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Of all known conductive polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) has been one of the most investigated polymers for various applications in recent years. Especially in tissue engineering applications, thanks to its unique inherent advantage over convetional polymers, such as the controllable surface properties, high electrical conductivity. PPy has been widely studied as a cell growth substrate in culture in vitro models. Factually, PPy has been reported to support cell adhesion and growth of a number of different cell types so far, including endothelial cells[1-4], rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells[5-7], neurons and support cells (i.e. glia, ?broblasts) associated with dorsal root ganglia[8-9], primary neurons[10-12], keratinocytes[13], and mesenchymal stem cells[14]. Most of these studies demonstrated that PPy enhanced cell adhesion, migration and proliferation or improve cell-material interactions for all type of cells. Furthermore, the investigation of effects of its implantation in vivo on animal models have also been conducted in many independent studies with positive results[8,15-18]. With the development of biomedical material technology, PPy and its derivative polymers have been increasingly used for fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds to bring the benefit of its versatile functionality to repairs and regeneration of damaged tissue. In this review, we summarize the recent researches regarding interaction between PPy based biomaterials and various biological tissues, and to make an evaluation of PPy future directions.

Conducting polymers represented by PPy based polymers have aroused increasing attention from researchers engaged in the biomedical field nowadays. However, in spite of substantial research already conducted on PPy based polymers for tissue engineering applications, many challenges remain to be addressed in this field.
It is widely accepted that tissue and cell responses to PPy-based conducting polymers are likely to be modulated by a wide range of factors including synthesis conditions, dopant choice and surface modification strategy of post-synthesis which influence resulting surface chemistries, topography and biofunctionality, as well as the tissue or cell type considered. Because of the endless possible combinations, research results involved with these factors vary widely in the literatures. Furthermore, due to a lack of understanding of the exact mechanisms behind the influenced cellular responses and a consensus on the effect of electrical fields and current on biological tissue and cells, it seems pretty difficult to establish a precise correlation between surface property, chemical characteristics and applied current potential with improved cellular behaviors, as is essential for the future development of PPy based material in tissue engineering. Therefore, more research in this regard should emerge thereafter.
Regarding development of synthesis techniques, it is possible that surface modification post-synthesis with bioactive macromolecules such as synthetic peptides and diversified cell factor with cellular inductivity will prevail in the future leading to development of a new generation of smart tissue engineering materials. Other expected progress in PPy synthesis methods including fabrication of biodegradable PPy based conductive composites with degradable ester linkages[55], or from pyrrole monomers modified with ionizable/hydrolysable side groups at β-position[48], or N-position[61] and stretchable PPy films made with dopants that act as plasticizers[62] might also boost their potential in tissue engineering applications. Research in this area is still at an early stage and considerable technical issues are yet to be solved.  　　

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