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18 January 2026, Volume 30 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Three-dimensional displacement and risk factors of midshaft clavicle fractures treated with titanium elastic intramedullary nailing Zhang Junwei, Chen Lingling, Ma Zhenyuan, Nie Weizhi, Li Chaohui, Wang Haitao, Duan Laibao, Hou Jinyong, Bi Hongzheng 2026, 30 (2):  269-277.  doi: 10.12307/2026.516 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (2886KB) ( 14 )   Save BACKGROUND: Titanium elastic intramedullary nailing for the treatment of significantly displaced midshaft clavicle fractures has the characteristics of minimally invasive and elastic fixation. The displacement of the fracture is closely related to the later function. However, there are few studies on the three-dimensional displacement analysis of the fracture ends before surgery and after intramedullary fixation such as titanium elastic intramedullary nailing.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the three-dimensional displacement of fracture ends after midshaft clavicle fracture and fixation with titanium elastic intramedullary nails, and to analyze the risk factors. METHODS: A total of 91 patients with midshaft clavicle fracture (fracture end shortening ≥15 mm) admitted to Wendeng Orthopedic Hospital of Shandong Province from April 2019 to April 2024 were selected, including 57 males and 34 females, aged (51.73±10.21) years old. All patients received closed reduction and internal fixation with titanium elastic intramedullary nail. CT scans of the affected clavicle were performed before and on the first day after surgery. The CT data were imported into Mimics software for modeling. The length of the clavicle, lateral displacement of the fracture end, and rotation of the distal end of the fracture along the X, Y, and Z axes were measured and recorded before and after surgery. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis of various parameters, and generalized linear regression was used to evaluate risk factors.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Preoperatively, the variable that increased the risk of lateral displacement was the number of comminuted bone fragments, the variable that increased the risk of shortening displacement was male patients, and the variable that increased the risk of Z-axis rotation was the left limb. Shortening displacement was significantly positively correlated with lateral displacement (r=0.715, P < 0.001); shortening displacement was significantly positively correlated with X-axis rotation displacement and Y-axis rotation displacement (r=0.265, P=0.028; r=0.303, P=0.011); lateral displacement was significantly positively correlated with Y-axis rotation and Z-axis rotation (r=0.258, P=0.032; r=0.250, P=0.038); X-axis rotation was significantly positively correlated with Y-axis rotation (r=0.382, P=0.001), and Z-axis rotation was significantly positively correlated with Y-axis rotation (r=0.280, P=0.020). (2) Postoperatively: The number of scapula fractures and comminuted bone fragments were variables that increased the risk of postoperative shortening and lateral displacement: Preoperative X-, Y-, and Z-axis rotation displacements were risk variables that increased postoperative X-, Y-, and Z-axis rotation displacements, respectively. Postoperative lateral displacement was significantly positively correlated with postoperative shortening and displacement (r=0.584, P=0.000), and postoperative lateral displacement was also significantly positively correlated with postoperative Y axis rotation and Z axis rotation (r=0.360, P=0.002; r=0.250, P=0.038). Postoperative Y axis rotation was significantly positively correlated with postoperative Z axis rotation (r=0.248, P=0.040). (3) The results showed that the three-dimensional displacement of the clavicle end before and after surgery was affected by many factors, especially the number of comminuted bone fragments, scapula fractures, gender, and original rotation displacement. At the same time, there were complex correlations between various displacements, especially the correlation between shortening displacement and lateral displacement was the strongest. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of mussel-derived antimicrobial peptide-coated modified prosthesis on prevention of early periprosthetic joint infection and regulation of bone transfer 2026, 30 (2):  278-287.  doi: 10.12307/2026.018 Abstract ( 32 )   PDF (2904KB) ( 26 )   Save BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic joint infection is the most common cause of early failure after total knee replacement. The current methods of preventing periprosthetic joint infection by improving the surface of the prosthesis have limitations to varying degrees. OBJECTIVE: To construct a coating material that can stably improve the surface of the implant, prevent the initial floating bacterial infection of periprosthetic infection, and regulate the bone transfer function around the implant. METHODS: (1) Material preparation: YGF polypeptide (which promotes bone formation), LL-37 polypeptide (with antibacterial properties) and YGF+LL-37 composite peptide were prepared by Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis technology. The titanium-based materials were immersed in the three polypeptide solutions for 2 hours to obtain YGF coating, LL-37 coating and composite peptide coating coated titanium sheets. (2) In vitro experiment: Uncoated titanium sheets and coated titanium sheets were co-cultured with Escherichia coli (or Staphylococcus aureus) and the colonies were counted by plate method. MC3T3 cells were inoculated on the surface of uncoated titanium sheet and coated titanium sheet, respectively. Alizarin red staining was used to observe the calcium salt deposition on the surface of the material. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression of RUNX2, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone morphogenetic protein 2. (3) Animal experiment: 24 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: the blank group (n=8) was implanted with uncoated titanium nails in the femoral medullary canal; the control group (n=8) was implanted with uncoated titanium nails in the femoral medullary canal + intra-articular injection of Staphylococcus aureus suspension; the experimental group (n=8) was implanted with composite peptide coated titanium nails in the femoral medullary canal + intra-articular injection of Staphylococcus aureus suspension. After 5 weeks of implantation, micro-CT examination, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining of femur specimens were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In vitro experiment: Compared with uncoated titanium sheet and YGF coated titanium sheet, LL-37 coated and composite peptide coated titanium sheet could significantly inhibit the growth and reproduction of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Compared with uncoated titanium sheets and LL-37-coated titanium sheets, YGF-coated and composite peptide-coated titanium sheets could promote calcium salt deposition in osteoblasts and increase the protein expression of RUNX2, osteocalcin, osteopontin and bone morphogenetic protein 2. (2) Animal experiment: Micro-CT test showed that the control group had less bone mass than the blank group and the experimental group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that there was a large amount of fibrous tissue around the nail channel in the control group, only a small amount of tissue fibrosis around the nail channel in the blank group, and only a small amount of tissue fibrosis around the nail channel in the experimental group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the protein expression of interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α in the control group was higher than that in the blank group and the experimental group, and the expression of osteocalcin, RUNX2 and osteopontin in the experimental group was higher than that in the blank group and the control group. (3) The results show that the titanium-based material coated with YGF+LL-37 composite peptide coating has good antibacterial ability and can promote bone transfer around the implant Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intra-articular injection of different concentrations of silicon-based bioceramics in treatment of knee osteoarthritis in rats Guo Jingwen, Wang Qingwei, He Zijun, Hu Zihang, Chen Zhi, Zhu Rong, Wang Yuming, Liu Wenfei, Luo Qinglu 2026, 30 (2):  288-295.  doi: 10.12307/2025.589 Abstract ( 34 )   PDF (1522KB) ( 107 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, treatment method for knee osteoarthritis includes oral medicine, joint cavity drug injection, and physiotherapy, but the curative effect is limited. Existing studies have confirmed that silicon-based bioceramics can promote cartilage and subchondral bone repair and vascular regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of different concentrations of silicon-based bioceramics injected into the knee joint cavity in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis in rats.  METHODS: Silicon-based bioceramics-calcium silicate was prepared. Twenty-five SD rats were randomly divided into five groups, with five rats in each group. The healthy group did not receive any intervention, and the modeling group, low-dose calcium silicate group, high-dose calcium silicate group, and saline group used anterior cruciate ligament transection to establish bilateral knee osteoarthritis models. Four weeks after modeling, 0.05 mL of 50 and 100 mg/mL calcium silicate solution were injected into the knee joint cavity in the low-dose calcium silicate group and high-dose calcium silicate group, respectively, and 0.05 mL of saline was injected into the knee joint cavity in the saline group, once a week for 4 consecutive weeks. In the fifth week of administration, bilateral knee joint Micro-CT detection, knee joint cartilage hematoxylin-eosin staining, and modified Mankin score were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: R(1) Micro-CT quantitative analysis showed that compared with the healthy group, the volume fraction and number of trabeculae of the medial tibial plateau in the modeling group decreased (P < 0.05), and the separation of trabeculae increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the modeling group, the volume fraction and number of trabeculae of the medial tibial plateau in the low-dose calcium silicate group and the saline group increased (P < 0.05), and the separation of trabeculae decreased (P < 0.05). (2) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the cartilage surface of the healthy group and the low-dose calcium silicate group was relatively smooth and flat, the chondrocytes were evenly distributed, without clustered chondrocytes, the tide line was complete, and the staining was uniform; the cartilage surface of the high-dose calcium silicate group was slightly uneven, the middle and deep cells were disordered, with a small number of clustered chondrocytes, the tide line was discontinuous, and the staining was uneven; the cartilage surface of the saline group and the modeling group was obviously rough, the cells were disordered, with a large number of clustered chondrocytes, the tide line disappeared, and the staining was uneven. The modified Mankin score of the healthy group was lower than that of the high-dose calcium silicate group, the saline group, and the modeling group (P < 0.05). The modified Mankin score of the high-dose calcium silicate group and the low-dose calcium silicate group was lower than that of the saline group and the modeling group (P < 0.05). (3) The results show that calcium silicate knee joint injection has a certain effect in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Compared with 100 mg/mL calcium silicate solution, 50 mg/mL calcium silicate solution can promote the recovery of subchondral bone and cartilage. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents on laser-induced fluorescence in dentin Raman spectroscopy Li Ruiqiang, Yin Chen, Ma Yan 2026, 30 (2):  296-302.  doi: 10.12307/2026.512 Abstract ( 40 )   PDF (1373KB) ( 24 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hydrogen peroxide-based bleach is widely used in clinical tooth whitening treatment, but its mechanism of action has not been uniformly determined so far. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of two bleaching agents, neutral 10% carbamide peroxide and neutral 40% hydrogen peroxide, on teeth and explore the mechanism of teeth whitening. METHODS: Forty-five discarded teeth extracted for orthodontic treatment were collected, and the dentin sections were made and polished. After removing the smear layer, they were randomly divided into three groups. The control group (n=15) was placed in deionized water; the carbamide peroxide group (n=15) was placed in a neutral 10% carbamide peroxide solution, and the hydrogen peroxide group (n=15) was placed in a neutral 40% hydrogen peroxide solution. The treatment was continued for 6 hours every day for 1 week. The Raman absolute intensity and Raman relative intensity of the three groups of samples were detected by Raman spectrometer every day, and the fluorescence background intensity (the difference between the Raman absolute intensity and the Raman relative intensity) was calculated. The change trend of the amide peak of the three groups of samples every day was recorded by infrared spectrometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The relative Raman intensity of the three groups did not change significantly during the 1-7 days of treatment. The fluorescence background intensity of the control group did not change significantly during the 1-7 days of treatment. The fluorescence background intensity of the carbamide peroxide group showed a downward trend during the 1-7 days of treatment. The fluorescence background intensity of the hydrogen peroxide group decreased significantly during the 1-4 days of treatment and did not change significantly thereafter. (2) The peak areas of amide I and amide III did not change significantly during the 1-7 days of treatment in the control group. The peak areas of amide I and amide III showed a downward trend during the 1-7 days of treatment in the carbamide peroxide group and the hydrogen peroxide group, and the downward trend was more obvious in the hydrogen peroxide group. (3) The results show that the change in the laser-induced fluorescence background intensity of dentin Raman spectroscopy may be derived from the non-collagen components in dentin, and under the action of whitening agents, it may have a certain adverse effect on tooth tissue. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of effects of three machined nitinol instruments on preparing curved root canals using different methods Zhao Chunhong, He Li 2026, 30 (2):  303-309.  doi: 10.12307/2026.513 Abstract ( 28 )   PDF (1400KB) ( 7 )   Save BACKGROUND: The preparation of curved root canals is a difficult point in root canal treatment, and the main way used in clinical preparation for curved root canals is to gradually deepen the technique, but this technique is prone to lateral penetration when preparing curved root canals, resulting in treatment failure. In view of this situation, some scholars have proposed the use of touch activation technology to prepare, but there are few studies on the influence of this technology combined with different mechanical nickel-titanium instruments on the forming effect of curved root canals at home and abroad. OBJECTIVE: To observe the shaping effect of WaveOneGold, Trunatomy and M3-Pro mechanized nitinol device preparation root canal by using resin simulated root canal step-down technology and tactile controlled activation.  METHODS: 60 single-bending resin simulated root canals were divided into 6 groups (n=10) according to the random number table method according to the nitinol instrument used. The A1 group was prepared with step-down + WaveOneGold; the A2 group was prepared with step-down + Trunatomy, and the A3 group was prepared with step-down + M3-Pro. Tactile controlled activation + WaveOneGold was used for preparation in group B1; tactile controlled activation + Trunatomy was used for group B2, and tactile controlled activation + M3-Pro was used for preparation in group B3. After the preparation was completed, the pre-preparation and posterior root canal images are obtained using a dental surgical microscope. The root canal offset was analyzed before and after preparation.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) When WaveOneGold was used, the root canal deviation at 1, 4, and 7 mm from the apex was smaller with the tactile controlled activation technique than with the step-down technique (P < 0.05); when Trunatomy was used, the root canal deviation at 6, 8, and 10 mm from the apex was smaller with the tactile controlled activation technique than with the step-down technique (P < 0.05); when M3-Pro was used, the root canal deviation at 1, 2, and 3 mm from the apex was smaller with the tactile controlled activation technique than with the step-down technique (P < 0.05). (2) When the step-down technique was used, the root canal deviation at 1, 4, 5, and 7 mm from the apex was smaller with the Trunatomy than with the other two files (P < 0.05), and the root canal deviation at 1, 2, 3, and 6 mm from the apex was larger with the M3-Pro machine-made nickel-titanium instrument than with the other two files (P < 0.05); when the tactile controlled activation technique was used, the root canal deviation at 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 mm from the apex after preparation with the Trunatomy file was smaller than that of the other two groups (P < 0.05), and the root canal deviation at 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 mm from the apex after preparation with the M3-Pro file was larger than that of the other two groups (P < 0.05). (3) The results showed that the three files could cause root canal deviation when preparing root canals. The three files combined with the tactile controlled activation technique could reduce the root canal deviation at some sites of the root canal. The root canal deviation at some sites of the Trunatomy file was less than that of the other two files. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of molar distalization with clear aligners with different thicknesses and edges Cheng Yanan, Yu Jiazhi, Liu Yinchang, Wu Jie, Yu Tong, Wang Lu, Li Xiaoguang 2026, 30 (2):  310-318.  doi: 10.12307/2025.980 Abstract ( 35 )   PDF (2739KB) ( 21 )   Save BACKGROUND: One of the advantages of clear aligner treatment is molar distalization. However, tooth tilting movement and loss of anterior anchorage may occur during treatment. There are few studies on whether these problems can be improved by selecting clear aligners with different thicknesses and edges to improve the clinical treatment effect. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the control ability of clear aligners with different thickness and edges on the central incisor, lateral incisor, and second molar when pushing the maxillary second molar distally by three-dimensional finite element analysis. METHODS: Three-dimensional finite element analysis models of bilateral maxillary second molar distalization with clear aligner, maxillary dentition, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone with different thicknesses and margins were established by Mimics, Geomagic Wrap, 3-matic and SolidWorks software, respectively. There were 16 combinations of four thicknesses (0.4, 0.5, 0.625, and 0.75 mm) and four margins (scallop, straight, straight extension 2 mm and straight extension 4 mm). The data were imported into Ansys Workbench software for design and solution. The mean value, peak value and distribution of the periodontal ligament equivalent stress of the second molar, the equivalent stress and the maximum initial displacement of the second molar, and the control ability of each appliance on the second molar, central incisor, and lateral incisor were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The mean equivalent stress of periodontal ligament of the second molar, the equivalent stress of the second molar and the maximum initial displacement of the second molar increased with the extension of the appliance edge and the increase of the thickness of the appliance in the 16 groups of models. (2) When the thickness of appliances was the same, the maximum equivalent stress of the second molar in the linear appliance group was the highest, and the maximum equivalent stress of the second molar in the linear extended appliance group was greater than that in the scallop appliance group. When the edge of the appliance was the same, the periodontal ligament equivalent stress peak of the second molar increased with the increase of the thickness of the appliance. The equivalent stress distribution in the periodontal ligament of the second molar in the linear extendable appliance group was more uniform than that in the scallop appliance group and the linear appliance group. (3) When the thickness of the appliance was the same, the scallop-shaped appliance had the worst control on the second molar. When the edge of the appliance was the same, with the increase of the thickness of the appliance, the control of the second molar by the linear extender appliance was gradually stronger than that by the linear appliance. The control of the central incisor was stronger and more stable with the linear extended 2 mm appliance, while the control of the lateral incisor was stronger and more stable with the linear appliance. (4) The results showed that when using clear aligners to push molars distally, extending the edge of the appliance could improve the control of the molars and reduce the tilting movement of the teeth. The design of a straight extension margin of 2 mm for the central incisor and a straight edge for the lateral incisor can enhance the control of the anchorage incisor and reduce the labial inclination of the anterior teeth. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element analysis of implants with different crown-to-implant ratios under different bone conditions Kang Zirui, Wu Yang, Song Hailong, Yang Qiaoyun, Zang Lixiang, Xu Dongliang 2026, 30 (2):  319-328.  doi: 10.12307/2025.976 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (2006KB) ( 20 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinical studies suggest that both bone quality and excessive crown-to-implant ratio are factors that affect the success rate of implant surgery, but there is no consensus on how large the crown-to-implant ratio under each bone quality will affect the prognosis of implant repair. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the stress and strain of bone tissue around implant restorations with different crown-to-implant ratios under different bone types after stress loading using three-dimensional finite element method. Combined with the Frost bone mechanics regulation system theory, the physiological limits of bone strain were observed for each bone type within a certain range of crown to implant ratios.  METHODS: Cone beam CT data were selected from a patient to establish solid bone block models with four different bone types (class I bone: cortical bone thickness 3 mm + dense cancellous bone, class II bone: cortical bone thickness 2 mm + relatively dense cancellous bone, class III bone: cortical bone thickness 1 mm + relatively low-density cancellous bone, class IV bone: cortical bone thickness 1 mm + low-density cancellous bone). Implant restorations with five different crown-to-implant ratios (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3) were created on each bone block model, for a total of 20 models. Vertical and oblique forces were applied to the dental crown to observe the von Mises stress values, strains, and displacement of the cortical and cancellous bones, as well as the degree of implant displacement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In the class I bone model, when the crown-to-implant ratio reached 3 under oblique loading, the cortical bone strain exceeded the physiological limit. In the class II bone model, under oblique loading, when the crown-to-implant ratio reached 2.5, the cortical bone strain exceeded the physiological limit. In the class III bone model, under oblique loading, cortical bone exceeded the physiological limit when the crown-to-implant ratio reached 2.5, while cancellous bone reached the critical physiological limit at 1. In the class IV bone model, under oblique loading, when the crown-to-implant ratio reached 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3, the cortical bone strain exceeded the physiological limit. In the class IV bone model, all five crown-to-implant ratios of cancellous bone exceeded physiological limits. (2) Under vertical load, the cancellous bone strain exceeded the physiological limit when the crown-root ratio reached 1, 2, 2.5, and 3 in the class III bone model, and when the cancellous bone strain of the five crown-root ratios in the class IV bone model exceeded the physiological limit. (3) Under oblique or vertical load, the implant displacement of the 20 groups of models did not exceed 100 μm. (4) From the perspective of biomechanics, when patients with insufficient bone height choose implant restoration, the crown-root ratio that class I bone can tolerate is up to 2.5 times, the crown-root ratio that class II bone can tolerate is up to 2 times, and the crown-root ratio that class III and class IV bones can tolerate is up to 1 times due to excessive strain of cancellous bone; but the crown-root ratio that cortical bone in class III bone can tolerate is up to 2 times. Whether class III bone can tolerate implant restoration with a high crown-root ratio and whether cancellous bone can tolerate higher strains needs further study. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Platelet-derived growth factor BB-loaded chitosan/reduced graphene oxide scaffold for repairing alveolar bone defects Bai Xiangyu, Huo Feng, Hao Yan, Wang Zecheng, Guo Xiaoyu 2026, 30 (2):  329-337.  doi: 10.12307/2026.514 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (2480KB) ( 72 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor BB can stimulate the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and accelerate the calcification process of osteoblast-like cells. However, its clinical application has problems such as short half-life and easy decomposition. Loading the growth factor onto a suitable biomaterial scaffold can enable its slow and continuous release and maintain an effective concentration, which has become a hot topic in current research. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of chitosan/reduced graphene oxide scaffolds loaded with platelet-derived growth factor BB on the repair of alveolar bone defect in rats. METHODS: (1) Chitosan/reduced graphene oxide scaffolds (referred to as CS/rGO scaffolds) and chitosan/reduced graphene oxide scaffolds loaded with different mass concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L) of platelet-derived growth factor BB (referred to as CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-5, CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-10, CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-15, and CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-20 scaffolds) were prepared respectively. The five groups of scaffolds were co-cultured with rat periodontal ligament stem cells. The cell proliferation and migration were detected by CCK-8 assay and Transwell chamber assay, respectively, to screen the appropriate growth factor loading mass concentration for subsequent experiments. CS/rGO scaffolds (or extracts) and CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-15 scaffolds (or extracts) were co-cultured with rat periodontal ligament stem cells, and the osteogenic differentiation and angiogenic ability of the cells were detected. (2) The alveolar bone defect model was prepared in front of the bilateral maxillary first molars of 16 SD rats, and the rats were randomly divided into 4 intervention groups: the blank control group did not receive any intervention, the simple scaffold group was implanted with CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-15 scaffold, the control group was implanted with CS/rGO scaffold and rat periodontal ligament stem cell complex, and the experimental group was implanted with CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-15 scaffold and rat periodontal ligament stem cell complex, with 4 rats in each group. Twelve weeks after surgery, the bone repair of the alveolar bone defect was observed by Micro CT scanning and hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-5, CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-10, CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-15, and CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-20 scaffolds could promote the proliferation and migration of rat periodontal ligament stem cells. Among them, the CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-15 scaffold had the most significant effect on promoting cell proliferation and migration, and this scaffold was used for subsequent experiments. Compared with the CS/rGO scaffold, the CS/rGO/PDGF-BB-15 scaffold could promote the osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of rat periodontal ligament stem cells. (2) Micro CT scanning and hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that the experimental group had the best alveolar bone defect repair effect, and a large amount of new bone tissue and blood vessel formation could be seen. (3) The chitosan/reduced graphene oxide scaffold loaded with platelet-derived growth factor BB can effectively promote the repair of rat alveolar bone defects by promoting the proliferation, migration, angiogenic and osteogenic differentiation of rat periodontal ligament stem cells. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of water-soluble matrix of nano-pearl powder on proliferation, migration and apoptosis of mouse fibroblasts#br# Chen Ling, Mao Qiuhua, Xu Pu, Zhang Wenbo 2026, 30 (2):  338-344.  doi: 10.12307/2026.517 Abstract ( 38 )   PDF (1828KB) ( 26 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pearl powder is rich in many active ingredients, which can promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, thus promoting wound healing and skin tissue regeneration. However, the effect of nano-pearl powder water-soluble matrix on proliferation, migration and apoptosis of mouse fibroblasts L929 has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of nano-pearl powder water-soluble matrix on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of mouse fibroblasts L929.  METHODS: Passage 6 L929 cells were divided into five groups. The negative control group did not add any material; the positive control group added PBS, and the low, medium and high mass concentration groups of water-soluble matrix were added with 10, 25 and 40 μg/mL of nano-pearl powder water-soluble matrix, respectively. The proliferation of L929 cells was detected by MTT assay. The migration ability of L929 cells was detected by Transwell. The apoptosis rate of L929 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-1 were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The results of MTT assay and Transwell chamber experiment showed that the water-soluble matrix of nano-pearl powder could promote the proliferation and migration of L929 cells, and it was concentration dependent. (2) Flow cytometry and western blot assay results showed that the water-soluble matrix of nano-pearl powder could reduce the apoptosis rate of L929 cells and the protein expression of Bax and Caspase-1, and increase the expression of Bcl-2 protein, and it was concentration dependent. (3) These findings exhibited that the water-soluble matrix of nano-pearl powder could inhibit cell apoptosis under high mass concentration treatment. The results show that the water-soluble matrix of nano-pearl powder can promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and inhibit the apoptosis of fibroblasts. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of magnetic nano-drug carriers on exercise-induced muscle injury and inflammatory response in rats Dong Chao, Zhao Mohan, Liu Yunan, Yang Zeli, Chen Leqin, Wang Lanfang 2026, 30 (2):  345-353.  doi: 10.12307/2025.587 Abstract ( 29 )   PDF (2020KB) ( 9 )   Save BACKGROUND: Magnetic nanomaterials, as a hot topic in the biomedical field in recent years, are often used to enhance the targeted delivery of drugs to the affected area. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of magnetic nano drug carriers on skeletal muscle injury markers and inflammatory responses in rats with sports injuries.  METHODS: Magnetic nanoparticles were prepared. A total of 88 male SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group (n=8), an injury control group (n=32), a Yunnan Baiyao group (n=24), and a magnetic nano-drug carrier group (n=24) by using a random number table method. The latter three groups were modeled with exercise-induced muscle injury (treadmill slope of -16°, running speed of 16 m/min, and training time of 120 min). Immediately after exercise, after verifying the success of the model, Yunnan Baiyao patch was applied to the gastrocnemius muscle of the rats in the Yunnan Baiyao group. Yunnan Baiyao patch loaded with magnetic nanoparticles was applied to the gastrocnemius muscle of the rats in the magnetic nano-drug carrier group. At 24, 48, and 120 hours after exercise, blood was drawn from the abdominal aorta of rats to detect the activities of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as the levels of myoglobin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the gastrocnemius muscle.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the blank group, the levels of myoglobin, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and tumor necrosis factor α in the injury control group at 24, 48 and 120 hours after exercise were increased (P < 0.05), and the level of interleukin 6 at 24 and 120 hours after exercise was increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the injury control group, the level of myoglobin in the Yunnan Baiyao group at 24 and 48 hours after exercise was decreased (P < 0.05), the activities of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase at 24, 48 and 120 hours were decreased (P < 0.05), and the levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α at 120 hours after exercise were decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the Yunnan Baiyao group, the level of myoglobin in the magnetic nano-drug carrier group at 24 and 48 hours after exercise was decreased (P < 0.05), the activities of creatine kinase and tumor necrosis factor α at 48 and 120 hours after exercise were decreased (P < 0.05), and the lactate dehydrogenase activity was reduced (P < 0.05). (2) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the muscle fibers of the injury control group 24 hours after exercise, and then the inflammatory cell infiltration gradually decreased, and the local damaged muscle fibers began to regenerate 120 hours after exercise. A large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the muscle fibers of the Yunnan Baiyao group and the magnetic nano-drug carrier group 24 hours after exercise, and then the inflammatory cell infiltration gradually decreased, and the damaged muscle fibers were regenerating 120 hours after exercise, and there was no significant difference from the blank group. (3) The results show that Yunnan Baiyao patch combined with magnetic nanoparticles can accelerate the recovery of exercise-induced muscle injury in rats, and the effect is better than that of Yunnan Baiyao alone. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nanocrystalline collagen-based bone combined with Bushen Zhuangjin Decoction repairs bone defects in osteoporotic rats Zhou Shibo, Yu Xing, Chen Hailong, Xiong Yang 2026, 30 (2):  354-361.  doi: 10.12307/2026.546 Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (2609KB) ( 12 )   Save BACKGROUND: The previous study of the research group confirmed that Bushen Zhuangjin Decoction can regulate bone metabolism and play an anti-osteoporosis role, and nanocrystalline collagen-based bone can assist in the repair of limb bone defects.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the repair effect of nanocrystalline collagen-based bone combined with Bushen Zhuangjin Decoction on osteoporotic bone defects.  METHODS: Totally 84 female SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group (n=6, no modeling) and a bilateral ovariectomy group (n=78). After 12 weeks of bilateral ovariectomy, the sham operation group (n=6) and the bilateral ovariectomy group (n=6) were selected for osteoporosis modeling verification. The remaining 72 rats in the bilateral ovariectomy group were randomly divided into 6 intervention groups, with 12 rats in each group: groups A-E had femoral defect models (diameter 3.5 mm, depth 4 mm) established 12 weeks after bilateral ovariectomy. Group A was given double distilled water by gavage (once a day) after surgery; group B was given Bushen Zhuangjin Decoction by gavage (once a day) after surgery; group C had nanocrystalline collagen-based bone filled in the bone defect and then given double distilled water by gavage (once a day); group D had nanocrystalline collagen-based bone filled in the bone defect and then given alendronate sodium by gavage (once a week); group E had nanocrystalline collagen-based bone filled in the bone defect and then given Bushen Zhuangjin Decoction by gavage (once a day); group F had femoral defect models established at the same time after bilateral ovariectomy, and bone defect sites were filled with nanocrystalline collagen-based bone and then given Bushen Zhuangjin Decoction by gavage (once a day). All drugs were given continuously for 12 weeks. 12 hours after the last administration, serum levels of type I procollagen amino-terminal propeptide, type I collagen cross-linked C-terminal peptide, and estradiol were detected; bone volume in the bone defect area was detected by Micro-CT. The expression of type I collagen and vascular endothelial growth factor in the bone defect area was detected by immunohistochemical staining.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with group A, the serum level of type I procollagen amino-terminal propeptide in groups D and E was decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with groups A and C, the serum estradiol level in groups D, E, and F was increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the bone volume in the defect area between groups A-F (P > 0.05). (2) Immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with group A, the expression of type I collagen and vascular endothelial growth factor in groups B, D, and E increased (P < 0.05). Compared with group C, the expression of type I collagen in groups B, D, E, and F increased (P < 0.05), and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in groups D, E, and F increased (P < 0.05). (3) The results show that nanocrystalline collagen-based bone combined with Bushen Zhuangjin Decoction may have the potential to repair bone defects in ovariectomized osteoporotic rats. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Curcumin extraction and preparation and optimization of curcumin nanoparticles Wang Yuhang, Zhang Han, Zhang Chaojing, Kou Xurong, Jing Tongtong, Lin Rimei, Liu Xinyu, Lou Shilei, Yan Hui, Sun Cong 2026, 30 (2):  362-374.  doi: 10.12307/2025.497 Abstract ( 65 )   PDF (4110KB) ( 61 )   Save BACKGROUND: Curcumin is the main active ingredient of turmeric and has significant medicinal value in anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other aspects. However, its poor water solubility, unstable chemical properties and easy decomposition lead to difficulty in extracting curcumin and low extraction yield. Therefore, it is particularly important to optimize the curcumin extraction method. OBJECTIVE: To enhance the extraction yield and utilization value of curcumin and optimize the curcumin extraction process and curcumin nanoparticle preparation process.  METHODS: Curcumin was extracted from turmeric by ethanol extraction, ultrasonic extraction, ionic liquid extraction, enzyme extraction, and ionic liquid combined with ultrasonic assisted enzyme extraction. The curcumin extraction yield was detected by high performance liquid chromatography; the best extraction method was determined, and subsequent process optimization experiments were carried out. The curcumin extraction yield was the response value with the type of ionic liquid, reaction temperature, ultrasonic time, liquid-to-solid ratio, ionic liquid concentration, and enzyme-drug mass ratio as parameters. The optimal production process of ionic liquid combined with ultrasonic assisted enzyme extraction was determined by single factor combined response surface experiment. The optimal process for preparing curcumin nanoparticles by ionic crosslinking method was determined by single factor combined response surface experiment with acetic acid concentration, chitosan to sodium tripolyphosphate mass ratio, stirring rate, curcumin mass concentration, sodium tripolyphosphate mass concentration, and chitosan mass concentration as parameters, and drug encapsulation efficiency as response value. Curcumin nanoparticles were prepared under the optimal process, and the particle size, polydispersity index, Zata potential value, drug loading, stability, hemolysis rate, and antioxidant capacity in vivo and in vitro of the nanoparticles were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Among the five extraction methods, the curcumin yield of ionic liquid combined with ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction was the highest, and this method was selected as the curcumin extraction method for subsequent experiments. The results of single factor combined response surface experiment showed that the optimal process for curcumin extraction was: ionic liquid selected 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, reaction temperature 55 ℃, liquid-to-solid ratio 40 mL/g, ultrasound time 57 minutes, ionic liquid concentration 57%, enzyme-drug mass ratio 3.5:10, and the obtained turmeric extraction yield was 3.10%. The optimal preparation process of curcumin nanoparticles was: glacial acetic acid concentration 0.5%, chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate mass ratio 5.0:1, stirring speed 150 r/min, curcumin mass concentration 2.23 mg/mL, sodium tripolyphosphate mass concentration 1.45 mg/mL, chitosan mass concentration 3.63 mg/mL, and the obtained drug encapsulation efficiency was 90.61%. (2) The drug loading of curcumin nanoparticles was (14.49±0.23)%, the average particle size was (76.95±1.65) nm, the polydispersity coefficient was 0.15±0.02, and the Zata potential value was (32.37±1.46) mV. The curcumin nanoparticles had good stability and blood compatibility, did not induce hemolysis, and had stronger antioxidant capacity in vivo and in vitro than free curcumin. (3) The results show that the process optimization not only solves the problems of low extraction yield, poor solubility, and low bioavailability of curcumin, but also enhances its antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cerium dioxide nanoparticles regulate expression of inflammatory factors in M1 macrophages and affect fibroblast co-culture system Xie Peisen, Guan Zhenpeng, Wei Xianjie, Zhang Keshi, Kang Qingyuan, Xiao Wentao, Guo Xiaoshuai 2026, 30 (2):  375-383.  doi: 10.12307/2025.899 Abstract ( 28 )   PDF (2397KB) ( 27 )   Save BACKGROUND: Macrophage polarization plays a key role in chronic inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have a wide range of biomedical applications such as modulating the local inflammatory microenvironment of tissues. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of CeO2 nanoparticles on macrophage polarization and inflammatory factor expression, as well as inflammatory modulation in a co-culture system of macrophages and fibroblasts.  METHODS: (1) CeO2 nanoparticles were dispersed and observed morphologically by transmission electron microscopy. (2) Human leukemia monocytes (THP-1) were induced to differentiate and establish the M1 macrophage pro-inflammatory cell model of rheumatoid arthritis. The cells were divided into M0 group (undifferentiated macrophages), M1 group (successful macrophage modeling), CeO2 nanoparticle treatment group (M1 group with CeO2 nanoparticle treatment), and dexamethasone control group (M1 group with dexamethasone treatment) and incubated for 48 hours. The effects of CeO2 nanoparticles on the expression of inflammatory factors (endogenous nitric oxide synthase, CD86, CD80) in M1 macrophages and M1 macrophage phenotype (CD80, CD206) were detected by RT-qPCR, western blot assay, and flow cytometry. (3) A co-culture system of macrophages and fibroblasts was established, and CeO2 nanoparticles acted on the upper macrophages. The regulation of CeO2 nanoparticles on the expression of inflammatory factors (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, and endogenous nitric oxide synthase) of fibroblasts in the co-culture system was observed at the mRNA and protein levels.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Transmission electron microscopy showed that the diameter of CeO2 nanoparticles was (19.5±2.0) nm. (2) Compared with the M0 group, the mRNA of endogenous nitric oxide synthase and CD86, and the protein expression of endogenous nitric oxide synthase and CD80 in the M1 group were upregulated. Compared with the M1 group, the mRNA expression of endogenous nitric oxide synthase and CD86, and the protein expression of endogenous nitric oxide synthase and CD80 in the CeO2 nanoparticle treatment group were downregulated. Flow cytometry showed that 20 nm CeO2 nanoparticles downregulated the number of M1 macrophages. (3) Compared with the M1 group, 20 nm CeO2 nanoparticles downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, cyclooxygenase 2, and endogenous nitric oxide synthase) in the co-culture system HFL1 cells. (4) The results showed that 20 nm CeO2 nanoparticles can alleviate inflammation in the co-culture system by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in M1 macrophages, providing a new idea for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and antibacterial properties of porcine small intestinal submucosal composite nanohydroxyapatite bioscaffold loaded with antimicrobial peptide KR-12-a5 Yan Qiquan, Yang Libin, Li Mengjun, Ni Yazhuo, Chen Keying, Xu Bo, Li Yaoyang, Ma Shiqing, Li Rui, Li Jianwen 2026, 30 (2):  384-394.  doi: 10.12307/2025.582 Abstract ( 33 )   PDF (3370KB) ( 91 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone tissue loss caused by tumors and trauma can have an adverse effect on postoperative rehabilitation. Therefore, scaffold materials are usually implanted during treatment. However, the existing implant materials are relatively simple and lack antibacterial properties. Early implantation may lead to iatrogenic autoinfection and have an adverse effect on osteogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To construct a KR-12-a5 polypeptide-nanohydroxyapatite-small intestinal submucosa composite scaffold and evaluate its feasibility as a material for promoting bone defect repair. METHODS: The small intestinal submucosa scaffold and the small intestinal submucosa scaffold containing 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL nanohydroxyapatite (referred to as nHA-SIS scaffold) were prepared by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide cross-linking method. The appropriate scaffold was screened for subsequent experiments by mechanical property testing. The antibacterial properties of KR-12-a5 polypeptide solution against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus gordonii, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected. The nHA-SIS scaffolds were immersed in 250, 500, and 1 000 μg/mL KR-12-a5 peptide solutions for 24 hours, and then freeze-dried to obtain peptide-loaded nanohydroxyapatite-porcine small intestinal submucosa composite scaffolds (denoted as P-nHA-SIS scaffolds). The sustained-release properties of the three groups of scaffolds were characterized. The nHA-SIS scaffolds and the three groups of P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were co-cultured with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus gordonii, and Fusobacterium nucleatum for 24 hours or 48 hours. The scaffolds with strong antibacterial ability were screened by live and dead bacteria staining and scanning electron microscopy for subsequent experiments. The degradation properties and water absorption rates of the uncross-linked small intestinal submucosa scaffolds, cross-linked small intestinal submucosa scaffolds, nHA-SIS scaffolds, and P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were characterized. The extracts of cross-linked small intestinal submucosal scaffolds, nHA-SIS scaffolds, and P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were co-cultured with MC3T3-E1 cells. CCK-8 assay and live-dead cell staining were performed. The effects of the extracts of the three scaffolds on the migration of MC3T3-E1 cells were detected by Transwell chamber assay.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The elastic modulus and compressive strength of 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL nHA-SIS scaffolds were higher than those of small intestinal submucosal scaffolds (P < 0.05), among which the elastic modulus and compressive strength of 25 mg/mL nHA-SIS scaffolds were the highest, and this group of scaffolds were selected for subsequent experiments to load peptides. (2) KR-12-a5 peptide had strong antibacterial activity against common bacteria in bone defects (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus gordonii, and Fusobacterium nucleatum). The three groups of P-nHA-SIS scaffolds all had sustained release properties. With the increase of peptide mass concentration, the antibacterial property of P-nHA-SIS scaffold was enhanced. Among them, the P-nHA-SIS scaffold loaded with 500 μg/mL peptide had achieved a satisfactory antibacterial effect, and this group of scaffolds would be selected in the future. (3) The degradation rate of the three groups of cross-linked scaffolds was lower than that of the uncross-linked scaffolds, and the water absorption rate was greater than that of the uncross-linked scaffolds. P-nHA-SIS scaffolds could promote the proliferation and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells without affecting the activity of MC3T3-E1 cells. (4) The results show that P-nHA-SIS scaffolds have strong antibacterial properties and the ability to promote the proliferation and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells, and are expected to be used in bone defect repair. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Acellular dermal matrix hydrogel promotes skin wound healing in rats Liu Xiaohong, Zhao Tian, Mu Yunping, Feng Wenjin, Lyu Cunsheng, Zhang Zhiyong, Zhao Zijian, Li Fanghong 2026, 30 (2):  395-403.  doi: 10.12307/2025.893 Abstract ( 36 )   PDF (2030KB) ( 37 )   Save BACKGROUND: Promoting skin wound healing is a huge challenge facing global public health. To promote faster and higher-quality wound healing, it is necessary to explore more advantageous dressings to address this problem. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hemostatic properties of acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and its effect on skin wound healing.  METHODS: (1) Acellular dermal matrix hydrogel was prepared, and the differences in microscopic morphology and main components between it and acellular dermal matrix were analyzed. (2) Acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and chitosan hydrogel were used to cover the femoral artery puncture site of rats, and the bleeding quality and coagulation time were recorded. Acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and chitosan hydrogel were mixed with rat anticoagulated blood, and the coagulation index within 30 minutes was detected. (3) A full-thickness skin defect model with a diameter of 12 mm was made on the back of 18 SD rats, and they were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 6 rats in each group: the model group used PBS to clean the wound, and the control group and the experimental group used chitosan hydrogel and acellular dermal matrix hydrogel to cover the wound, respectively. The hydrogel dressing was changed every day, and the treatment was continued for 14 days, and the wound healing was observed. On day 3 after modeling, immunofluorescence staining of inducible nitric oxide synthase (M1 macrophages) and CD206 (M2 macrophages) was performed on the wound surface. On day 14 after modeling, hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson staining, and CD31 immunohistochemical staining were performed on the wound surface. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the acellular dermal matrix hydrogel had a porous structure, and the Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed that it had the same main components as the acellular dermal matrix. (2) Both acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and chitosan hydrogel had obvious hemostatic ability in vivo. In the in vitro coagulation experiments, the coagulation index of acellular dermal matrix hydrogel was significantly higher than that of chitosan hydrogel. (3) In the rat skin full-thickness defect model, both acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and chitosan hydrogel could improve the wound healing rate. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining results showed that acellular dermal matrix hydrogel could reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the center of the wound. Both acellular dermal matrix hydrogel and chitosan hydrogel could decrease scar width and increase collagen deposition rate. CD31 immunohistochemical staining results showed that both hydrogels could promote angiogenesis in the wound site. Immunofluorescence staining results showed that both hydrogels could reduce the proportion of M1 macrophages and increase the proportion of M2 macrophages, and the effect of acellular dermal matrix hydrogel was stronger than that of chitosan hydrogel. (4) The results show that the acellular dermal matrix hydrogel has good hemostatic properties and the ability to promote wound healing. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 composite coating materials Li Congcong, Wufanbieke·Baheti, Zhao Li, Chen Xiaotao, Kong Chuifan, Yu Min 2026, 30 (2):  404-413.  doi: 10.12307/2025.584 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (3421KB) ( 8 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pure titanium and titanium alloy implants are widely used in the field of implant restoration due to their excellent biocompatibility and elastic modulus. However, the biological inertness of the surface of titanium-based implants leads to poor integration with surrounding bone tissues, and surface modification is required to improve the bone integration ability of titanium-based implants.  OBJECTIVE: To fabricate hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 composite coatings on pure titanium substrates, and to investigate their physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of the coating materials. METHODS: Hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 composite coatings were prepared on pure titanium substrates by electrochemical deposition and freeze-drying. Titanium sheets loaded with interleukin-4 and titanium sheets loaded with hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide coatings were prepared at the same time, and the physicochemical properties of pure titanium sheets and the above three titanium sheets were characterized. MC3T3-E1 cells were inoculated on the surfaces of pure titanium sheets and the above three titanium sheets, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay and DAPI staining. Cell activity was detected by Calcein-AM/PI staining. Cell morphology and adhesion were observed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful fabrication of the hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 composite coating on the titanium surface. The water contact angle of hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 group was larger than that of pure titanium group and hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide group, and smaller than that of interleukin-4 group. (2) CCK-8 assay and DAPI staining results showed that hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 coating could promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Calcein-AM/PI staining results showed that MC3T3-E1 cells in hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 coating group had higher activity and fewer dead cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that MC3T3-E1 cells adhered to the surfaces of the four groups of materials with good cell morphology. Compared with the pure titanium group, the MC3T3-E1 cells in the interleukin-4 group extended more pseudopodia, the cell-cell connections were closer, and the adhesion area was larger; compared with the hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide group, the MC3T3-E1 cells in the hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 group extended more pseudopodia, the cell-cell connections were closer, and the adhesion area was larger. (3) These findings indicate that the hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/interleukin-4 composite coating possesses favorable physicochemical and biological properties. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Diselenium contained polyurethane coatings with dual functions of anticoagulation and drug release Zhao Zheng 2026, 30 (2):  414-423.  doi: 10.12307/2025.890 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (2707KB) ( 5 )   Save BACKGROUND: Surface anticoagulant modification of drug-eluting stents is a technical difficulty. Researchers have tried to develop some anticoagulant polymer coatings, but the application failed due to uncontrolled drug release. OBJECTIVE: To design a diselenium contained polyurethane coatings with dual functions of anticoagulation and drug release, and to characterize the anticoagulation and drug release properties of the coating. METHODS: Diselenium contained polyurethane with three different monomer ratios (the molar ratios of diselenyl compounds to polyethylene glycol were 0.33:0.67, 0.50:0.50, and 0.67:0.33, respectively) was synthesized by solution polymerization, and the solubility, crystallinity, thermal properties, cell compatibility, and blood compatibility of the diselenium contained polyurethane were characterized. Sirolimus-diselenium contained polyurethane coatings were prepared by drop coating, and the surface morphology, wettability, in vitro anticoagulant properties, and drug release properties of the coatings were characterized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The three diselenium contained polyurethanes with different monomer ratios were all soluble in common low-boiling solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane and chloroform, and could be prepared on the surface of the device by spraying or dipping; the three diselenium contained polyurethanes with different monomer ratios were amorphous at 20 ℃ and above, and had good thermal stability; the three diselenium contained polyurethanes with different monomer ratios had good cell compatibility and blood compatibility. (2) Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of the sirolimus-diselenium contained polyurethane coating was smooth, without obvious pores, cracks and phase separation. The sirolimus-diselenium contained polyurethane coating exhibited hydrophobic characteristics, and the water contact angle of the coating decreased with the increase of polyethylene glycol content. The sirolimus-diselenium contained polyurethane coating had good adhesion. Compared with traditional polylactic acid coatings, the anticoagulant properties of the sirolimus-diselenium contained polyurethane coating were better. It had better long-term anticoagulant performance and could catalyze the production of nitric oxide molecules in the blood and inhibit platelet activation. With the increase of selenium content, the ability of the coating to inhibit platelet activation increased. The release of sirolimus from the selenium-containing polyurethane coating showed a trend of first fast and then slow, but the drug burst release was not obvious. With the increase of polyethylene glycol content, the drug release rate in the coating was accelerated. (3) The results show that designing a diselenide unit on the main chain of the polyurethane copolymer and constructing an adjustable hydrophilic and hydrophobic unit in the polymer can realize the dual functions of anticoagulation and drug release of the drug coating. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterization and biological properties of naringin-loaded chitosan/beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold Yuan Qian, Zhang Hao, Pang Jie 2026, 30 (2):  424-432.  doi: 10.12307/2025.583 Abstract ( 28 )   PDF (2869KB) ( 10 )   Save BACKGROUND: Naringin has been shown to promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, making it a potential candidate for treating osteoporosis andenhancing fracture healing. However, its clinical application is limited by its low bioavailability. OBJECTIVE: To prepare chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds loaded with naringin and characterize their biological properties. METHODS: Chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying and chemical crosslinking. The chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds were immersed in anhydrous ethanol solution containing naringin for 3 hours. After vacuum cold drying, chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate/naringin scaffolds were obtained. The pore size, porosity, swelling rate, degradation rate, mechanical properties, and in vitro release capacity of naringin of the scaffolds were characterized. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated on the surface of chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds and chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate/naringin scaffolds, respectively, and cell proliferation, adhesion, activity and alkaline phosphatase activity after osteogenic differentiation were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the naringin-chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate composite scaffold had a porous mesh structure. The average pore diameter was (106.82±25.22) μm; the porosity was (76.26±4.81)%; 24-hour swelling rate was (796.17±31.76)%; in vitro degradation rate of 7.71% at 4 weeks, and naringin could be slowly released in vitro for 9 days. There was no significant difference in the average pore size, porosity, 24-hour swelling rate, in vitro degradation rate, compression strength and compression modulus at 4 weeks between the chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold and the chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold (P > 0.05). (2) Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells adhered well to the surfaces of the two scaffolds and had good activity. Compared with the chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold, the chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate/naringin scaffold promoted the proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (P < 0.05), and increased the alkaline phosphatase activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells after osteogenic differentiation (P < 0.05). (3) The results show that the chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate/naringin scaffolds exhibit favorable physical properties and can effectively promote the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of polycaprolactone/low molecular weight fucoidan nanofibers by emulsion electrospinning and assessment of their biocompatibility Wang Ying, Wang Yawen, Xu Yingjie, Wang Yuanfei, Wu Tong 2026, 30 (2):  433-442.  doi: 10.12307/2026.515 Abstract ( 29 )   PDF (2693KB) ( 3 )   Save BACKGROUND: The long-term patency rate of synthetic blood vessels remains a significant challenge that requires urgent attention. Enhancing the anticoagulant performance of small-caliber artificial blood vessels is crucial in ensuring their long-term efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anticoagulation activity of polycaprolactone/low molecular weight fucoidan nanofibers with shell core structure and determine the effect on the activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. METHODS: Polycaprolactone nanofiber membranes and polycaprolactone/low molecular weight fucoidan nanofiber membranes with polycaprolactone as shell layer and low molecular weight fucoidan as core layer were prepared by emulsion electrospinning method (the mass ratio of low molecular weight fucoidan to polycaprolactone was 10%, 25%, 40%, and 55%, respectively). The morphology and structure of the fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The mechanical strength of the fiber membranes was detected by tensile test. The loading rate and sustained release rate of low molecular weight fucoidan in the nanofibers were detected by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue dye. The anticoagulant properties of the fiber membranes were verified by hemolysis test, dynamic coagulation test, plasma recalcification test, and platelet adhesion test. The five fiber membranes were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay and the cell morphology was observed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscope showed that the surface of polycaprolactone/low molecular weight brown algae polysaccharide nanofiber membrane was smooth, the fiber diameter was uniform, and there was no obvious beaded structure. With the increase of low molecular weight brown algae polysaccharide content in the fiber membrane, the diameter of the fiber membrane increased and the maximum tensile stress decreased, but it still met the mechanical properties requirements of small-caliber artificial blood vessels. Fluorescence images and infrared spectra confirmed that low molecular weight brown algae polysaccharide was successfully loaded into polycaprolactone nanofiber membrane, and the low molecular weight brown algae polysaccharide loaded in each group of fiber membranes was released suddenly within 12 hours and released at a relatively low rate after 48 hours. (2) Compared with polycaprolactone nanofiber membrane, polycaprolactone/low molecular weight brown algae polysaccharide nanofiber membrane had better anticoagulant activity, among which the group with a mass ratio of low molecular weight brown algae polysaccharide to polycaprolactone of 25% had the best anticoagulant effect. All five fiber membranes supported the growth and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells without affecting cell morphology and had no obvious cytotoxicity. (3) The results show that the polycaprolactone/low molecular weight brown algae polysaccharide nanofiber membrane has good anticoagulant function, blood compatibility, and cell compatibility. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro biocompatibility of graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia Zhang Qiya, Tong Yixiang, Yang Shijiao, Zhang Yumeng, Deng Ling, Wu Wei, Xie Yao, Liao Jian, Mao Ling 2026, 30 (2):  443-450.  doi: 10.12307/2025.494 Abstract ( 30 )   PDF (1652KB) ( 2 )   Save BACKGROUND: In previous studies, glass materials were infiltrated into 5Y-PSZ ultra-translucent zirconia by a double sintering method to prepare 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia materials that can maintain high transparency and high flexural strength. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility of 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia materials. METHODS: (1) Glass materials were infiltrated into 5Y-PSZ ultra-translucent zirconia by double sintering to prepare 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia. 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia (or 5Y-PSZ ultra-translucent zirconia, 3Y-TZP transparent zirconia) was placed in DMEM culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum for 12, 24 and 72 hours, and the surface area ratio of culture medium to sample was 3 mL/cm2, and the 12-, 24- and 72-hour material extracts were obtained. (2) After culturing mouse fibroblast L929 for 24 hours, the original culture medium was discarded and divided into 7 groups for culture: the control group was replaced with DMEM culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum by volume, and the other 6 groups were replaced with 24-hour extract of 3Y-TZP transparent zirconia, 24-hour extract of 5Y-PSZ ultra-translucent zirconia, 24-hour extract of 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia, 72-hour extract of 3Y-TZP transparent zirconia, 72-hour extract of 5Y-PSZ ultra-translucent zirconia, and 72-hour extract of 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia. After 1, 3, and 5 days of culture, cell growth was observed under a microscope, and the cell proliferation rate was obtained by CCK-8 assay to determine cytotoxicity. (3) Human anticoagulated blood was mixed with 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia, 5Y-PSZ ultra-translucent zirconia, and 3Y-TZP transparent zirconia, and the hemolysis rate was detected after 0.5 hours. Human anticoagulated blood was mixed with 12-hour extract of 3Y-TZP transparent zirconia, 12-hour extract of 5Y-PSZ ultra-translucent zirconia, and 12-hour extract of 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia, and the hemolysis rate was detected after 0.5 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under the microscope, it could be seen that the number of cells in each group increased with the extension of culture time, and the cell morphology of each experimental group was basically the same as that of the control group. The cytotoxicity grade of the 24-hour extract of 3Y-TZP transparent zirconia group on the first day of culture was grade 0, and the cytotoxicity grade of the other experimental groups at each time period was grade 1. (2) Neither the material nor the material extract caused obvious hemolytic reaction, and the hemolytic rate was less than 5%. (3) The results showed that 5Y-PSZ-YGI graded glass infiltrated ultra-translucent zirconia had no significant effect on the growth and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts L929, and did not cause hemolytic reaction with human blood, and had good in vitro biocompatibility. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and mechanism of collagen combined with microneedles in treatment of skin photoaging Tan Fengyi, Xie Jiamin, Pan Zhenfeng, Zhang Xinxu, Zheng Zetai, Zeng Zhiying, Zhou Yanfang 2026, 30 (2):  451-458.  doi: 10.12307/2025.977 Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (1617KB) ( 9 )   Save BACKGROUND: Collagen combined with microneedling therapy has gradually become an important means of improving skin photoaging. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and explore the main mechanism and clinical application status of collagen combined with microneedle therapy. METHODS: PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and ScienceDirect databases were searched for Chinese and English literature published before August 2024. Chinese and English search terms were “ultraviolet radiation, photoaging, collagen, microneedling, clinical applications.” Finally, 74 articles were included for summary. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Collagen treats skin photoaging through mechanisms such as inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase expression, retaining skin moisture, and reducing melanin formation. Microneedles can better promote the penetration of collagen into deep layers of the skin, breaking down the skin’s barrier and increasing the absorption rate. Collagen combined with microneedles has various beneficial effects for treating skin photoaging, such as whitening, anti-wrinkle, improving skin elasticity, shrinking pores, and repairing skin barriers. It also has the advantages of easy operation, significant effects, and high safety. Currently, the research on collagen combined with microneedling therapy is still in its early stages, and achieving clinical application may become a key research direction in the future. The clinical application of collagen combined with microneedles for the treatment of photoaging still faces many challenges, such as exploring the optimal mechanical structure and materials of microneedles, selecting appropriate microneedle types, and insufficient clinical evidence that collagen combined with microneedles can further delay the treatment of skin photoaging. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of chitosan in repair and regeneration of oral hard and soft tissues Wang Zhuo, Sun Panpan, Cheng Huanzhi, Cao Tingting 2026, 30 (2):  459-468.  doi: 10.12307/2025.979 Abstract ( 30 )   PDF (1338KB) ( 3 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chitosan has a place in the biomedical field due to its good biological properties and unique physicochemical properties, especially in tissue engineering and drug delivery with good application prospects. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of the role of chitosan in the repair and regeneration of oral soft and hard tissues. METHODS: A computerized search of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed with the search terms “chitosan, oral mucosal diseases, periodontal diseases, tissue regeneration, bacteriostatic, drug carrier, wound healing” in Chinese and English. The search time limit was from 2010 to 2024. After screening according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 88 articles were finally included for summary analysis.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chitosan is a promising biomaterial in bone and pulp regeneration as it has the ability to stimulate the recruitment and adhesion of osteogenic progenitor cells and dental pulp stem cells. Chitosan prevents caries, periodontal disease, and candidiasis by inhibiting Streptococcus pyogenes, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida in the oral cavity. Chitosan nanocomposites have higher stability, better biocompatibility, and slow-release properties of drugs and can be enhanced by combining with other chemical reagents to enhance their anticancer properties. Chitosan possesses drug delivery, antibacterial activity, hemostasis and wound healing, which in turn can block the erosion of wounds by saliva and oral flora, relieve pain, repair and promote wound healing. Chitosan promotes the deposition of calcified material, which is conducive to the remineralisation of enamel and dentin. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of multistimuli-responsive hydrogels in bone damage repair: special responsiveness and diverse functions Wang Yu, Fan Minjie, Zheng Pengfei 2026, 30 (2):  469-479.  doi: 10.12307/2026.519 Abstract ( 33 )   PDF (1419KB) ( 1 )   Save BACKGROUND: Multistimuli-responsive hydrogels have received extensive attention in the field of bone tissue engineering due to their special responsive capabilities and diverse functions. OBJECTIVE: To review the application of multistimuli-responsive hydrogels in bone damage repair, and explore their research and development ideas and future development directions. METHODS: Relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and WanFang databases. English search terms included “hydrogels, bone defect, bone repair, bone healing, bone tissue engineering, degenerative joint diseases, osteoarthritis, Cartilage.” Chinese search terms were “multistimuli-responsive hydrogels, smart hydrogels, bone damage repair, bone tissue engineering.” The search time limit was from database inception to August 2024. A total of 83 articles were included in the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Multistimuli-responsive hydrogels can react to various levels of physical, chemical, and biological stimuli, while exerting inherent functions such as swelling, deformation, degradation, and other special functions endowed by materials, making them highly potential in addressing clinical problems in bone damage repair. However, in practical applications, how to ensure that these materials maintain stability and durability in the complex biological environment and can be degraded in a controllable and harmless manner when needed is an urgent problem to be solved. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristic analysis of nanogel composite system and its application strategies in visualization of diagnostic imaging and therapy Zhang Qian, Wang Fuxia, Wang Wen, Zhang Kun 2026, 30 (2):  480-488.  doi: 10.12307/2026.518 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (1502KB) ( 2 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nanogels can combine the properties of nanoparticles and hydrogels, which have multiple advantages and can play a great role in clinical translation.   OJECTIVE: To summarize the self- and cross-linking properties of nanogels, the diagnostic and therapeutic integration strategies they played in a variety of imaging processes, in conjunction with their functional visualization and application properties. METHODS: By searching PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang databases, English and Chinese search terms were “nanogel, nanohydrogel, imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence imaging, ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, multimodal imaging, therapy, treatment.” According to the inclusion criteria, 78 articles were finally selected for review.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The preparation process of nanogels is significantly affected by their multiple properties and cross-linking mechanisms. Optimization of these properties and mechanisms can help to improve their structural performance and accelerate the translation of their clinical applications. With the trend of integrated diagnosis and treatment, functional visualization of nanogels can effectively image tumors with the help of magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence imaging, ultrasonography, photoacoustic imaging, and multimodal imaging, which can be of key value in the treatment strategies of various diseases. These findings not only pave the way for improving the preparation methods of nanogels, but also create a robust groundwork for hastening their clinical translation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Living microecological hydrogels promote skin wound healing Huang Xinxu, Zhang Xin, Wang Jian 2026, 30 (2):  489-498.  doi: 10.12307/2025.892 Abstract ( 39 )   PDF (1544KB) ( 2 )   Save BACKGROUND: Living microecological hydrogels are a hot topic in the field of wound dressing and have received widespread attention.  OBJECTIVE: To summarize the basic features and advantages of living microecological hydrogels, review the progress in the application of hydrogels loaded with different living organisms in skin wound repair in recent years. METHODS: The articles published from database inception to 2024 were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang databases with “cell, probiotics, phage, chlorella, algae, living microecological, hydrogel, skin, wound healing, wound repair” as search terms in English and Chinese. The articles for inclusion were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 108 articles were included for review.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The living microecological hydrogels have good biocompatibility, and the hydrogel can provide a suitable living environment for the loaded organisms, and play a barrier role between the living organisms and the wound to avoid potential threats. Compared with traditional wound dressings, the effect of living microecological hydrogels is sustainable and renewable. Biological regulation can keep the microenvironment at the wound site relatively stable, which can provide suitable conditions for wound healing for a long time and reduce the additional trauma caused by frequent dressing changes. Compared with the direct use of living organisms to promote wound healing, living microecological hydrogels can improve the survival rate of organisms and ensure their biological regulation. Living microecological hydrogels promote wound healing mainly by regulating the “inflammation” and “proliferation” stages in the wound healing process. The existing living microecological hydrogels mainly load organisms such as cells, probiotics, algae, and phages, which give hydrogels with different biological properties, so that they can promote wound healing by releasing substances required for wound healing or improving the wound environment, and have great application potential. To further expand the actual clinical application of living microecological hydrogels, it is necessary to further control the biosafety risks of active organisms in hydrogels in the future, avoid potential biological threats, and research the hydrogel matrix that can better adapt to the complex changes of human skin wounds and can support living organisms. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of laser microporous decellularized scaffolds in tissue regeneration Gu Jianmei, Yuan Kunshan, Zhou Qiang, Zhang Haijun, , 2026, 30 (2):  499-507.  doi: 10.12307/2025.898 Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (1219KB) ( 1 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the field of tissue engineering, decellularized scaffolds are widely used owing to their biocompatibility. Nonetheless, these scaffolds frequently encounter the limitation of inadequate cell infiltration due to their densely structured composition. Using laser micro-patterning technology for structural modification can improve cell adhesion and proliferation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of laser microporous decellularized scaffolds in tissue regeneration.  METHODS: Related literature was searched in PubMed and CNKI databases. The Chinese and English search terms were “decellularized scaffold, laser micro-patterning technology, laser microporous decellularized scaffold, extracellular matrix, laser drilling, tissue regeneration.” References were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 65 articles were finally included for analysis and discussion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Laser micro-patterning technology can selectively remove tissues to achieve scaffold modification. Laser treatment can have controllable effects on the pore structure, mechanical properties and cell permeability of the scaffold. (2) To obtain the optimal cell integration and remodeling effect, factors such as scaffold pretreatment, laser and decellularization process sequence, laser parameter setting, decellularization process and pore structure should be considered. (3) At present, the application of laser microporous decellularized scaffolds has shown that it can promote tissue repair, and it is also necessary to solve the problem of tissue thermal damage. Depending on the absorption of different wavelengths of laser light by the tissue, a reasonable selection of laser type is a feasible solution. (4) Tissue damage repair by laser microporous decellularized scaffold is expected to achieve clinical transformation, and optimizing laser technology and carrying out larger scale biosafety testing are future research directions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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3D printed poly-L-lactic acid bone scaffolds in repair of bone defects Yang Fengli, Zhou Chao, Xiong Wei, Zhou Yuxiang, Li Dengshun, Wang Xin, Li Zhanzhen 2026, 30 (2):  507-515.  doi: 10.12307/2025.897 Abstract ( 43 )   PDF (1242KB) ( 7 )   Save BACKGROUND: 3D-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds have obvious advantages in the research and clinical treatment of bone defect repair. As one of the important raw materials for 3D printed bone scaffolds, poly-L-lactic acid has a great potential for application in performing bone defect repair, but clinical patients with different bone defect causative factors have different requirements for the comprehensive performance of poly-L-lactic acid bone scaffolds. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and review the development of 3D printing technology and poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds and the design strategies chosen for scaffolds for bone repair in the setting of bone diseases such as osteomyelitis, bone tumor, osteonecrosis, and osteoporosis. METHODS: Literature from CNKI, WanFang, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched and screened from 1994 to 2024. Search terms were “3D printing, polylactic acid, bone tissue engineering scaffold, osteomyelitis, bone tumor, osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, bone defect” in Chinese and English. The screened 62 articles were systematically summarized and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Poly-L-lactic acid is considered to be an ideal raw material for artificial bone scaffold design due to its non-toxicity, processability, biocompatibility, and ability to self-degrade in the human environment. The application of 3D printing technology has enabled poly-L-lactic acid bone scaffolds to meet the multilayered and porous structural design requirements of biomimetic artificial bone repair materials, and to optimize the mechanical properties for better bone repair. (2) According to different bone disease microenvironments, timely adjustment of the functional design of poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds is important for the comprehensive osteogenic efficacy of the scaffolds. The article discusses the application of poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds in bone disease environments such as osteomyelitis, bone tumor, osteonecrosis, and osteoporosis, and highlights the importance of rationally grasping the timing of bone disease treatment and bone tissue regeneration for bone defects caused by different bone diseases. (3) Although poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds show potential in bone repair, there are still some problems, such as the need to further optimize the structural design of the scaffolds to fit new bone regeneration, enhance the bioactivity of the scaffolds, and take into account other functions (e.g., antimicrobial, anti-tumor, and anti-osteoporosis) in order to adapt to the needs of bone tissue repair in different pathological environments. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functionalized biomimetic mineralized collagen modified orthopedic implants Xu Wenhe, Li Xiaobing, Liu Fang 2026, 30 (2):  516-527.  doi: 10.12307/2025.486 Abstract ( 32 )   PDF (6045KB) ( 25 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mineralized collagen is the fundamental unit of bone structure and function and a major component of the extracellular matrix. Biomimetic methods have been developed to fabricate mineralized collagen with a natural bone nanostructure. Currently, mineralized collagen has been approved by regulatory authorities and applied clinically, playing a positive role in bone defect repair. OBJECTIVE: To present the integration strategies of bioactive factors with mineralized collagen, summarize schemes to enhance the osteogenic potential of mineralized collagen, emphasize the multifunctional coordination applications of mineralized collagen, and finally discuss current research focuses and future trends. METHODS: The authors searched for relevant literature in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, WanFang, and CNKI, from 2009 to 2023, using keywords “mineralized collagen, biomimetic, functionalization, bioactive factors, osteogenesis, multi-functional coordination, bone tissue repair” in English and “mineralized collagen, biomimetic, functionalization” in Chinese. Out of 375 initially identified articles, 57 were included for review after screening.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Mineralized collagen, with its porous structure and large surface area, containing nano-hydroxyapatite, makes it an effective carrier for cells, various growth factors, and drugs. (2) Single or multiple bioactive factors can be efficiently and orderly released through different loading methods or combinations, achieving the multifunctionalization of mineralized collagen. The impact of physicochemical conditions on the bioactivity of factors and their effects on the degradability, hydroxylapatite crystal morphology, nanostructure, and content of mineralized collagen should be considered. Moreover, calcium ions in mineralized collagen can be substituted with various inorganic non-metal ions, enhancing its osteogenic, angiogenic, immunomodulatory, and anti-infective properties. (3) Ultimately, during in situ bone regeneration, functionalized mineralized collagen serves as a scaffold material, providing structural support for bone defects, and as a drug delivery system, continuously delivering various bioactive factors locally, playing roles in anti-infection, immunomodulation, promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis, and repairing various complex bone defects. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomaterials and bone regeneration: research hotspots and analysis of 500 influential papers Jiang Kan, Alimujiang·Abudourousuli, Shalayiding·Aierxiding, Aikebaierjiang·Aisaiti, Kutiluke·Shoukeer, Aikeremujiang·Muheremu 2026, 30 (2):  528-536.  doi: 10.12307/2025.585 Abstract ( 28 )   PDF (2457KB) ( 4 )   Save BACKGROUND: Novel biomaterials not only provide the necessary mechanical support but also promote cell proliferation and differentiation, inducing bone regeneration, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and offering new perspectives and methods for the development of bone regenerative technologies. OBJECTIVE: To visualize the research status and development prospects of biomaterials in the field of bone regeneration through bibliometric methods.  METHODS: A total of 500 of the most influential papers on bone regeneration and biomaterials were selected from the Web of Science Core Collection database from inception to September 24, 2024. VOSviewer and CiteSpace tools were used for in-depth bibliometric visualization analysis to reveal the research trends and core literature in this field.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the selected 500 papers, China and the United States were in a leading position in terms of the number of published papers and citation rates, with Chang Jiang being the most prolific author and the journal Acta Biomaterialia publishing the most articles. Bone regeneration and material science is an interdisciplinary research field, covering various disciplines including materials science, biomedical engineering, cell biology, and molecular biology. Research on bone repair materials is shifting from traditional bioinert materials to bioactive materials, which not only provide mechanical support but also promote cell proliferation and differentiation, inducing bone regeneration. Synthetic bone repair materials are gradually replacing traditional materials, becoming the preferred choice for clinical bone graft surgery due to their abundant sources, adjustable physicochemical properties, and lower risks of immune rejection and disease transmission. Researchers are continuously improving the biocompatibility, biomimetic properties, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity of these materials to make them closer to natural bone. The frontiers are mainly focused on bioactive ceramics, 3D printing, hydrogels, chitosan, hydroxyapatite, and other materials. New materials play a vital role in the field of bone regeneration. With the continuous advancement of materials science and technology, the application prospects of these new materials in the field of bone regeneration are very broad, and they are expected to provide more effective and personalized treatment options for bone defect treatment.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics