表达,进而减缓炎症对肌肉的损害。运动还能够提高线粒体的生物合成和功能,增强肌肉的能量代谢能力,进而提升耐力和力量。此外,运动还通过调节脂质代谢和脂质递质的合成,减少脂肪积累,缓解由脂肪引起的炎症反应,进一步保护骨骼肌。运动的机械刺激作用还促进了细胞外基质的重塑,减少纤维化的发生,改善肌肉的结构和功能。同时,运动激活卫星细胞,增强骨骼肌的再生能力,尤其是力量训练和高强度间歇训练对卫星细胞的激活作用尤为显著。③未来的研究包括开展多中心的大规模临床试验以评估长期运动干预对骨骼肌衰老的综合作用。通过分析基因组学、代谢组学等数据,探索不同个体在运动干预中的反应差异,能够为个性化运动干预提供更为精准的理论依据。除了运动,营养补充、药物治疗等其他干预手段对骨骼肌衰老的影响同样不可忽视,未来的研究应探索运动与这些干预手段的联合使用,以期达到更为显著的效果。
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9287-9873(侯超文);https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0977-801X(李兆进);https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-918X(孔健达)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程

关键词: 骨骼肌衰老, 运动调控, 慢性炎症, 线粒体功能, 细胞外基质纤维化, 脂质递质, 卫星细胞

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle aging is associated with various chronic diseases. Exercise is considered an important means to delay this process, but the multimechanism regulation of exercise intervention strategies still requires in-depth exploration.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically outline the main physiological changes in skeletal muscle aging and explore the multiple mechanisms by which exercise regulates these changes, thereby providing a theoretical basis for basic research and clinical applications.
METHODS: By searching databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP, relevant literature from database inception to October 2024 was retrieved by the first author, including original research articles and reviews. The search terms were “skeletal muscle aging, sarcopenia, exercise regulation, physical activity, chronic inflammation, inflammaging, mitochondrial dysfunction, extracellular matrix fibrosis, lipid mediators, satellite cells” in English and Chinese. Literature was screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the included 95 articles underwent quality assessment and data extraction.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The core manifestations of skeletal muscle aging are the decline in muscle mass, strength, and function, closely related to various physiological changes. The decreased protein synthesis capacity and accelerated degradation rate in muscles lead to muscle atrophy and functional decline. Additionally, dysfunction of satellite cells is considered a key factor in the reduced regenerative capacity of muscles. Mitochondrial dysfunction is another important factor leading to muscle fatigue and energy metabolism disorders, directly affecting the metabolic activity and endurance of skeletal muscles. Chronic inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix fibrosis further exacerbate muscle aging. These factors interact synergistically, collectively resulting in skeletal muscle degeneration. (2) Exercise is widely recognized as an important means to delay skeletal muscle aging. Exercise alleviates chronic low-grade inflammatory responses in skeletal muscle by regulating the immune system, increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, thereby mitigating the damage of inflammation to muscles. Exercise also enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and function, improves the muscle’s energy metabolism capacity, and consequently increases endurance and strength. Furthermore, exercise regulates lipid metabolism and the synthesis of lipid mediators, reduces fat accumulation and alleviates fat-induced inflammatory responses, thereby further protecting skeletal muscles. The mechanical stimulation from exercise promotes the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, reduces fibrosis occurrence, and improves muscle structure and function. Additionally, exercise activates satellite cells, enhancing the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles, especially notable with strength training and high-intensity interval training. (3) Future research should include large-scale, multicenter clinical trials to evaluate the comprehensive effects of long-term exercise interventions on skeletal muscle aging. By analyzing data from genomics, metabolomics, and other fields, exploring individual differences in responses to exercise interventions can provide more precise theoretical bases for personalized exercise strategies. Besides exercise, the impacts of other interventions such as nutritional supplementation and pharmacological treatments on skeletal muscle aging should not be overlooked. Future studies can explore the combined use of exercise with these interventions to achieve more significant effects.

Key words: skeletal muscle aging, exercise regulation, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial function, extracellular matrix fibrosis, lipid mediators, satellite cells

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